高分子化学专业英语课件

1高分子专业英语SpecialEnglishforPolymerScience1高分子专业英语2一、教学内容：《专业外语》通过对高分子化学、高分子物理、高分子材料加工等方面的原版文章的学习，讲授无机、有机和高分子化合物的命名规则，科技论文的阅读和写作。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握阅读本专业相关文献必需的基本词汇和基本的写作技能。命名，阅读理解，翻译，摘要写作23Japan'sEarthquakePredictionSystemFlawedPostedon:Thursday,14April2011,06:10CDTAleadingscientistonWednesdaysaidthatJapan’snortheasterncoasthassufferedmanypowerfulearthquakesandlargetsunamis(海啸)inthepastandnuclearpowerplantsshouldhavebeenbuilttowithstandthesenaturaldisasters,reportsAFP.ThescientistalsonotedthatthecrippledplantinFukushimamayhavesurvivedthedisasterhadthegovernmentnotputfaithinaflawedearthquakepredictionsystem.GeophysicsprofessorRobertGellersaidtheJapaneseauthoritiesrelyonannual“hazardmaps”tohighlightpartsofthecountrydeemedathigherriskfrommajortemblors（地震）,butthereisnoreliablescientificbasisforthattechnique.Japan’sseismologistsweresoreliantontheiroutdatedbeliefsaboutseismichazardsthattheybecameblindedtotheriskoftheMarch11quake,GellercommentedinthesciencejournalNatureonWednesday.3Japan'sEarthquakePrediction4Synthesisandelectrostaticmultilayerassemblyofanacridine-containingpolymerwithpropertiesofanopticalsensor.Abstract:Wehavesynthesizedanacridine-containingpolymerlinkedwithalkylamideviasimplepolycondensationreaction.Itwasfoundthatthepolymerexhibitshighselectivityandsensitivitytowardferricionsindicatingthatthispolymericmaterialwouldbeanefficientfluorescencesensorforferricions.Theformationofself-assembledmultilayerswascarriedoutvialayer-by-layerdepositiontechniquebetweentheacridine-containingpolymerandpoly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate).MacromolecularRapidCommunications

21(14):951-955.Pp.57（第一版）NaturalpolymerPp.61(第二版)4Synthesisandelectrostaticm5(Reuters)-SiliconValleylegendSteveJobsonWednesdayresignedaschiefexecutiveofAppleIncinastunningmovethatendedhis14-yearreignatthetechnologygiantheco-foundedinagarage.……AnalystsdonotexpectJobs'resignation--whichhadlongbeenforeseen--toderailthecompany'sfabledproduct-launchroadmap,includingpossiblyanewiPhoneinSeptemberandathirditerationoftheipadtabletin2012."IhavealwayssaidifthereevercameadaywhenIcouldnolongermeetmydutiesandexpectationsasApple'sCEO,Iwouldbethefirsttoletyouknow.Unfortunately,thatdayhascome,"hesaidinabriefletterannouncinghisresignation.The55-year-oldCEOhadbrieflyemergedfromhismedicalleaveinMarchtounveilthelatestversionoftheiPadandlatertoattendadinnerhostedbyPresidentBarackObamafortechnologyleadersinSiliconValley.5(Reuters)-SiliconValleyle6Platinum(II)porphyrin-containingthermoresponsivepoly(N-isopropylacrylamide)copolymerasfluorescencedualoxygenandtemperaturesensor

Arandomcopolymer,poly(NIPAAm--PtPorphyrin),consistingof-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAAm)andplatinum(II)porphyrinunits,behavesasanopticaldualsensorforoxygenandtemperature.Thedualsensorisdesignedbyincorporatinganoxygen-sensitiveplatinum(II)porphyrin(M1)intoatemperature-sensitivepolymer(PNIPAAm).Thepolymerexhibitedlowcriticalsolutiontemperature(LCST)propertyat31.5oC.ThisLCSTaffectedthepolymer‘saggregationstatus,whichinturnaffectedthenanostructures,fluorescenceintensities,andresponsestodissolvedoxygen.Thisenablesthepolymertofunctionalizeasadualtemperatureanddissolvedoxygensensor.Oxygenresponseoftheplatinum(II)porphyrinprobesinthepolymerfollowedatwo-siteStern–Volmermodel,indicatingthenonuniformdistributionoftheprobes.ThecopolymerwasusedtopreliminarilymonitortheoxygenconsumptionofEscherichiacoli(E.coli)bacteria(大肠杆菌).Theresultsindicateapotentialapplicationofthepolymerinbiologicalfields.（SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical,2011,159:135）6Platinum(II)porphyrin-conta7参考书：1、《大学专业英语阅读教程：高分子材料》;

程为庄，顾国芳编，同济大学出版社，19992、《化学专业英语》马永祥，兰州大学出版社20003、《高分子材料工程专业英语》揣成智，

中国轻工业出版社，1999年4、《科技英语写作》，杨自辰，杨大成编著杨岂深审定，国防工业出版社1991年10月第一版5、《化学专业英语基础：图示教程》;[英]MichaelLewis[编];荣国斌,铙腊霞注释，

上海外语教育出版社出版日期:

2000

7参考书：86、《化学专业基础英语IntroductorychemistryspecialityEnglish》，魏高原编，

北京大学出版社，20017、《化学专业基础英语;设计分子世界;前沿化学;2》;(美)PhilipBall著;魏高原,王剑波,甘良兵注释，北京大学出版社，200186、《化学专业基础英语Introductoryche9教材：“高分子材料工程专业英语”，曹同玉，冯连芳主编，化学工业出版社，1999年第一版9教材：10教学安排1、(9.5-9.9)（单周）引言“FunctionalPolymers”

无机化合物的命名

﹡阅读本课的阅读材料2、(9.12-9.16)（双周）“ChainPolymerization”﹡阅读本课的阅读材料3、(9.19-9.23)（单周）“Step-GrowthPolymerization”

有机化合物的命名（I）

﹡阅读Unit1的阅读材料10教学安排114、(9.26-9.30)（双周）“MolecularWeightanditsDistributionsofPolymers”

有机化合物的命名（II）；

﹡阅读本课的阅读材料；

5、(10.10-10.14)（双周）“StructureandPropertiesofPolymers””;

聚合物的命名；

﹡阅读本课的阅读材料；短文写作练习6、(10.17-10.21)（单周）“BulkPolymerization”

科技论文的结构；科技论文摘要写作（I）

﹡阅读本课的阅读材料114、(9.26-9.30)（双周）127、(10.24-10.28)（双周）“MechanicalPropertiesofPolymers”

科技论文摘要写作（II）；

﹡阅读本课的阅读材料；摘要写作8、(10.31-11.4)（单周）“ProcessingandFabricationofThermoplastics”

科技英语翻译

﹡阅读本课的阅读材料；翻译练习

2011年11月8日(10:30-12:30)闭卷考试平时：30%；考试：70%1213引言（Introduction）科技英语的特点：1、语法较为简单多用被动语态，从句等

SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical,2001,79(1):28-32“Thepropertiesofstronglypressedtinoxide-basedgassensors”Abstract:ThepropertiesofsensorsmanufacturedbystrongpressingofSnO2(stannicoxide)havebeenstudied.ThecorrelationbetweenthepressingpressureofSnO2andsensitivityandstabilitywasestablished.TheresultsshowthatwhenthepressingpressureofSnO2increases,thestabilityofsensorsincreasestoo,butthesensitivitystronglydecreases.Thebestsensorsperformanceisachievedbystrongpressing(4000MPa)ofSnO2with40wt.%contentofAl2O3.(alumina,aluminiumoxide)13引言（Introduction）Sensorsan142、专有名词多，有规律可循（构词法）（读音较为复杂，无规律）W.E.Flood：150个标准词素可组成30000个科技单词词头（Prefix），词根（base,root），词尾（suffix）和单词（word）《英语化学化工词分析》，张铭德，陈慎意，王琏编著科学普及出版社，1985年quadr-,quadri,quadru[Latin,quattuor]四，第四，平方，二次quadrangle（四边形）quadrivalence（四价的）quadruple（四倍的）alk-表示烃类alkane（烷烃）；alkoxy(=alkoxyl)烷氧基142、专有名词多，有规律可循（构词法）（读音较为复杂，无规15转义：Yield：一般作产量，收率，但塑料工业（成型加工），则译作“屈服”或“挤出量”spin—原意为“旋转”，如spincoating(旋涂)ESR:ElectronSpinResonance电子自旋共振(EPR:ElectronParamagneticResonance)转义为“纺丝”，（纺丝时在卷线筒上不断旋转绕丝）Page57ReadingMaterials15转义：163、写作较为有规律（一般格式较为固定）FullPaper: Title,(Authornames,Affiliation), Abstract(Synopsis), (Keywords), Introduction, Experimental, Results,Discussion(Resultsanddiscussion),Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References(Nomenclature)163、写作较为有规律（一般格式较为固定）17AllNMRexperimentswereperformedonaBrukerAVANCE400NMRspectrometer.……FT-IRspectrawereobtainedonaVector-22spectrometer(Bruker,Switzerland)withsamplepreparedasKBrpellets.TGAanalyseswerecarriedoutusingaMettler-ToledoSDTA-851TGAsystem……Elementalanalyses(C,NandH)wereperformedonElementarVarioE1IIIanalyzer(German).DataofX-raypowderdiffraction(XRD)werecollectedonaMax2200PCpowerX-raydiffractometer(Rigaku,Japan)withCuKα(1.54051Å)radiation(40kV,20mA).……Themorphologiesofthesurfacesofthesampleswereobservedinanenvironmentscanningelectronmicroscope(ESEM,Quanta200,FEI,Holand).……Theopticaltransmittanceofthepolymersolutionwasmonitoredatλ=540nmwithaspectrophotometer(Hitachi,Japan,UV-4100).ThepHmeasurements,withandwithoutaddedsalt(NaCl,99.9%purity),wereperformedwithapotentiometricpHmeter(PHS-3).Polymer47(2006)742–75017AllNMRexperimentswereper184、写作要求清晰明了《Polymer》：LanguageandStyle:ManuscriptsshouldbewritteninEnglishinaclearandconcisemannerandfollowthestyleofacurrentissueofPolymer.AuthorswhosenativelanguageisnotEnglishshouldhavethespelling,grammar,andstylecheckedbysomeonefullyproficientintheEnglishlanguage.ManuscriptswhicharenotwritteninfluentEnglishwillberejectedwithoutrefereeing.Englishlanguagehelpservice:Uponrequest,ElsevierwilldirectauthorstoanagentwhocancheckandimprovetheEnglishoftheirpaper(beforesubmission).Pleasecontactauthorsupport@forfurtherinformation.184、写作要求清晰明了《Polymer》：19《SensorsandActuatorsB:Chemical》：

Allpapersshouldbeconciselywritten.PapersshouldbewritteninEnglish(AmericanorBritishspellingbutwithuseofonlyoneforminthesamepaper).Theauthorshouldrememberthatthejournalisinternationalandreadwidelybythosewhosefirstlanguagemaybeotherthanthatinwhichthepaperiswritten.Clarityandprecisionarebestachievedbytheuseofshortwordsandsimplesentences.PaperswhichdonotsatisfytheEnglishlanguagerequirementswillnotbeaccepted.19《SensorsandActuatorsB:Ch20ELECTROCHIMICAACTAGUIDEFORAUTHORS

GeneralTheJournalpublishesfull-lengthresearchpapers,criticalreviewsanddiscussionpapersinthefieldofpureandappliedelectrochemistry.Contributionsfrommembersandnon-membersoftheInternationalSocietyofElectrochemistryareequallywelcome.ResearchPapersshouldbecompleteandauthoritativeaccountsofworkthathasspecialsignificanceandgeneralinterest,presentedclearlyandconcisely.Contributionswillonlybeconsideredforpublicationiftheyarelikelytobeofinteresttoourreadersandsubscribers.Contentsmustberelevanttoelectrochemistry.PresentationanddiscussionshouldbeattheleveloftheinternationalstatusoftheJournal.Thelanguagecanbeareasonforrejectionatfirstsightifbelowanacceptablelevelofclarity.

20ELECTROCHIMICAACTAGeneralT21TechnicalScreeningTosolvetheproblemofpeerreviewersandEditorsbeingoverloadedwithmanuscriptswhichcontainmany‘technical’problemssuchaspoorEnglish,ElsevierintroducedaTechnicalScreeningprocessforalljournalsubmissions.Beforeapaperissenttoreviewers,itisscreenedautomaticallytoensureitadherestoasetofminimumtechnicalstandards.Manuscriptsthatdonotmeetthisstandardwillbereturnedtothecorrespondingauthor,withacheck-listofmissingorinsufficientitems.2122HighlightsHighlightsareashortcollectionofbulletpointsthatconveythecorefindingsandprovidereaderswithaquicktextualoverviewofthearticle.Thesethreetofivebulletpointsdescribetheessenceoftheresearch(e.g.resultsorconclusions)andhighlightwhatisdistinctiveaboutit.Highlightswillbedisplayedinonlinesearchresultlists,thecontentslistandintheonlinearticle,butwillnot(yet)appearinthearticlePDFfileorprint.22Highlights23Authorinstructions:

HighlightsshouldbesubmittedasaseparatefileinEESbyselecting"Highlights"fromthedrop-downlistwhenuploadingfiles.Pleaseadheretothespecificationsbelow.Specifications:Include3to5highlights.

Max.85charactersincludingspacesperhighlight.(InWord2007,thereisacharactercountoptionintheReviewtab,underWordCount.Or,left-clicktheWordcountinthebottomleftcornerforthecharactercounttopop-up.)Onlythecoreresultsofthepapershouldbecovered.23Authorinstructions:

Highlig24Example1

Example1.a-poorHighlights

Highlights

>Inthisstudywemodeltwohospitalswhichhaveregulatedprices.>Thehospitalswebaseourstudyoncompeteonqualitywitheachother.>Weexaminechangesinthelevelofinformationabouthospitalquality.Wefindthatincreasinginformationwillincreasethequalityifhospitalcostsaresimilar.>Wefindthatincreasinginformationwilldecreasequalityifhospitalcostsareverydifferent.>Weconcludethatwelfareeffectsdependonex-anteorex-postassumptionsaboutqualityinformation.Theitemnowexceedsthemaximumnumberof5bulletpoints,somepointsexceedthe85characterslimit,andthereistoomuchinformation.Inordertoprovideaveryquickandbrieftextualoverview,thisHighlightitemcanbeimprovedbyshorteningthesentences.24Example1

Example1.a-poo25Example1.b-goodHighlights

Highlights

>Wemodeltwohospitalswhichhaveregulatedpricesandcompeteonquality.>Weexaminechangesinthelevelofinformationabouthospitalquality.>Increasinginformationwillincreasequalityifhospitalcostsaresimilar.>

Increasinginformationwilldecreasequalityifhospitalcostsareverydifferent.>Welfareeffectsdependonex-anteorex-postassumptionsaboutqualityinformation.Thisisagoodexampleasthesentencesareshortandwithinthe85characterlimit,theHighlightsitemdoesnotexceedthemaximumnumberofbulletpoints,andthetextisconcise,relatestothetopic,andisinformative.25Example1.b-goodHighlight26PoorHighlights

>InthisstudyweexaminetheNiandNi–Coaluminatespinelsascatalystprecursors.>WestudyCatalystsforpartialoxidationandsteammethanereformingandwe

findthatHydrogentreatmentatveryhightemperatures

enablesthegrowthofnano-sizedmetalparticles.>InthisstudyweconcludethatNialuminatespinelsdoesnotactivatemethaneattemperaturesbelow900

K.GoodHighlights

>NiandNi–Coaluminatespinelsascatalystprecursors.>Catalystsforpartialoxidationandsteammethanereforming.>Hydrogentreatmentathightemperatureenablesgrowthofnano-sizedmetalparticles.>Nialuminatespinelsdoesnotactivatemethaneattemperaturesbelow900

K.Thesentencesarebriefandinformative,theauthordoesnotexceedthecharacterlimitperpoint,norexceedthenumberofbulletpoints.Thestructuredtextgivesagoodoverviewofthearticletopic.26PoorHighlights

>Inthisst27科技英语的重要性(Forscientificworkers)English:InternationallanguageImportance:CommunicationGoal:UnderstandandUnderstood（FluentEnglish）使用科技英语交流十分重要“FollowMetoScience”27科技英语的重要性(Forscientificwor28如何学习？（1）记忆常见科技词汇（构词法）（2）多阅读科技文章，学习如何用英语表达。避免自创的新奇语句（3）课后练习翻译，写作（Practicemakesperfect.）（4）听学术报告（Lecture）GeogreOdian“PrinciplesofPolymerization”,2ndedition28如何学习？29TwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptSanFranciscoEdit()Youshouldnowhavedetailednotesyoucanusetowriteyourdraftpaper.Ifyoudon’thaveonealready,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints.IfyouneedhelpinpreparinganoutlineseeourarticleEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveManuscriptOutlineat/newsletters.htm.Atthispointyouwillneedtoconvertyournotesandoutlineintonarrativeform.29TwelveStepstoDevelopinga30Consolidatealltheinformation.Ensureyouhaveeverythingyouneedtowriteefficiently,i.e.,alldata,references,draftsoftablesandfigures,etc.2.Targetajournal.Determinethejournaltowhichyouplantosubmityourmanuscriptandwriteyourmanuscriptaccordingtothefocusofthetargetedjournal.Thefocusmaybeclearlystatedwithinthejournalormaybedeterminedbyexaminingseveralrecentissuesofthetargetedjournal.3.Startwriting.Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistoputsomethingdownonpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeencaptured.Writewhenyourenergyishigh,notwhenyouaretired.Trytofindatimeandplacewhereyoucanthinkandwritewithoutdistractions.30Consolidatealltheinformat314.Writequickly.Don'tworryaboutwords,spellingorpunctuationatallatthisstage,justideas.Keepgoing.Leavegapsifnecessary.Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing.Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately.5.Writeinyourownvoice.Expressingyourselfinyourownwaywillhelpyoutosaywhatyoumeanmoreprecisely.Itwillbeeasierforyourreaderiftheycan“hear”yourvoice.6.Writewithoutediting.Don'ttrytogetitrightthefirsttime.Resistthetemptationtoeditasyougo.Otherwise,youwilltendtogetstuckandwastetime.Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.314.Writequickly.Don'tworr327.Keeptotheplanofyouroutline.Usetheheadingsfromyouroutlinetofocuswhatyouwanttosay.Ifyoufindyourselfwanderingfromthepoint,stopandmoveontothenexttopicintheoutline.8.Writethepaperinparts.Don'tattempttowritethewholemanuscriptatonce,instead,treateachsectionasaminiessay.Lookatyournotes,thinkaboutthegoalofthatparticularsectionandwhatyouwanttoaccomplishandsay.9.Putthefirstdraftaside.Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastoneday.Theideaofwaitingadayormoreistoallowyouto"be"anotherperson.Itisdifficulttoproofreadandedityourownwork;adayormorebetweencreationandcritiquehelps.327.Keeptotheplanofyour3310.Reviseit.Reviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther.Theobjectiveistolookatyourworknotasitsauthor,butasarespectfulbutsterncritic.Doeseachsentencemakesense?Inyourlongersentences,canyoukeeptrackofthesubjectathand?Doyourlongerparagraphsfollowasingleidea,orcantheybebrokenintosmallerparagraphs?Thesearesomeofthequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.11.Reviseforclarityandbrevity.Revisesentencesandparagraphswithspecialattentiontoclearness.Formaximumreadability,mostsentencesshouldbeabout15-20words.Forascientificarticle,paragraphsofabout150wordsinlengthareconsideredoptimal.Avoidusingunnecessarywords.3310.Reviseit.Reviseitand3412.Beconsistent.Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthereforethewritingmaybeshared.However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughout.Thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptandmakeanynecessaryeditorialchangesbeforesubmittingthemanuscripttothejournal.3412.Beconsistent.Oftenam35UNIT9FunctionalPolymersFunctionalpolymersaremacromoleculestowhichchemicallyfunctionalgroupsareattached;theyhavethepotentialadvantagesofsmallmoleculeswiththesamefunctionalgroups.Theirusefulnessisrelatedbothtothefunctionalgroupsandtothenatureofthepolymerswhosecharacteristicpropertiesdependmainlyontheextraordinarilylargesizeofthemolecules.(1)“towhich”:定语从句介词前置正常语序为：“attachtothemacromolecules”(2)“whose”作“它的，它们的”解，一般用于定语从句中，修饰前面表示事物的名词35UNIT9FunctionalPolyme36A)Whatistheweightofablockofaluminumwhosevolumeis0.4cu.ft.(cubicfeet)?B)Besidestheelectrons,anatomalsocontainspositiveelectricalparticleswhosetotalchargemustbeequaltothatoftheelectrons.C)Airisamixture,whosecomponentsareofgreatuseinthechemicalindustry.D)Thehouse,whoseroofwasblownoff,hasbeenrepaired.36A)Whatistheweightofab37

Theattachmentoffunctionalgroupstoapolymerisfrequentlythefirststeptowardsthepreparationofafunctionalpolymerforaspecificuse.

However,theproperchoiceofthepolymerisanimportantfactorforsuccessfulapplication.Inadditiontothesyntheticaliphaticandaromaticpolymers,awiderangeofnaturalpolymershavealsobeenfunctionalizedandusedasreactivematerials.（1）Inadditionto:除…之外，可用“apartfrom”或“besides”代替e.g.：Inadditiontothesesensors,agreatdealofresearchhasbeenalsocarriedoutonpotentiometric(电位(测定)的)sensors,likezirconiumoxideforO2monitoringforautomotiveapplication.Inaddition:此外e.g：Inaddition,therecoverytimesandsensitivities(100to200mV)areappropriatefortheproposedapplication.37 Theattachmentoffunctiona38 Inorganicpolymershavealsobeenmodifiedwiththereactivefunctionalgroupsandusedinprocessesrequiringsevereserviceconditions.Inprinciple,theactivegroupsmaybepartofthepolymerbackboneorlinkedtoasidechainasapendantgroupeitherdirectlyor

viaaspacergroup.Arequiredactivefunctionalgroupcanbeintroducedontoapolymericsupportchain(l)byincorporationduringthesynthesisofthesupportitselfthroughpolymerizationorcopolymerizationofmonomerscontainingthedesiredfunctionalgroups,(1)either…or…:“或…或…”、“是…还是…”、“不是…就是...”a)Crudeoilcontainsgasesandsolids,eitherdissolvedordispersed.b)Currenttheories,eitherempiricalorelectronic,donotappeartoaccountforthisresult.c)Intheabsenceofforce,abodywilleitherremainatrestorcontinuetomovewithconstantspeedinastraightline.38 Inorganicpolymershaveals39 (2)bychemicalmodificationofanon-functionalizedpreformedsupportmatrixand(3)byacombinationof(1)and(2).

Eachofthetwoapproacheshasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages,andoneapproachmaybepreferredforthepreparationofaparticularfunctionalpolymerwhentheotherwouldbetotallyimpractical.Thechoicebetweenthetwowaystothesynthesisoffunctionalizedpolymersdependsmainlyontherequiredchemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthesupportforaspecificapplication.Usuallytherequirementsoftheindividualsystemmustbethoroughlyexaminedinorderto

takefulladvantageofeachofthepreparativetechniques.(i)each作形容词，“各自的，每个的”Eachelementhassomespecialproperties.Thecreatedpotentialiscontrolledbytheelectrochemicalreactionofoxygenateachelectrode.39 (2)bychemicalmodificatio40(ii)each作代词，“各个”、“每个”eachhasitsadvantages.(iii)each作副词，“各个地”Differentkindofwaveshaveeachthesamethreecharacteristics:amplitude,frequencyandlength.(iv)each作同位语Theyeachshowedgoodcatalyticactivities.Takeadvantageof:利用，运用Theproductwaspurifiedbytakingadvantageofthereaction.40(ii)each作代词，“各个”、“每个”41 Rapidprogressintheutilizationoffunctionalizedpolymericmaterialshasbeennotedintherecentpast.Interestinthefieldisbeingenhancedduetothepossibilityofcreatingsystemsthatcombinetheuniquepropertiesofconventionalactivemoietiesandthoseofhighmolecularweightpolymers.Thesuccessfulutilizationofthesepolymersarebasedonthephysicalform,solvationbehavior,porosity,chemicalreactivityandstabilityofthepolymers.Thevarioustypesoffunctionalizedpolymerscoverabroadrangeofchemicalapplications,includingthepolymericreactants,catalysts,carriers,surfactants,stabilizers,ion-exchangeresins,etc.

（1）Inthefield:领域（2）dueto复合介词，作“由于”

1.Changesofstateofmatterareduetoincreasedmotionofmolecules.（表语）41 Rapidprogressintheutili422.Theforceduetogravitation(地心引力)causesobjectstohaveweight.(定语)3.Apartoftheenergyiswastedinmachinesduetofriction.（状语）4.Thefailureofthisexperimentisduetothefactthatthereactiontemperaturewasnotcontrolled.(表语)

注意辨别“due”用作形容词

Heisduetospeaktomorrow.(due作“预定”讲）注意复合介词分开情况Inmanywatersarefoundvariouskindsofminerals,towhichsubstancesthehardnessofwaterisdue.Waters(pl.)河水，湖水，矿泉水，水域422.Theforceduetogravitat43

Inavarietyofbiologicalandbiomedicalfields,suchasthepharmaceutical,agriculture,foodindustryandthelike,theyhavebecomeindispensablematerials,especiallyincontrolledreleaseformulationofdrugsandagrochemicals.Besides,thesepolymersareextensivelyusedastheantioxidants,flameretardants,corrosioninhibitors,flocculatingagents,antistaticagentsandtheothertechnologicalapplications.Inaddition，thefunctionalpolymerspossessbroadapplicationprospectsinthehightechnologyareaasconductivematerials,photosensitizers,nucleartrackdetectors,liquidcrystals,theworkingsubstancesforstorageandconversionofsolarenergy,etc.——AkelahA，MoetA．FunctlonalizedPolymersandTheirApplications．London：ChapmanHall，1990.3thelike:n.同样的东西，同类的事情indispensable：必不可少的，不可缺少的43 Inavarietyofbiological44As用作关系代词，引出定语从句

(a)such…as象…这（那）样的，象…之类的As所引导的从句修饰前面的名词，as本身在定语从句中可能是主语、宾语或定语(I).Wewillgiveyousuchdataaswillhelpyouwithyourmeasurements.（主语）(II).Wehopetogetsuchanelectricalcircuitasheisusing.(宾语)(III).Suchinstrumentsas(are)thermometersandbarometers(气压计)canbefoundinanyphysicslaboratory.（表语，asarethermometers…）(IV).Wemustknowsuchsymbolsasareusedtorepresentchemicalelements.(主语)44As45Thesame…as和…同样的(I).Molecularweightsareexpressedinthesameunitsasatomicweights(areexpressed).(as作关系副词)(II).Ifoneobjectischargedwiththesamekindofelectricityasappearsonanothernearby,thetwoobjectswillrepeleachother.(as作主语)Asmany…as,asmuch…as：如…一般多；凡…的…都(I).Asmanyinstrumentsasareinthelaboratoryhavebeenmadeuseof.(主语)（充分利用了）(II).Thesegeneratorssupplyonlyhalfasmuchenergyas(is)required.（主语）45Thesame…as和…同样的46As代替整个主句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语1.Thismachine,asmightbeexpected,hasstoppedoperation.(主语)2.Asweknow,materialsexpandandcontractwiththeincreaseanddecreaseoftemperature.(宾语)As作为代替整个主句的关系代词：1.ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述2.asiswellknown众所周知3.asweallcansee正如所能看到的那样4.aswillbeshowninFig.6将如图6所示5.ashasbeenexplainedintheprecedingparagraph如上段所解释的那样6.ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如所指出的那样46As代替整个主句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语47缩略词：(a)etc.,etcetra=andsoon/andsoforth（等等）(不用于指人)(b)etal.读作“andothers”，等（人）(c)i.e.=thatis；(d)viz.=thatisBinarymeanstwo,implyingthatonlytwodigitsareused,viz