美国文学霍桑红字

NathanielHawthorneTheScarletLetterContentsNathanielHawthorneMajorworksTheScarletLetterNathanielHawthorneNovelistShortStoryWriterCentralFigureofAmericanRenaissanceBoston,SettingofTheScarletLetterSalem,BirthplaceofNathanielHawthorneMajorWorksTwocollectionsofshortstories:Twice-toldTales

《故事重述》,1837

+MossesfromanOldManse

《古宅青苔》,1843★TheScarletLetter《红字》,18502Hismasterpiece,whichestablishedhimastheLeadingAmericannativenovelistofthe19thcenturyMajorWorksTheHouseoftheSevenGables,《七个尖角阁的房子》,1851TheBlithedaleRomance

《福谷传奇》,1852TheMarbleFaun

《大理石雕像》,1860YoungGoodmanBrown《好小伙儿布朗》TheMinister’sBlackVeil《教长的面纱》TheBirthmark《胎痣》ShortstoriesTheScarletLetterBackgroundCharactersPuritanism4Background

ThesettingofTheScarletLetterisBostoninthe1640s.Persecuted(迫害)inEngland,thepuritanscametonorthAmericatoformtheirnewcommunities.Lifeinthecolonieswasharsh(严酷的),butwhichgavethePuritanstheopportunitytoformasocietybasedontheirreligiousideals.Puritanssoughtthefreedomtolivebytheirbeliefs.Theypaidattentiontoreason,rejectedfeeling,praisedidealandprohibiteddesire.Butwiththeirdevelopment,theynotonlypersecutedheresy,butalsoimprisonedthewomenwhosmiledonthestreet.TheScarletLetternarratedalovingtragedyunderthepuritancolonialrule.52

CharactersHester白兰Dimmesdale狄姆斯台尔Chillingworth齐里沃斯Pearl珍珠PuritanismPuritanismoriginatedfromEnglandandmanifesteditselfinmanywaysinBritishNorthAmericancolonies.Althoughtheyformedessentialelementsofreligiousnormsforbehavior,“justificationbygracethroughfaith”(因信称义）,“theideaofcalling”（天职思想）,“acityuponahill”（山巅之城）,thecoreconvictionsofPuritanism,dispelledtoalargeextentthebondageofthetraditionofmainstreamchurchonthemindanddeedofpeople.Theyquickenedtheprocessofsocialsecularization,promotedindividualemancipationandplayedanimportantroleinhelpingtoestablishmodernideasaboutlabor,occupationandwealth,sketchthegoalforthenationtopursueinfuturewithreligiousideal.LayingthefoundationoftheWASPculturalvalues,theymoldedthenationalcharacteroftoday'sAmerica.

清教主义起源于英国,在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。其因信称义、天职思想、山颠之城等核心理念,虽然构成宗教行为规范要素,却在很大程度上起到了消解禁锢人们思想与行为的主流教会传统的作用,促进了社会世俗化进程,在早期的美国,推动了个性解放,促成建立现代劳动、职业和财富观,以宗教的理想勾勒出国家未来追求的目标。它们奠定了今日美国主流文化(WASP)价值观念的基础,铸就了美国民族特性。WASP:whiteAnglo-Saxonprotestant美国主流社会★Symbolicmeaningsofth