语言与文化讲义PPT

LinguisticEvidenceofCulturalDifferences何雯秀陶嘉馨崔弘韬Anylinguisticsignmaysimultaneouslyhaveadenotative,connotative,oriconickindofmeanings.Languageandculturehaveverycloserelationshipwitheachother.Languageisonepartofculture,alsoasacarrierofculture,playsveryimportantroleoftheheritageincultureexport.RoseRose:isaflowerthathaspleasantsmellandisusuallyred,pink,white,yellow,etc.Onmostoccasions“rose”meansmorethanaflower,ittriggersmanyassociationsandmostlygoodonesaslove,fragrance,passion,beauty,andetc.Moon(ChineseConcept)Moon:anynaturalsatelliteofaplanetInthewayofChinese'sthinking,whentalkaboutmoon,wenaturallyconnectitwiththemid-autumnfestival,mooncake,familyreunion,homesickness,sorrowmood,poetandpoem,Chang'e(thegoddessonthemoon),etc.“Bomb”

Intheunitedstates,itmeanssomethingisamassivefailure.Thus,thesentence“Theprojectisabomb”means‘theprojectisafailure.’InBritain,ifpeoplesays“Theprojectwentabomb”,hemeansitisahugesuccess.Eraser&RubberWhenaBritishmanasksanAmerciangirlforborrowingherrubber,itmustcauseahugemistake.BecauseinAmerica,peopleusuallytakerubberascondom.

GreetingsandtermsofaddressCommonGreetingHi/Hello?Howareyou?Howdoyoudo?Howareyougettingon?Howiseverythingwithyou?etc...English-styleGreetingTheweatherisfinetoday.Lovelydayisn'tit?It'ssocoldisn'tit?It'sextremelywindyday,isn'tit?AChinesespeakermaygreetinthisway：Nihao/NinhaoHaveyoueaten？Whereareyouheadingfor？Whatareyoudoing?Goouttowork?/shop?You'vecameback?Leaving-takingChineseRemebertodrinkhotwater.Eatmorefruit/vegetables.Putmoreclotheson.Gotobedearlier.

EnglishTakecare.Getwellsoon.Wishyoufeelbettersoon.Hopeaealyrecovery.Getsomesleep.Leaving-takingEnglishstyleI'dbettergoingnow,youmustbeverytired.Well,I'dbetterletyouhavesomesleep.Tomorrow,Ihavetogetupearly,Imustgo.IthinkI'dbebetterleavingnow,it'sverynicetotalktoyou.Leaving-taking

Chinesestyle慢走，那我就不送了。我送送你吧。走好。小心点，慢点啊。有空常来玩啊--（留步）--（回去吧回去，这两步路还送啥啊）Leaving-takingGoslow.Walkslowly.saveyoursteps.Address

Howdowenameastranger?InEnglish-speakingcommunity

SirMr./Mrs.Miss/MS.InChinesecommunityTongzhiTongxueShifuOrdirectlyomittheadress,use“打扰了”，“麻烦您”，“您好”instead.RespectfultitleInChina,aperson'sprofessionortitlecanbeuseddirectlyasaddress.ChairmanJiangGeneralChenDoctorWangPrincipleJinManagerLiuMayorZhangKinshiptermsInWesterncountry,Kinshipissupereasy.Becausetheygotuncle,aunt,grandpa,granny,brother&sisterorjustcousin.However!!!TheextensionofKinshiptermsisalegendaryfeatureofChineseculture.Becausethersisonecomplicatedstuffcalled“bei”.辈GraitudeandcomplimentsWhenaChineseiscommended.normallyhewillsubconsciouslysays：没有没有、过奖了过奖了、我哪有那么厉害、不过是运气好、这真没什么了不起的。evenifheworkedsohardtogettheachievement.

WhenaEnglishspeakeriscommended.Thankyou./Thanks.I‘mgladyouthinkso.It'sveryniceofyoutosayso.Oh,I'mflattered.FromtheCultureBackground.

Chineseculturepursure:夫礼者，自卑而尊人。

Theessenceof“li”isbehumilitytooneself,butshowrespecttoothers.Westerncountrybelieve：

TactMaxim(得体准则)Neitherdishonorothersnorloweroneself。

9.5.3ColourWords9.5.4Privacyandtaboos9.5.5Roundingoffnumbers

ColorWordsBasicColourWhiteBlackGreenYellowBluePurpleGray(Grey)BrownPink

1.

green

(绿色)

greenhand新手

eg.Wearegreenhands,sowemustlearnfromtheoldworkers.

作为新人，我们一定要向老工人学习。

green嫉妒eg.IwasabsolutelygreenwhenIsawhissplendidnewcar.我看到他那辆漂亮的汽车就非常眼红。

green面带病容eg.What'swrongwithyou?Youarelookinggreen.你怎么了？脸色看起来很苍白。

greenfingers有园艺技能eg.Iknowthathisfatherwasgreenfingers.我知道他爸爸很有园艺技能。2.white（白色）

whitecoffee加牛奶或奶油的咖啡eg.Iwanttwowhitecofees.我要俩杯加牛奶的咖啡。

whitelie无恶意的谎言eg.Tomsometimestellsawhitelie.汤姆有时候会撒一些无伤大雅的谎。

whiteelephant无用而又累赘的东西（尤指大而昂贵之物）eg.Thatwouldbeawhiteelephanttome.那东西对我来说又贵又没用。3.black（黑色）

ablacklook恶狠狠地瞪eg.Hegavemeablacklook.他恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。inblackandwhite以书面的形式eg.Iwantthisagreementinblackandwhite.我要求以书面的形式把这项协议写出来。

blacksheep败家子，害群之马eg.Tomistheblacksheepofthefamily.

汤姆是个败家子。4.blue（蓝色）onceinabluemoon难得eg.Shevisitsusonceinabluemoon.

她难得来看我们。

blue有伤风化的，色情的eg.Thebluefilmwasbannedbythecensor.那部xx电影被当局禁了。

blue忧郁，沮丧eg.Helooksbluetoday.

他今天看起来很忧郁。blueblood贵族血统，名门出身eg.Heisproudofhisblueblood.

他为自己的贵族血统骄傲。5.red（红色）in/into/outofthered有/没有亏损eg.Thecompanyhasbeeninthereduntilhetookover.在他接手之前，公司一直都亏损。

seered大怒，生气eg.Hercriticismswereenoughtomakeanyoneseered.她那些批评任谁都火冒三丈。

catchsomebodyred-handed当场发现某人正在做坏事或犯罪eg.Thepolicemancaughtthethiefred-handed.警察当场抓住了小偷。6.yellow

（黄色的）

yellow胆怯的eg.Heisayellowperson.他是一个胆小鬼。

7.purple（紫色的）purpleprose/passage华丽的文章；雕琢的章句8.grey（灰色的）

grey阴沉的，昏暗的（形容天空或天气）eg.Tomorrowisagreyday.明天天气不好

1.黄色《白虎通译班固》：黄者，中和之色，自然之性，万古不易。黄色书刊，黄色杂志，黄色电影2.红色红围帐，红枕头，红盖头3.白色白衣，白丁，白屋洁白无瑕，白衣仙子，白衣天使，白鹤仙子×

4.绿色绿灯，绿色食品，绿色通道，绿色工程开绿灯5.黑色黑帮，黑线，黑秀才

PrivacyandtaboosYoucan'taskthesequetions!Howoldareyou?Whatareyourwages?Howmuchareyoulearn?Youmakealotofmoney,don'tyou?What'syourname?Howmuchdidthatpairofshoescostyou?Doyouhaveameal?Howaboutyourpolicyattitude?

你不能问的几大问题！

你体重多少？你卸妆一定很丑吧？你这张照片是不是p了？你罩杯多少？你有没有性伴侣？你父母工作？你家里住哪？你有没有什么隐疾啊？你结婚没啊，有没有男朋友啊？你考试考了多少名啊？

Roundingandnumbers

America:4ounces（盎司）=aquarter（夸特）

4quarts（夸脱）=agallon（加仑）China:一个时辰=2个小时一盏茶=10分钟=俩柱香

eg.1)I'mfourandahalfyearsold2)ThebabygirlwillbethirteenmonthsoldbynextFriday.3)这个小女孩虚岁俩岁，周岁一岁了。

4）他虚岁一岁不到一周岁。

IdiomsIdioms

Idioms,orconventionalizedmultiwordexpressions,areoftencomparedto“thesouloflanguage”.Itisoftensaidthatnothingmarksaforeignermorethanhisunnecessaryuseofidiom.

1.EnglishIdiomsintheAspectsofPhoneticsAlliterationandRhyme

e.g.Neitherfish,flesh,norfowl.(不伦不类)Afairfacemayhideafoulheart.(笑里藏刀)

Menmaymeetbutmountainsnever.(人生何处不相逢)Itsuniqueeffectdeliverone’sfeelinginanindividualway.Onomatopoeia（拟声）

Onomatopoeicwordsplayaroleinpeople’sinsideemotion.

e.g.

Thatpersonisintroducinghimselftous,humandha(哼哼哈哈).★“humandha”vividlydescribestheactionofthatperson,andmoreimportant,thelanguage-usershowsouthisfeelingofdislikeandlackofpatience.

2.EnglishIdiomsintheAspectsofLexicologyReduplication（重叠）

Stressthemeaningandatmosphere.e.g.aidandabet(教唆,同谋)hardandfast(不可触犯的)pickandsteal(小偷小摸)roughandtough(野蛮无礼的)stuffandnonsense(胡说八道)Expressesdissatisfactionlessdirect,inordernottoprovokeconflict.

e.g.

pickandchoose(挑挑拣拣)wellandgood(只有这样)babeandsuckling(无经验的人)fromfairtomiddling(不好不坏的)

Cultural-related

idioms,proverbsandmetaphorsParallelism（对应）

Makeboththecontextandtheaffectionextensiveandpowerful.

e.g.hitormissmakeormarrainorshinesinkorswimstandorfall

Alltheabovecontainthemeaningof“无论成败,不管好坏”.

Repetition（重复）

Emphasisbothvisuallyandacoustically,carryingone’semotionse.g.

1.

Ihavetoldyouoverandoveragain(反反复复),don’tmakenoisewhenthebabyissleeping.2.Theyneglectedmeoutandout(彻头彻尾地).

★Theabovetwoidiomsexpressthespeakers’angrinessandunhappinessthoughtfully.

3.EnglishIdiomsintheAspectsofSyntaxIdenticalstatement（相同语句）

Samewordassubject,predicate,andobject.

e.g.

Abargainisabargain.(承诺不可妄毁)Businessisbusiness.(公事公办)Confidencebegetsconfidence.(以心换心)Likecureslike.(有其因必有其果)Habitcureshabit.(习惯要用习惯来纠正)

★Thoseidenticalstatementshelplanguage-userstopossessahardtongueanddeterminedmindwiththeimplicationof“whatIhavesaidcan’tbechanged”,“thereisnochanceforyoutomakeexcuse”.

Exclamation（感叹）

Expresssomestrongaffection.e.g.

Damnitall!(活见鬼)Dearme!(哎呀)Doalongwithyou!(去你的吧)Godforbid!(千万别这样)Havedone!(够了)Myeyes!(真要命)

4.EnglishIdiomsintheAspectsofSemanticsSimile（明喻）Comparesonethingtoanotherobviouslyanddirectly.Thecommonpatternsare:“like…”and“as…as…”.

e.g.

asboldasalion(勇猛如狮)asmuteasafish(噤若寒蝉)ascoldasice(冷若冰霜)likeadrownedrat(像落汤鸡)likearatinahole(如瓮中之鳖)

Synecdoche（提喻）

Useparttorepresentthewhole,andusethewholetorepresentpart.

e.g.

afreshhand(无经验的人)apoorcreature(可怜的家伙)break-breadwith(与某人共餐)manyhandsmakeslightwork(人多好办事)alltheworldandhiswife(各色人等)whatwilltheworldsay(不知别人怎想)

I’lltellyouawordinyourear.(跟你讲句私话)

Euphemism（委婉）

Whenpeoplespeakofsomethingunhappyortaboo,theyoftenexpressitindirectlyandelegantly.

★

Someidiomsabout“murder,kill”

e.g.

bumpoff（干掉）

doin（杀死某人）

dustoff（弄掉）

finishoff（了结）

awaywith（消灭）IronyUsethepositive,pleasedwordstodescribetheoppositesignificance,createasatireatmospheree.g.afatchance－“fat”meansminuteafatlot－“fat”meansthin,barrenperfumedtalk－“perfumed”meansbadsmell

ProverbsProverbsShortsayingsoffolkwisdomofwell-knownfactsortruthsexpressedinawaythatmakesthemeasytoremember.SimilaritiesinEnglishandChineseProverbs

Equivalentexample:e.g.

Strikewhiletheironishot.

趁热打铁。

Manyhandsmakelightwork.

人多好办事。Hastemakeswaste.

欲速则不达。

Outofsight,outofmind.

眼不见，心不烦。

Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.

物以类聚，人以群分。

Lookbeforeyouleap.

三思而后行。

Wherethereisn’tsmokethereisn’tfire.

无风不起浪。

Wherethereisawillthereisaway.

有志者事竟成。

Giveapersonadoseofhisownmedicine.以其人之道还治其人之身。

Allgoodthingsmustcometoanend.

天下没有不散的筵席。

It’snevertoooldtolearn.

活到老，学到老。

DifferencesinEnglishandChineseProverbs

DistinctivefeaturesofChineseproverbsComparedwithEnglishproverbs,theChineseshowcertaindistinctivefeatures.

A)thedistinctiveChinesequalityofmanysayings

e.g.

小卒过河，意在吃帅。

ThissayinghasitsorigininChinesechess.

挂羊头卖狗肉。

ItreferstoaChinesebutcher’sshopwithitemsthatwouldbeshockingtotheWest.B)theinfluenceofBuddhismonChinesecustomsandthinkinge.g.

远看菩萨，近看泥巴。平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚。

★

WhereasEnglishproverbsreflecttheinfluenceofChristianity.e.g.

Manproposes;Goddisposes.

C)thefeatureofsocialharmonyorbrotherhoodor“doinggood”

e.g.

前人栽树，后人乘凉。一人掘井，众人吃水。一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。

Chineseproverbswithoutequivalentsin

English

Frankadviceislikegoodherbalmedicine;hardtotake,butultimatelybeneficial.

★

AlthoughitislikelythatmanypeopleintheWesthavenevertakenherbalmedicineandcanonlyimaginehowbitterthetastecanbe.

2.衙门自古朝南开，有理无钱莫进来。

Courtdoorsmayopen,butnottothepoor.

★ThisEnglishversiontakesthemostessentialelementsoftheChineseandleavesouttherest.Whythegatesfacethesouth,intheChineseorigin,andwhatthissignificancewouldrequireconsiderableexplanation.

1.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。

Englishproverbswithoutequivalentsin

Chinese

e.g.

1.Absencemakestheheartgrowfonder.

越是不见越想念。

2.Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.

常吃苹果少得病。

3.Youcan’thaveyourcakeandeatittoo.

两者不可兼得。

4.Letsleepinggodlie.

莫惹是非。

5.Youcan’tteachanolddognewtricks.

年逾花甲不堪教。

6.Fathenslayfeweggs.肥鸡不生蛋。Proverbswithsurfacesimilaritybut

illustratingdifferences

1.Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel.

★Thisproverbcouldberegardedassimilarto一个巴掌拍不响.TheChinesesayinghasroughlythesameconnotationastheEnglishmeaningbothpeoplemaybeatfault.However,theChinesealsohasanothermeaning:thatitoftentakesmorethanonepersontoachieveanythingsignificant.

2.Amissisasgoodasamile.

★

ThismightbeconsideredasequivalenttotheChinese差之毫厘,失之千里.However,themoraloftenassociatedwiththeChineseis:asmallfaultordeviationifnotcorrectedwillendupinamajorerrororcatastrophe.

TherearemanyanimalmetaphorsinEnglishandChineseidioms.MetaphorAnimalConnotationsEnglishexpressions

Chinese

expressionsAssAvain,self-important,silly,oraggressivelystupidperson.Youstupidass!蠢驴BeeIndustriousandcooperativeteamworkanddiligenceandasenseoforderBusyasbees像蜜蜂一样忙碌FoxAcunning,tricky,malicious,orshrewdperson1)

slyasafox;2)

toplayfox;3)

foxy;4)

andoldfox狡猾得像狐狸一样;一只老狐狸LambAsweet,mild-manneredpersonaslovableasalamb天真烂漫ⅠTheSameAnimalswithAlmosttheSameconnotationPigAsymbolofignorance,uncleanlinessandvoraciousappetite1)tomakeapigofoneself2)toteachapigtoplayaflute3)

asfatasapig像头蠢猪;猪脑袋

肥的像猪Parrot

Inabilitytothinkforoneself,repeatsonlywhatotherssayParrotsomeone鹦鹉学舌WolfPredatory,rapacious,andfierce1)awolfinsheep’sclothing2)ahumanwolf披着羊皮的狼

色狼MonkeyAmischievouschildoramimic1)asnaughtyasamonkey2)makeamonkeyoutofsomebody像猴子一样顽皮

拿某人当猴耍★TheEnglishexpressions,proverbsoridiomswith“dog”:agaydog(快活神)

aluckdog(幸运儿)agooddogdeservesagoodbone(好狗得好骨头)Anolddogbarksnotinvain.(老狗不乱吠)

atopdogorabigdog(身居要位的人)Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.(宁为鸡头，勿为凤尾)

Dogsareman’sbestfriends.(狗是人之良友)Dogdoesn't’teatdog.(同类不相残)Every