讲稿英语冲刺

EgGetaheadStandstillMuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithblackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringCrackcrashcrushIttookhimmere7hourstofinishthe thenotion.

Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearlyItisalsolessthanmostforecasterspredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan,overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandUndertheworst-casescenario, surprisedbyfavorableinflationinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica’s,havelittleproductiveslack.America’scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunay,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthand thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates theeconomicsituationisbetterthaneconomistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituationEg It’safaultforsbtodo for…exceptthemselves.Wedependon…toWearedependenton…todo….Itmirrors… Itisaclearmanifestationof…Itisapparentthat…ElaborateAhistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmay eadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaAmericanswereprosperousthe whoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.DissuadesbfromngCaution(sb)Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericanevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweeintothedomesticmarket.America’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty. esthecasualty…hasmadeanegativeimpacton…Sthfallsprey(victim)to…SthtakesitstollAllofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofngbusinesswasfailing,andthat eswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfive growthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethis or businesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedto changeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet, accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executive ernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinesses StephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-inWashington,DC.AndSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.” Sthshouldbeplacedatthetopoftheernment’sagenda.ThefirstresortTheimperativeisto Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.IntensecompetitionmaycontributeeconomicTherevivaloftheeconomydependsinternationalAlonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.Eg.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinalhoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediaywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineDeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistory.” towards EgSciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.IargueIembracetheview.Iaminfavorof…Ileantowardtheview.Iinclinetotheview…Iamgenerallysupportiveoftheview….Iamasupporteroftheview.Iwouldliketotreattheviewwithcaution.Sbshouldbeaccountablefor…Sbshouldbeartheblameof…Itrestswithsbtodosth……havenooneelsetoblameWeshouldfindfaultprimarilyDefendersofsciencehavealsotheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Grossandfindfaultprimarilysociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Tag…hasaveryhighpriceThereisevidenceRecordshavebeenmadeofpeopleAsurveyofnewsstoriesin1996thattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksof toRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasic thatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNewsWorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthatanti-scienceepithetisindangerof ‘anti-science’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”Coupled isMoralrestrainsareloosening.Thefirstpriorityisto… Priorto BepriorLogonGooutof ,sbItispracticalanddesirablethatsthshouldbedoneTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheissue 阅阅读理解基本知识汇1.分区 2.类型（ 什么是中心（重现/递进什么是观点？什么是论证观点难度项长难句特殊结构带多义和 结合题型进行反复比对（优先比文章分析选项的包含和对照关系，进行词平常练习完成四个流按照平常习惯做仔细查出错误的原因（逻辑？语言 确定出题 （题型？选项错误特吸收语言（长难句的翻译 词例子提高解题要注意的五个关定位（重点应该读文章的什么部选项正误笼统特反映文章主弹性大()influence/modify/playarolein//hasmuchtodo语义深刻，表现形式a.抽象/含义深刻(如：misconception/trait/originatefrom/atthecore/vital)更概括（causes/notonly…butalso/符合和积极观各各 演PassageAfewmonthsago,itwasn'tunusual47-year-oldCarlaToebetospend15hoursperdayonline.She'dwakeupearly,turnonherlaptopandchatonInternetdatingsitesandinstant-messagingprograms–leavingherbedforonlybriefintervals.Herhouseholdbillspiledup,alongwiththedishesanddirtylaundry,butittooknear-constantcomplaintsfromherfourdaughtersbeforesherealizedshehada"Iwasstartingtofeellikemyworldworldwasfallingapart–kindofintoadepression,"saidCarla."IknewthatifIdidn'tgetoffthedatingsites,I'djustkeepgoing,"detaching(使脱离)herselffurtherfromtheoutsideworld.Toebe'sconclusion:Shefeltlikeshewas"addicted"totheInternet.She'snotConcernaboutexcessiveInternetuseisn'tnew.Asfarbackas1995,articlesinmedicaljournalsandtheestablishment overusersgeneratedinterestinthesubject.There'sstillnoconsensusonhowmuchtimeonlineconstitutestoomuchorwhetheraddictionispossible.ButasrelianceontheWebgrows,therearesignsthatthequestionisgettingmoreseriousattention:Lastmonth,astudypublishedinCNSSpectrumsclaimedtobethefirstlarge-scalelookatexcessiveInternetuse.TheAmericanPsychiatricAssociationmayconsiderlistingInternetaddictioninthenexteditionofitsdiagnosticmanual.Andscoresofonlinediscussionboardshavepoppeduponwhichpeoplediscussnegativeexperiencestiedtotoomuchtimeonthe"There'snoquestionthatthere'repeoplewho'reseriouslyintrouble involvement,"saidpsychiatrist(精神科医生生 Ivan JonathanBishop,aresearcherinWalesspecializinginonlinecommunities,ismoreskeptical."TheInternetisanenvironment,"hesaid."Youcan'tbeaddictedtotheenvironment."Bishopdescribestheproblemassimplyamatterofpriorities,whichcanbesolvedbyencouragingpeopletoprioritizeotherlifegoalsandplansinplaceoftimespentThenewCNSSpectrumsstudywasbasedonresultsofanationwideephonesurveyofmorethan2,500adults.Likethe2005survey,thisonewasconductedbyStanfordUniversityresearchers.About6%ofrespondentsreportedthat"theirrelationshipssufferedbecauseofexcessiveInternetuse."About9%attemptedtoconceal feelingfeeling"preoccupiedbytheInternetAbout8%saidtheyusedtheInternetasawaytoescapeproblems,andalmost14%reportedthey"foundithardtostayawayfromtheInternetforseveraldaysatatime."problemis]notlimited )"TheInternetproblemisstillinitsinfancy,"saidEliasAboujaoude,aStanfordprofessor.Nosingleonlineactivityistoblameforexcessiveuse,heproblemis]notlimited )gambling"ExcessiveInternetuseshouldbedefinednotbythenumberofhoursspentonlinebut"intermsoflosses,"saidMaressaOrzack,aHarvardUniversityprofessor."Ifit'saloss[where]you'renotgettingtowork,andfamilyarebreakingdownasaresult,thenit'stooSincetheearly1990s,severalclinicshavebeenestablishedintheU.S.totreatheavyInternetusers.TheyincludetheCenterforInternetAddictionRecoveryandtheCenterforInternetBehavior. ●Havinga ●Havingasenseofwell-being orexcitementwhileatthe ●Longingformoreandmoretimeatthecomputer. ●Neglectoffamilyand ●Feeling irritablewhennotatthecomputer. ●Lyingtoemployersandfamilyaboutactivities. ●Inabilitytostopthe ●Problemswithschoolor Physicalsymptomslistedinclude (PeoplewhostrugglewithexcessiveInternetusemaybedepressedorhaveothermooddisorders,Orzacksaid.WhenshediscussesInternethabitswithherpatients,theyoftenreportthatbeingonlineoffersa"senseofbelonging,andescape,excitement[and]fun,"shesaid."Somepeoplesayrelief…becausetheyfindthemselvessorelaxed."SomepartsoftheInternetseemtodrawpeopleinmorethanothers.Internetgamersspendcountlesshourscompetingingamesagainstpeoplefromallovertheworld.Onesuchgame,calledWorldofWarcraft,iscitedonmanysitesbyposterscomplainingofa"gamingaddiction." AndrewHeidrich,aneducationnetworkadministratorfromSacramento,playsWorldofWarcraftforabouttwofourfourhourseveryothernight,butnothingcomparedwiththe40to60hoursaweekhespentplayingonlinegameswhenhewasincollege.Hecutbackonlyafterafull-scalefamilyintervention(干预),inwhichrelativestoldhimhe'dgained "There'sthiswholecultureofcompetitionthatsuckspeoplein"withonlinegaming,saidHeidrich,nowafatheroftwo."Peopledoitattheexpenseofeverythingthatwasaconstantintheirlives."Heidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussgamingaddictionregularly"toremindmyselftokeepmyloveforonlinegamesincheck."ToebealsoregularlyvisitsasitewherepostersdiscussInternetoveruse.InAugust,whenshefirstrealizedshehadaproblem,shepostedamessageonaYahooInternetaddictiongroupwiththesubjectline:"IhaveanInternetAddiction."self- Internetformywork,butI'mfailingplishmywork,totakecareofhome,togiveattentiontomy group."Ihavenomoneyorinsurancegetprofessionalhelp;Ican'tevenpay (抵 faceSincethen,Toebesaid,shehaskeptherpromisetoherselftocutbackonherInternetuse."Ihaveaboyfriendnow,andI'mnotinterestedinonlinedating,"shesaidbyphonelastweek."It'salotbetter1.WhateventuallymadeCarlaToeberealizeshewasspendingtoomuchtimeontheInternet? A)Herdaughter'srepeated C)ThepoorlymanagedstateofherD)Thehighfinancialcostsadding2.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutexcessiveInternetuse?A)Peopleshouldbewarnedofitsharmfulconsequences.B)It evirtuallyC)IthasbeensomewhatD)Peoplehaven'tyetreachedagreementonitsdefinition.3.JonathanBishopbelievesthattheInternetoveruseproblemcanbesolvedifpeople A)trytoimprovetheInternetB) eawareofitsseriousC)canrealizewhatisimportantinD)canreachaconsensuson4.AccordingtoProfessorMaressaOrzack,Internetusewouldbeconsideredexcessiveif A)itseriouslyaffectedfamily C)toomuchtimewasspentinchatD)peoplegotinvolvedinonline5.AccordingtoOrzack,peoplewhostrugglewithheavyrelianceontheInternetmayfeel A)discouragedB)pressuredC)depressedD)puzzled6.WhydidAndreHeidrichcutbackonlinegaming? A)Hehadlostalotof B)Hisfamilyhad C)HehadoffendedhisD)Hiscareerhadbeen addictionto A)improveA)improvehisonlinegamingB)curbhisdesireforonlineC)showhowgoodheisat 8.Inoneofthemessagesshepostedonawebsite,Toebeadmittedthat 9.ExcessiveInternetusehadrenderedToebesopoorthatshecouldn'taffordtoseek 10.Nowthatshe'sgotaboyfriend,Toebeisnolongercrazyabout PassageSeveralrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(随机地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)of.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithstudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye–theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor-saidthat"ifyou'resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove."ResearchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialinAccordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperiencessostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.AnnaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,"shesaid.AtPenn,studentsarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingforhousing."Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,"saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley."Thisisthedefinition Sthisintegralto… Conformwiththestereotype"I'veexperiencedroommatesbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,"saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomes"providedmoremulticulturalacceptanceandmelding融合),"therewerealso"jarringculturals."TheRAsaidthatthesesalsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstanygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedandexplained.n---Sbcautions(sb)ngBecautiousBedoubtful/skepticalTreattheviewwithTakeprecautionatPrecautionshouldbetakenWhatcanwelearnfromsomerecentsbetweenstudentsofracesare prejudicedagainsteachother.Interraciallodgingdoesmoreharmthangood.Interraciallodgingmayhavediverse Whitestudentstendtolookdownupontheirblackpeers.Blackstudentscancompetewiththeirwhitepeersacademically.Blackstudentsfeelsomewhatembarrassedamongwhitepeersduringthefreshmanyear.Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudenttoworkhardertosucceed.WhatdoesthenaUniversitystudyInterracialroommatesaremoretofall roomwithablackpeer. don'tgetalong.Assigningstudents'lodgingrandomlyisnotagoodpolicy.WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe"definitionofintegration"? requiredtosharearoom.Interraciallodgingisarrangedbytheschoolforfreshmen.Lodgingisassignedtostudentsofdifferentraceswithoutexception. roommateswithoutregardtorace. interraciallodging?ItisunscientifictomakegeneralizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherSchoolsshouldbecautiouswhenmakingdecisionsaboutstudentlodging.C)Students'racialbackgroundshouldbeconsideredbeforelodgingisassigned.Experiencedresidentadvisorsshouldbeassignedtohandletheproblems.PassageAsAsanyonewhohastriedtoloseknows,knows,realisticgoal-settingproducesthebestresults.That'spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhoset realisticgoalsactuallyworkmore efficiently,andexertmoreeffort, achieveachievethoseWhat'sfarlessunderstoodbyscientists,however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesupanddownbothWallandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearchonhowthelong-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrenteconomiccrisis,andunethical(不道德的)behavioringeneral.Gotofulllengthstodo…BetemptedtodoHavenoalternativebuttodoWeshouldensurethat…WeshouldneverneglecttoSaddlesbWeareallburdenedwith…BeartheburdenRelievesboftheburdenUndotheburden“Goalsarewidelyusedandpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesamemotivationthatcanpushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivatepeopletobemorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,”saysMauriceSchweitzer,anassociateprofessoratPenn’sWhartonSchool.“Itturnsoutthere’snoeconomicbenefittojusthavingagoal---youjustgetapsychologicalbenefit”Schweitzersays.“Butinmanycases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmorepowerful.”AprimeexampleSchweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapseofenergy-tradinggiantEnron,wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecificrevenuegoals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotOtherstudieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemtolie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseintheearly1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquotaonitsautorepairstaff.ItpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocompleteunnecessaryrepairsonacompanywideSchweitzerconcedeshisresearchrunscountertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethatcommendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-setting.Advocatesofthepracticehavetakenissuewithhisteam’suseofsuchevidenceasnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidelyover-prescribedInarebuttal反驳paper,DrEdwinLockewrites:“Goal-settingisnotgoingaway.Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymorethananindividualcanthrivewithoutgoalstoprovideasenseofpurpose.”ButSchweitzercontendsthe“mountingcausalevidence”linkinggoal-settingandharmfulbehaviorshouldbestudiedtohelpspotlightissuesthatmeritcautionandfurtherinvestigation. “Evenafewnegativeeffectscouldbesolargethattheyoutweighmanypositiveeffects,”hesays.“Goal-settingdoeshelpcoordinateandmotivatepeople.Myideawouldbetocombinethatwithcarefuloversight,astrongorganizationalculture,andmakesurethegoalsthatyouusearegoingtobeconstructiveandnotsignificantlyharmtheorganization,”Schweitzersays.InlightofEnlightensbonsthThrow(cast/shed)lightonWhatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutgoal-setting?ItsnegativeeffectshavelongbeenThegoalincreasepeople’sworkItsrolehasbeenlargelyThegoalsmostpeoplesetareWhatdoesMauriceSchweitzerwanttoshowbycitingtheexampleofSettingrealisticgoalscanturnafailingbusinessintosuccess.Businessesarelesslikelytosucceedwithoutsettingrealisticgoals.Financialincentivesensurecompaniesmeetspecificrevenuegoals.Goalswithfinancialrewardshavestrongmotivationalpower.HowdidSears’goal-settingaffectitsemployees?Theywereobligedtoworkmorehourstoincreasetheirsales.Theycompetedwithoneanothertoattractmorecustomers.Theyresortedtounethicalpracticetomeettheirsalesquota.Theyimprovedtheircustomerserviceonacompanywidebasis.Whatdoadvocatesofgoal-settingthinkofSchweitzer’sresearch?Itsfindingsarenotofmuchpracticalvalue.ItexaggeratesthesideeffectsofItsconclusionisnotbasedonsolidscientificevidence.Itrunscountertotheexistingliteratureonthesubject.WhatisSchweitzer’scontentionagainstEdwinLocke?A)A)Thelinkbetweengoal-settingharmfulbehaviordeservesfurtherB)Goal-settingedeep-rootedincorporateThepositiveeffectsofgoal-outweighitsnegativeStudyinggoal-settingcanmorelightonsuccessfulbusinessPassageSpecializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofdevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.AnotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificNoclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoa