高考英语阅读训练掌握主旨大意(好课件)

阅读理解能力提高技巧（二）秦琦辉Improvingyourreadingability（2）Qinqihui阅读理解专题训练

I.考查主旨大意题常见的题干

命题者大多就段落/短文的主题（theme/topic）、主题思想（mainidea）、标题（title）等进行拟题。例如：

1.The

subject/topicoftheparagrap（passage/article）is

.

2.Theparagraph（text／passage）dealswith

.

3.Whattopicistreatedinthistext(passage）？

4.Themainideaoftheparagraph（passage）is

.

5.Fromtheparagraph（text）weknowthat

.

6.Theparagraph（passage）couldbeentitled

.

阅读理解掌握主旨大意7.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefortheparagraph（text)？8.Thebesttitleforthistext(passage)couldbe

.9.Theparagraph（text／passage）ismainlyabout

.10.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythelastparagraph？11.Whattopicistheparagrap（text)discussed？12.Thepurposeoftheparagraph（passage）is

.13.Whatdoesthepassage/authormainlydiscuss?14.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?阅读理解掌握主旨大意这类题目要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(mainidea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，主旨大意题经常是用记叙文、议论文。要作好主旨大意题首先要能迅速找到文章的主题句。记叙文和议论文的主题句常出现在文章的开头，但有时也出现在结尾，甚至出现在段中。要准确找到主题句更重要的是从全文去把握。阅读理解掌握主旨大意II.如何做主旨大意题

做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。阅读理解掌握主旨大意

主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的。

理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在段落中的位置是有规律可循的。

阅读理解掌握主旨大意阅读理解掌握主旨大意III.突破方法在阅读中，尽量运用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，如：在forexample,first,second,tobeginwith等之前的句子或在allinall,above

all，inaword，inshort,sumup,therefore,thus,clearly等之后的句子中寻找并确定。2.Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat…/Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…等句子后。3.

对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终确定答案。

如何寻找主题句Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主题句在段首

一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

10Passage2

Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.Manhasmadegreatprogressinenvironmentprotection.Governmentsofmanycountrieshaveestablishedlawstoprotecttheforestsandsearesourcesandwastewaterandpoisonousgaseshavebeenalsodealtwith.Stillmoremeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblems.Peopleshouldbefurthereducatedtorealizetheimportanceoftheproblem,tousemodernmethodsofbirthcontrolandlearntorecycleournaturalresources.Wearesurethatweshallhaveabetterandcleanedplanetinthefuture.开门见山

提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.

Nowadaystheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrisingsoquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.分清mainidea和supportingsentences

Sample3

Insectscomeinmanysizes．Somearebigandsomearesmall．Thesmallestonesaresosmal1thatittakesonehundredofthemtoformoneinch．Thebiggestinsectsarenotbig，buttheyareonethousandtimesasbigasthesmallest．Theyareaboutteninchesinlength！

第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想“昆虫的大小不同”。接着，在主题句后面的句子里，作者为阐述这个主题，指出昆虫有大有小，并对最小的昆虫和最大的昆虫分别加以陈述。

Sample4Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法阐述观点，呈现出一个正三角形的模式。据统计英语议论文和说明文大约有80%是这样写的。Sample5Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。先陈述细节,后归纳要点,印象,结论,建议或结果,以概括主题.这是最常见的归纳法写作方式。

Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Man’sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Therefore，manhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.

Sample6Sample7.

Oneofthemostimportantusesofgoldisformoney．Goldcanbeusedtomakerings，earrings，andotherthings，Goldisalsousedtomakeagoldleaf,averyflatribbonofgoldthatisoftenusedonpictureframes．Cupsanddishescanalsobemadefromgold.Goldhasmanyuses.

本段共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一些用途。根据上述细节，段落的最后一句给出结论，即金子有多种用途。这种带结论性的句子应视为主题句。Sample8

Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi--onalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance

这种以先陈述细节,后归纳要点,印象,结论,建议或结果,以概括主题.这是最常见的归纳法写作方式。这种写作模式呈倒三角形。

Sample9

Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）在短文中间

当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.

Peoplewholiveincountrieswithmanydoctorsandmodernhospitalsareworld’shealthiestpeople--right？Notnecessarily.Somegroupsofpeoplewhohavenodoctorsorhospitalsatallareamongtheworld’shealthiest.Forexample，peoplewholiveonsmall,farawayislandsgetveryfewdiseasesbecausetherearenooutsiderstobringingermsornewillness.

Sample10本段的三个层次比较明显。第一句以设问的方式提出该文段要讨论的主题：生活在有许多医生和现代化医院的国家中的人是世界上最健康的人吗？此句起到了引出主题的作用。第三句对前面的提问做出笼统的回答：许多生活在没有大夫和医院环境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陈述主题思想的作用，应枧为主题句。段落的最后则举例对主题做进一步的解释。

Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hurry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalestrickiscalled“baitandswitch”.(诱售法

)Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.A.BuyerBeware

B.Closeout(出清存货)SaleC.CrimePays

D.BuyingaTVSet

4.主题句在段首和段尾

Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries，butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks；Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet；Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen；Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface，itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan，andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry，themannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson’sbehaviortowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.本段主要说明“礼貌在所有国家都很重要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同”。文段的第一句明确陈述了这一看法。在段尾作者再一次强调了这一看法。

首尾呼应

为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见.但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。5．主题句暗含在段落中

Anantcanpickupanobjectmorethanfiftytimesitsownweight.Abeecanpullaloadmorethanonehundredandfiftytimesitsweight.Ifwewereasstronginproportiontooursize，wecouldpullafive-tontruck？Ifwehadthejumpingabilityofagrasshopper，wecouldleapathirdthelengthofafootballfield！

此段文章无主题句。所陈述的都是细节。一只蚂蚁可搬起比自身重量重50倍的东西。一只蜜蜂可拉动比自身重量重150倍的重物。如果我们的力气与身材成比例的话，我们可能拉动5吨的卡车。如果我们具有蚱蜢的弹跳力，我们可能跃过三分之一的足球场。根据以上事实，我们即可概括出本段落的主题思想是:动物的力量”。

6．无主题句

即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Q:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?＿＿＿＿

A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.

C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstatedmainidea)。由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ

4

TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfour

years,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.Tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfrom

HarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.Tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedat

Berlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetailtypeThepositionofthetopic

Atthebeginning

Attheend

Inthemiddle

Atthebeginningandend

NocleartopicsentenceTypesOfParagraphStructures

IV.应试技巧1.正确选项的特点1).含有抽象名词和概括性词语。2).四个选项中,含有approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance等词的选项一般是正确选项。3).四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。4).那些概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,说明道理的选项一般是答案项,而选项内容片面,单一的内容一般是错误选项.

2.错误选项的特点1)以偏概全.只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的话.2)过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.3)把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.4)无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息二.Finishthefollowinginpairs（NMET2002）

1.Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace．Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks．Insomecities，suchasTokyo，SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas，The“Chunnel”，atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance；isnowcompleted．

第一句为主题句.本段中的其他句子都是用来说明“地下设施”是以何种形式在地球上“已经存在”的具体实例。33

2.Thepandaisapopularanimal.StoriesaboutthepandaintheWashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportantfeaturesontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthemostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealwaysindemandinzoogiftshops.主题句在文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.3.Joeishappyaboutbeingonabowlingteamthatbowlsonceaweek.Healsoenjoysplayingbasketballtwiceamonth.Duringthesummer，hetriestoplaybaseballonweekends.Joereallydoesenjoyallsportsactivities.Hegoesswimmingasoftenashecan.Wheneverhecan’tparticipatedirectly，helovestowatchafootballgameoragolfortennismatch.

本段的主题句为第四句Joereallydoesenjoyallsportsactivities.

前三句引述了他喜欢的几种体育活动，主题句后面的两句对中心思想做了进一步的解释和支撑。段落结构包括三个层次：引出主题呈现主题解释主题。（NMET1998） 4.OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisroller-skates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly，heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopieces.NobodyforgotMerlin’sgrandentranceforalongtime!此段落也无明确的主题句。本段说Merlin按计划拉着小提琴，穿着自制的旱冰鞋，滑进化装舞会，令在场的人大吃一惊，由于停不住竟然将墙上的巨大镜子撞碎，则更使人久久不能忘怀。根据上文及本段的描述，可概括出本段的主题思想是“Merlin的闪亮登场取得意料之外的成功”。三.专项训练

阅读下面短文，从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。A

Wouldn’titbeterribleifwedidn’thavegrass？Wewouldhavetowalkonbaresoil.Canyouguesswhatourplaygroundswouldlooklike？Onarainyday,wewouldgetallmuddy.Onadrydaywewouldbreathecloudsofdust.Theshorttextmainlydealswith

.

A.whyweneedrainB.howgrassiskeptgreenC.howgrasshelpsusD.whywebreathedustCB

ThewordWaterloohasbecomeasynonymfordefeattotaldefeatandcompletedisaster.Waterloo,atowninBelgium,wasthesceneofabattlein1851thatbroughtoverwhelmingdefeattoNapoleonBonaparte’sFrenchArmy.AtstakewerethewholecontinentofEuropeandNapoleon’sdreamofanempire.Inafewdays,overfortythousandFrenchsoldiersdied.WiththeirdeathsanewwordfordisasterwasbornWaterloo.Thesubjectofthetextis

.A.whereWaterlooisB.whonamedWaterlooC.whyNapoleonwasdefeatedD.howWaterloocametomeandefeatD