马克思英文介绍

KARLHEINRICHMARX:

EINEANALYSEDESSOZIALISMUSSebastian|ProfessorPanaccione|GERM1020-001ElementaryGermanIIKARLHEINRICHMARX:

ANANALYSISOFSOCIALISMSebastian|ProfessorPanaccione|GERM1020-001ElementaryGermanII„SIESINDENTSETZTÜBERUNSEREZUTUNBEABSICHTIGTENTFERNTMITPRIVATEMEIGENTUM.ABERINDERBESTEHENDENGESELLSCHAFT,PRIVATEIGENTUMISTBEREITSFÜRNEUNZEHNTELDERBEVÖLKERUNG;DIEEXISTENZDERWENIGENAUSSCHLIEßLICHAUFGRUNDIHRERNICHT-EXISTENZINDENHÄNDENDERNEUN-ZEHNTEL.SIEWERFENUNSDESHALB,MITABSICHT,EINEFORMVONEIGENTUM,DIENOTWENDIGEVORAUSSETZUNGFÜRDERENEXISTENZISTDIENICHT-EXISTENZVONEIGENTUMFÜRDIEÜBERWIEGENDEMEHRHEITDERGESELLSCHAFT.“KarlMarx–TheCommunistManifesto“YOUAREHORRIFIEDATOURINTENDINGTODOAWAYWITHPRIVATEPROPERTY.BUTINYOUREXISTINGSOCIETY,PRIVATEPROPERTYISALREADYDONEAWAYWITHFORNINE-TENTHSOFTHEPOPULATION;ITSEXISTENCEFORTHEFEWISSOLELYDUETOITSNON-EXISTENCEINTHEHANDSOFTHOSENINE-TENTHS.YOUREPROACHUS,THEREFORE,WITHINTENDINGTODOAWAYWITHAFORMOFPROPERTY,THENECESSARYCONDITIONFORWHOSEEXISTENCEISTHENON-EXISTENCEOFANYPROPERTYFORTHEIMMENSEMAJORITYOFSOCIETY.”KarlMarx–TheCommunistManifestoWHOISKARLHEINRICHMARX?KarlHeinrichMarxwasa19thcenturyGermanphilosopher,politicaleconomist,historian,politicaltheorist,sociologist,journalist,andrevolutionarysocialist,whoseideasplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofsocialscienceandthesocialistpoliticalmovement.TABLEOFEVENTS•KarlHirschelMarxwasborninTrier,Germany,SonofHirschelandHenriettaMarxMay5,1818•EnrolledintheTrierHighSchoolwherehestudiedphilosophyandsocialscience.•AttendedtheUniversityofBonnwiththeintenttostudyphilosophyandliterature.Instead,athisfathersinsistencestudiedlaw•AttendedtheUniversityofBerlinathisfathersrequesttocontinuethestudyoflaw.•StudiedthephilosophyofG.W.F.Hegelandotherradicalphilosophers.1818183018351836-1841TRIER,KINGDOMOFPRUSSIAGERMANYMarxwasbornMay5,1818inTrier,GermanywhichislocatedinthesouthwestofGermanynearLuxemburg.TrieristheoldestcityinGermanyfoundedinorbefore16BCandisrankedfourthamongthelargestcities.KARLMARX’SCHILDHOODKarlMarx’sfather;HerschelMarx,wasbornAshkenaziJewish,convertedfromJudaismtotheProtestantChristiandenominationofLutheranismtocontinuepracticinglawafteraPrussianorderdeniedJewsthebar.KarlMarxwasprivatelyeducateduntil1830,whenhewasenrolledintheTrierHighSchoolwherehestudiedphilosophyandsocialscience.Theschoolwasraidedin1832bypolicebecauseoftheliberalhumanistviewstaughttothestudentsinangstofthePrussiangovernment.UNIVERSITYOFBONNANDUNIVERSITYOFBERLINLikehisfatherKarlMarxpursuedthestudyoflaw.MarxenrolledattheUniversityofBonn.WhileatBonn,Marx’sstudiesweredilutedbyhisfrolickingandirresponsiblelifestyle.Marxaccruedagreatdealofdebtandwasinjuredinaduel.HeinrichMarxpaidoffhissonsdebtsandinsistedonhisenrollmentatBerlinUniversity.AtthemoreconservativeUniversityofBerlin,KarlMarx’sstudiesimproveddramatically.ItwasattheBerlinUniversitythathewasintroducedtothephilosophicalwritingsofG.W.F.HegelbyBrunoBauer,aoutspokenatheistandpoliticalradical.MarxlaterbecominginvolvedwithagroupofradicalthinkerstheYoungHegelians.INCONTRAST…..theUnitedStatesfrom1820to1870propagatedasaconsequenceoftwomajorreformations:theSecondGreatAwakening,resemblingthereligiousmovementofGreatAwakeningintheeighteenthcenturyandthenaturalgoodnessofman;definedastranscendentalism.ReligionwasprobablytheforemostmotivatinginfluencebehindshapingthemethodofAmericanperception.Becauseofimmigration,theboom-and-bustcyclesofmarketeconomy,risinginequality,theincreaseofwesternsettlement,andterritorialexpansionintheUnitedStates,Americanshaddifficultykeepingupwithchangesthatwereperceivedasoutsideofone’scontrol.Socialreformmovementssuchastemperance,reformofpenitentiariesandasylums,antimasonry,abolitionandwomen’srightsweretheresultsofaperiodofreligiousrenewalintheUnitedStatesaftertheWarof1812.TABLEOFEVENTS•MarxengagedtoJennyvonWestphalen,daughterofaPrussianaristocrat.•Writingfictionandnon-fiction,Marxcompleteshisshortnovel,ScorpionandFelixandhisoneactplayOulanem•Marxcompleteshisdoctorialthesis,TheDifferenceBetweentheDemociteanandEpicuureanPhilosophyofNaturesubmittedtotheuniversityofJenaforhisPhD•MovestoColognetobeginwritingfortheradicalnewspaperRheinischeZeitung,liberal-democraticjournalsuppresedbythePrussianauthorities.1836183718411842TABLEOFEVENTS•PublishedOntheJewishQuestionandContributiontoCritiqueofHegel’sPhilosophyofRight•MarriesJennyvonWestphaleninBadKreuznach,Rhineland-Palatinate,Germany.•KarlMarxandJennymovetoParis.•InParis,MarxmeetsGermansocialistFriedrichEngels,radicalsonofaGermanindustralist•MarxwroteTheEconomicandPhilosophicalManuscripts•MarxandEngelspublishDieHeiligeFamilie–TheHolyFamily•MarxwroteThesisonFeuerbach1843184318441845KARLMARXANDFRIEDRICHENGELSMarxandEngelmetinParisin1844.Theydiscoveredthattheysharedsimilarviewsofphilosophyandsocialism.AsEngelswroteaftertheirfirstmeeting“completeagreementinalltheoreticalfields.”DieHeiligeFamilieDieHeiligeFamiliewaswrittenwithFriedrichEngelsasacritiqueontheYoungHegeliansandtheirschoolofthought.Marx’spublishersuggestedthetitleofthebook,TheHolyFamily,asasatiricalreferencetotheBauerBrothers.TABLEOFEVENTS•ExiledfromFrance,MarxandEngelemigratetoBrusselsandreconnectswithothersocialistexiles,includingMosesHess,KarlHeizenandJosephWeydemeyer•MarxcreatestheCommunistCorrespondenceCommittee.•MarxandEngelswroteTheGermanIdeologyandThePovertyofPhilosophy•MarxandEngelpublishManifestderKommunistischenpartei•EuropeexperiencestheRevolutionsof1848•WithinamonthofthepublishingofTheManifestoMarxandEngelsareexiledfromBrussels.•MarxreturnstoCologne.•SetupaGermanWorkers’Club•IssuesahandbillentitledtheDemandoftheCommunistPartyofGermany18451846-184718481848MANIFESTDERKOMMUNISTISCHENPARTEI

I:BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANS“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemenandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guildmasterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendedclasses.”

“CAPITALISTPRODUCTION,THEREFORE,DEVELOPSTECHNOLOGY,ANDTHECOMBININGTOGETHEROFVARIOUSPROCESSESINTOASOCIALWHOLE,ONLYBYSAPPINGTHEORIGINALSOURCESOFALLWEALTH-THESOILANDTHELABOURER.”–KARLMARX

Marxconsideredthatsocio-economicconflictshavehistoricallydevelopedinstages:PrimitiveCommunismSlaveFeudalismCapitalismSocialismCommunismTABLEOFEVENTS•ExpelledfromPrussiaafterhisacquittalintrialforhightreason.•KarlMarxpublishesTheEighteenBrumaireofLouisBonaporte•InternationalWorkingmen’sAssociationfounded•MarxpublishesDasKapitel•JennyMarx,Marx’seldestdaughter,died.•2monthslaterKarlMarxdiedinLondon.184918521864-18671883WORKER’SDEMOCRACY“Capitalism,likeprevioussocioeconomicsystems,wouldunavoidablyproduceinternaltensionswhichwouldleadtoitsdestruction.Justascapitalismreplacedfeudalism,Marxbelievedsocialismwould,initsturn,replacecapitalism,andleadtoastateless,classlesssocietycalledpurecommunism.Thiswouldemergeafteratransitionalperiodcalledthe"dictatorshipoftheproletariat":aperiodsometimesreferredtoasthe"workersstate"or"workers'democracy“”

MARXISMVariousstatesaroundtheglobehavemodeledMarxismasabasefortheirownpoliticsandpoliciesafterMarx’sdeathin1883.

Inthe20thcenturythefollowingcountrieshaddevelopedgovernmentsb