外研英语选修八语言点整理

ModuleIDeepsouth一、重点单词与短语1．staten.状态；状况e.g.Asstudents,weshouldhaveagoodstateofmind.作为学生，我们应该有良好的心态。Thehousewasinadirtystate.那房子很脏。Thesebuildingsareinabadstateofrepair.这些建筑物需要整修。astateofemergency紧急状态e.g.Shewasinaterriblestatewhenwearrived.我们抵达时，她情绪很不好。2．depthn.深度e.g.thedepthofthewell/box井/盒子的深度indepth在深度上Waterwasfoundatadepthof30feet.在30英尺深处找到了水。3．adapttosth./adaptoneselftosth.（使）适应e.g.Oureyesslowlyadaptedtothedark.我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境。Mysonhasadaptedtothelifeabroad.我儿子已适应了国外的生活。4．trapv.储存，留存；使陷入困境e.g.Help!I’mtrapped——openthedoor!救命啊！我出不来了——快开门！Theyweretrappedintheburninghotel.他们被困在发生火灾的旅馆里。5．massn.质量；(聚成一体的)团；块；大量e.g.amassof大量massesof(人/物)许多的，大量的Amassofalmostpurewhitecloudlaybelowus.一团近乎纯白的云朵飘浮在我们下面。Theyardwasjustamassofweeds.院子简直就是杂草堆。Massesofbookscovereverysurfaceintheroom.大量的书籍摊满了整个房间。Therewasamassofpeoplearoundtheclubentrance.俱乐部门口聚集着一大群人。6．aswellas也，和（并列连接词）e.g.Hewrotethreefamousnovelsaswellassomeplays.他写了三部著名的小说还有一些戏剧。7．setfootin(on)进入，到达e.g.Hesaidthathewouldneversetfootinthathouseagain.他说他永远不再踏进那座房子。TheywerefilledwithjoywhentheysetfootonChinesesoilinlateJuly.当七月底踏上中国的土地时，他们兴奋不已。8．promotev.（1）促进，增进(helptheprogressofsth.;encourageorsupport)e.g.Theorganizationworkstopromotefriendshipbetweennations.该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。（2）提升，晋升(raisesb.toahigherposition)promotesb.(tosth.)提升某人……e.g.Sheworkedhardandwassoonpromoted.她工作很努力，很快便获得提升。派生词：promotionn.gain/winpromotion获得晋级9．comeupwith:thinkof(aplan,answer,reply…),produce想出e.g.Hecouldn’tcomeupwithananswerwhenIaskedhimwhyhewaslate.当我问他为什么迟到时，他说不上来。Canyoucomeupwithawayout？你能想出办法吗？二、重点句子1．Withannualrainfallclosetozero,Antarcticaistechnicallyadesert.[译文]南极洲年降雨量几乎为零，严格来说该区域就是一片荒漠。withannualrainfallclosetozero为介词短语，表示原因，由“介词+名词+形容词(词组)”组成(有些语法书称它们为复合结构)。with的复合结构：with加复合宾语这种结构，在句中主要作状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随状语、时间、原因、方式，也可以作定语，常见结构如下：（1）with+n./pron.+adj.e.g.It’snotpolitetospeakwithyourmouthfull.满嘴东西说话是不礼貌的。(作伴随状语)（2）with+n./pron.+adv.e.g.Shefellasleepwiththelighton.她睡着了，灯还亮着。(作伴随状语)（3）with+n./pron.+prep.phr.e.g.Theteacherwalkedintotheclassroomwithsomebooksunderhisarm.老师走进教室，腋下夹着一些书。(作伴随状语)（4）with+n./pron.+presentparticiplee.g.Heusedtosleepwiththelightburning.他过去常常亮着灯睡觉。(作伴随状语)Withyoustandinghere,wecan’twork.你站在这儿，我们没法工作。(作原因状语)（5）with+n./pron.+pastparticiplee.g.Ayoungmanwasbroughtinwithhishandstiedbehind.一个年轻人被带了进来，双手被反绑着。(作伴随状语)（6）with+n./pron.+todoe.g.Withhimtohelpus,wefinishedtheworkwell.由于他帮忙，我们很好地完成了这项工作。(作原因状语)2．Coveringabout14millionsquarekilometersaroundtheSouthPole,itisthefifthlargestcontinentintheworld.[译文]南极洲覆盖了南极圈周围约为1,400万平方公里的面积，是世界第五大洲。在此句中，coveringabout…在句中作状语的情况。e.g.Theythenheadednorth,pullingthreelifeboatsbehindthem.他们拖着三条救生船朝北走去。pullingthreelifeboatsbehindthem在此作伴随情况的状语。3．Gasesandminerals,intheformofvolcanicdusttrappedintheice,cantellusalotaboutwhattheworld’sclimatewaslikeinpastages.[译文]这些以火山灰形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。trappedintheice是v-ed形式作定语，修饰volcanicdust。e.g.MostoftheartistsinvitedtothepartywerefromsouthAfrica.参加聚会的大部分艺术家来自南非。4．ButthelongAntarcticwinternight,whichlastsfor182days(thelongestperiodofcontinuousdarknessonearth)aswellastheextremecoldandlackofrainfall,meansthatfewtypesofplantcansurvivethere.[译文]但是南极洲冬天的夜晚长达182天(地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期)，气候极度寒冷降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能够在这里生存。whichlastsfor182days…是一个非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句中，which有时并不代表一个名词/代词，而是代表前面句子的全部或部分意思。e.g.Hechangedhismind,whichmadeallofusangry.他改变了主意，这使我们所有的人很生气。Thestudentsfinishedtheworkbythemselves,whichwasencouraging.学生们自己完成了工作，这是非常鼓舞人心的。5．Notuntilthelate18thcenturydidtheBritishexplorerJamesCookcrosstheAntarcticCircle,butheneversawland.[译文]直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。通过本句，我们复习否定词于句首的倒装句。当含有否定意义的副词或连词，如：hardly,never,not,seldom,barely,rarely,nowhere,notonly,little等放在句首时，要部分倒装，即主语和助动词要倒装。e.g.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriverdidthevillagersrealizehowseriousthepollutionwas.直到河里的鱼全死了，村民们才意识到污染多么严重。Notuntilhiswifecamebackdidhestopworking.直到他妻子回来他才停止工作。Notuntiliseveryoneseatedwillthemeetingbegin.直到每人座好了，会议才开始。NevershallIdothisagain.我决不再做这样的事情了。注意notuntil在强调句中的运用，until作连词引导的从句不倒装。e.g.Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathestoppedworking.ItwasnotuntilthewarbrokeoutthattheyleftLondon.Itwasnotuntilhislawyerenteredtheroomthatthemanopenedhismouth.三、语法：主语1．主语通常由一个起名词作用的成分担任。起名词作用的成分可以是名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词(v-ing形式)，词组、名词化的其他词类、名词性从句等。*名词Ourplaceistakingoffinfiveminutes.我们的飞机五分钟后就起飞。*代词Anybodyknowstheanswer？*数词FirstwenttotheChineseteam.*动词不定式Tostudyabroadismylong-termplan.起名词作用的-ingform(动名词)ListeningtoEnglisheverydayisveryimportantandhelpsusalot.*词组Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.名词化的其他词类Therichshouldhelpthepoorandcontributemoretothesociety.*从句Whowillgoremainsunknown.Itiscertainthattheyhavewonthematch.It’snotknownwhereshewent.2．动名词作主语时，前面可加代词或名词所有格表示动名词的逻辑主语：Theirwinningthematchisaninspirationtoallofus.Jane’sjoiningthesingingteamgavethemasurprise.四、典型例题解析1.—Why,Jack,youlooksotired!—Well,I_____thehouseandImustfinishtheworktomorrow.（江苏）A.waspaintingB.willbepaintingC.havepaintedD.havebeenpainting答案：D2._____somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplusbymanyothers.（北京）A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How答案：B3.Itisuncertain_____sideeffectthemedicinewillbringabout,althoughabouttwothousandpatientshavetakenit.（浙江）A．thatB．whatC．howD．whether答案：B4.Notuntilhelefthishome______toknowhowimportantthefamilywasforhim.（江西）A．didhebeginB．hadhebegunC．hebeganD．hehadbegun答案：A5．Joiningthefirmasaclerk,hegotrapidpromotion,and______asamanager.（天津）A.endedupB.droppedoutC.camebackD.startedoff答案：A选择题：1．Hardly______whenitbegantorain.A．hadhearrivedB．arrivedheC．hehadarrivedD．didhearrive2．Notuntiltheearlyyearsof19thcentury______whatheatis.A．mandidknowB．manknewC．didn’tmanknowD．didmanknow3．Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withthepeoplewatching______onbeaches,chairsorboxes.A．havingseatedB．seatingC．seatedD．havingbeenseated4．Atleast100personswerekilledintheplanecrash,______5children.A．includedB．includingC．containedD．containing5．Bettysings______,ifnotbetterthan,John.A．aswellB．aswellasC．sowellasD．wellas6．AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,______ourastronautsdesiretodoiswalkinspace.A．whereB．whatC．thatD．how7．Though______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A．lackedB．lackingofC．lackingD．lackedin8．Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound______inthekitchen.A．smokeB．smokingC．tosmokeD．smoked9．______herhandinmine,Iwalkedwiththeblindoldladytoherdaughter’shouse.A．TokeepB．KeptC．KeepingD．Beingkept10．______indivingsuits,theywalkaroundinthismagicworld,lightedbythelampsoftheship.A．DressingB．DressedC．TodressD．Beingdressed1．A。hardly是否定副词，于句首时，必须倒装。hardly…when/nosooner…than为固定搭配，意思是“一……就……”。2．D。本题干以否定副词not于句首，故必须倒装，即主语man和助动词did部分倒装。3．C。本题有一定难度，考查with+n.(名词)+过去分词(-ed)复合结构。Withthepeoplewatchingseatedonbeaches作状语，现在分词watching作后置定语修饰people，seated作people的补语。4．B。including在这里是介词，根据题干要用including，containing不能作介词。5．B。本题可以理解为：BettysingsaswellasJohn,ifhedoesn’tsingbetterthanJohn.意思是：如果说Betty唱歌不比John好的话，至少和他唱得一样好。AaswellasB指“A和B一样好”。6．B。whatourastronautsdesiretodo是主语从句作主语，what=thethingsthat，意思是：我们的宇航员渴望做的事情是……。7．C。全句意思是：虽然他父母亲缺钱，但还是设法送他上了大学。though是连词，原句为：Thoughhisparentslack可用作及物动词，如lackmoney；也可作名词thelackofmoney；形容词为lacking(belackinginsth.)。本题考查现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语相一致。8．B。本题考查非谓语形式作补语的用法。findsb.doingsth.变为被动句为sb.befounddoingsth.。此处是现在分词作主补。9．C。keepingherhandinmine“我牵着瞎老太太的手”是现在分词短语作伴随情况的状语。非谓语动词现在分词短语逻辑上的主语必须与主句的主语一致。10．B。本题考查过去分词短语作状语。Module2TheRenaissance一、重点词汇和短语1．workn.[U&C]工作，劳动；工艺品；著作，作品e.g.skilledwork需要技能的工作allsortsofvaluableworksofart各种贵重的艺术作品Shakespeare’sworksincludeplaysandpoems.莎士比亚的作品包括剧本和诗歌。Thismatismyownwork.这个垫子是我自己做的。短语：inwork/outofwork在业/失业dorepairwork做修理工作atwork在工作，在干活2．effectn.结果；影响；效果e.g.Theadvertisementdidn’thavemucheffectonsales.这个广告对销售额没起多大作用。Beatingchildrenhasnoeffect.打孩子不起作用。3．dashvi.猛冲dash＋adv./prep.e.g.Hedashedacrossthestreet.他冲过马路。They’vebeendashingaboutallday.他们整天在跑来跑去。n．makeadashforsth.为……而狂奔4．dependon/upon相信，信赖e.g.Youcan’tdependonJohn——henearlyalwaysarriveslate.你不能相信约翰——他几乎总是迟到。dependonsb.todosth./doingsth.相信某人做某事e.g.We’redependingonyouthejob.我们相信你可以完成这件工作。习惯用语：That(all)depends./Italldepends.那得看情况。5．seek(sought,sought)v.寻找、寻求、探索e.g.seekafterthetruth寻找真理Thetravelerssoughtshelterfromtherain.旅行者找地方躲雨。短语：seekone’sfortune去闯天下；寻出路6．onbehalfof=inbehalfof(AmE.)为了……的利益；代表(fortheinterestsof)e.g.Onbehalfofeveryonehere,I’dliketothankourspecialguestforhisspeech.我代表在座的各位，感谢我们特邀嘉宾的讲话。7．inspirevt.鼓舞，鼓励；使产生灵感e.g.LeiFeng’sspiritinspiresustoworkharder.雷锋精神激励我们更加努力地工作。Thememoryofhismotherinspiredhisbestmusic.他对母亲的怀念使他产生灵感，谱写出最佳作品。8．debtn.[C&U]任务；负债的情况e.g.payone’sdebts还债beoutofdebt/payoffthedebt还清债务runintodebt负债9．blamen.责任v.责怪e.g.Thejudgelaid/puttheblamefortheaccidentonthedriverofthecar.法官把事故的责任归咎于汽车司机。习惯用法：betoblameforsth.应为……承担责任e.g.Thechildrenwerenottoblamefortheaccident.那次事故不能怪孩子。10．libertyn.自由，自由权e.g.dreamofliberty梦想获得自由theStatueofLiberty自由女神雕像短语：atliberty(freefromprison,control)获得自由的11．leadto(resultin)导致e.g.Hardworkleadstosuccess.勤奋导致成功。Thiswillleadtotroubleinthefuture.这会导致以后的麻烦。leadtosb.doing导致某人做某事e.g.Thisledtohimresigning.这导致他辞职。12．takeup（1）begintospendtimedoingsth.开始花时间从事(某种活动)e.g.Johntookupactingwhilehewasatcollege.约翰在上大学时开始喜欢上演戏。Hehastakenupplayingtheguitar.他开始迷上玩吉它。（2）filloruse(spaceortime)占用takeuptime(space)占时间/空间13．get/betiredof对……感到厌倦；对……失去兴趣e.g.I’mtiredoffriedeggs.I’mtiredofyourconversation.Everybody’stiredofyourcomplaints.比较：betiredwith…因……而疲倦e.g.I’mtiredwithwalking.我走累了。Areyoutiredfromrowing？你划船累了吗？二、重点句子1．Itisbelievedtobethebestexampleofanewlifelikestyleofpaintingthatamazedpeoplewhenitwasfirstused.[译文]它被认为是一种新的形象逼真型绘画的最好代表，这种绘画风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已。本句的第一个it不是形式主语，而是有实在意思的人称代词，指的是theMonaLisa；tobethebestexample…是不定式短语作主语补足语；这句中的第二个it也是有实在意义的人称代词，指的是：anewlifelikestyleofpainting。本句可替换成主语从句ItisbelievedthattheMonaLisaisthebestexampleofnewlifelikestyleofpainting.e.g.Itisbelievedthattheyhavediscussedtheproblem.相信他们已经讨论这个问题了。→Theyarebelievedtohavediscussedtheproblem.(简单句)→Theproblemisbelievedtohavebeendiscussed.(简单句)2．PaintedbyLeonardodaVinciintheyears1503～1506,theMonaLisaisamysteriousmasterpiece.[译文]《蒙娜·丽莎》由达·芬奇于1503到1506年期间绘制而成，是一件神秘的杰作。paintedby……是过去分词短语作状语。e.g.InspiredbyLeiFeng’sspirit,Iworkharder.3．ThewordwasusedtodescribeaperiodinEuropeanhistorywhichbeganwiththearrivalofthefirstEuropeansinAmerica，anageofexploration,andthebeginningofthemodernworld.[译文]这个词被用来描绘随着首批欧洲人抵达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史，这是一段探险的历史，也是现代世界史的开端。此句中的wasusedto不是“习惯于某事”，而是表示被动的意思，todescribeaperiodinEuropeanhistory是不定式短语作状语。比较搭配4．Thismeantthatpeoplehadmoneytospendonthearts;anditbecameeasierforartiststofindpeoplewhocouldaffordtobuytheirworksoremploythem.[译文]也就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上，对于艺术家来说要想找到人来购买他们的作品或者雇用他们也更容易。在这句中，tospendonthearts为不定式短语作定语，修饰money；forartiststofindpeople…为不定式短语作句子的主语，artists是不定式短语tofindpeople的逻辑主语；canaffordtodosomething出得起钱做某事，动词不定式todo作宾语。5．AftercenturiesofacceptingamedievalworldviewinwhichhumanlifewasconsideredoflittlevaluecomparedwiththegreatnessofGod,philosophersbeganaskingquestionslike“Whataperson？”“WhyamIhere？”[译文]几个世纪以来，哲学家们都持有中世纪的世界观，认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小。现在他们开始提出诸如“人为何物？”以及“我为何存在？”这样的问题。（1）inwhich是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句；（2）comparedwith…是过去分词短语作状语。compare…with/to把……和……进行比较compare…to…把……比作……e.g.Londonislarge,comparedwith/toParis.与巴黎相比，伦敦较大。comparearosetolove把玫瑰比作爱comparebookstoourfriends把书比作朋友6．Whereverhewenthecarriedanotebookaroundwithhim,inwhichhewrotedownhisideas.[译文]不管走到哪里他都随身携带一个笔记本，以便随时记录下自己的想法。（1）whereverhewent是让步状语从句，相当于nomatterwherehewent。（2）inwhich引导定语从句，相当于inthenotebook。7．Inshort,Leonardowasanextraordinarygenius,anexampleofwhathasbeendescribedas“Renaissanceman”:someoneinterestedineverythingandwithmanydifferenttalents.[译文]简言之，莱奥纳多·达·芬奇是一个非凡的天才，一个被描绘成“文艺复兴人”的典范；一个对凡事皆感兴趣并有诸多才能的人。whathasbeendescribedas“Renaissanceman”是名词性从句，充当介词of的宾语；过去分词短语interestedin…作后置定语修饰someone。三、语法——非谓语动词的用法1．动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括传统语法所讲的现在分词和动名词两种形式，因此，-ing形式在句子中可以起形容词、副词或名词的作用。（1）主语e.g.Itisnousetalkingtohim.（2）表语e.g.Yourdutyislookingafterthebaby.（3）动词和介词的宾语e.g.Hedislikesbeinginterrupted.Shekeptworkingalldaywithouttakingevenoneminute’srest.（4）宾语补足语e.g.Isawalightburninginthewindow.（5）定语e.g.Lookatthesleepingchild.Whatcanyouseefromtheboilingwater？（6）状语e.g.Havingarrivedatadecision,thestudentsbegantheirworkatonce.Workinghard,youwillsucceed.2．动词的-ed形式及物动词的-ed形式表示被动意义，不及物动词的-ed形式表示主动地完成意思。（1）表语e.g.Thedoorremainslocked.（2）宾语补足语e.g.EverytimetheycometoChina,theyfinditgreatlychanged.Theboyhadhislegbrokenduringthematch.（3）主语和宾语e.g.Thewoundedwasayoungsoldier.（4）定语e.g.Thefallenleavestellusthatautumniscoming.Youmustrepairallthebrokenwindowsintwohours.（5）状语e.g.Exhausted,theboyfellasleepsoon.3．动词不定式（1）主语e.g.Toknowthehistoryofhumancivilizationishelpfultolearnforeignlanguages.（2）表语e.g.Toseeistobelieve.WhatIwanttosuggestistostarttheworkatonce.（3）动词宾语e.g.Idon’tknowwhattodo.Pleaseinformmewheretogetthetickets.（4）宾语补足语e.g.Youmademelaugh.WouldyoulikemetotellJanethetruth？（5）定语e.g.Isthatthebestwaytodothework？Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstheriver.（6）状语e.g.Togetthebestresult,weshouldusecleanwater.Hemustbedeafnottohearthat.四、典型例题解析1._____thecitycenter,wesawastonestatueofabout10metersinheight.（上海）A.ApproachingB.ApproachedC.ToapproachD.Tobeapproached答案：A2.Itrainedheavilyinthesouth，_____seriousfloodinginseveralprovinces.（天津）A.causedB.havingcausedC.causingD.tocause答案：C3.Hehadawonderfulchildhood,_____withhismothertoallcornersoftheworld.（安徽）A.travelB.totravelC.traveledD.traveling答案：D4．LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,_____as3M.(浙江卷)A．knowingB．knownC．beingknownD．tobeknown答案：B5．Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe______murderlastnight.(江苏卷)A．advisedB．attendedC．attemptedD．admitted答案：C选择题：1．Thefluisbelieved______byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.A．causingB．beingcausedC．tobecausedD．tohavecaused2．AccordingtoarecentU.S.survey,childrenspentupto25hoursaweek______TV.A．towatchB．towatchingC．watchingD．watch3．Whenhecameto,hefoundhimself______toatree,withhismouthfilledwithatowel.A．totieB．tyingC．beingtiedD．tied4．Themoviesproducedinthe1930sestablishedasolidbase______aChinesefilmindustrycouldgrow.A．whenB．thatC．onwhichD．forwhich5．ColinmarriedmysisterandImarriedhisbrother,______makesColinandmedoublein-laws.A．whatB．whichC．thatD．it6．Hehurriedtotheairportonly______thathe’d______hispassportbehind.A．finding;leftB．tofind;forgottenC．finding;forgottenD．tofind;left7．Eva,______borninCanada,livedandpracticedlawinAmerica.A．wasB．hewasC．althoughD．whohewas8．Inordertomakeourcitygreen,______.A．itisnecessarytohaveplantedmanytreesB．manymoretreesneedtoplantC．ourcityneedsmoretreesD．wemustplantmoretrees9．MrsBuchstood______foramomentwhenanoldsoldiersuddenlyappearedbeforeher.A．surprisedB．surprisingC．beingsurprisedD．tobesurprising10．______withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall．A．CompareB．WhencomparingC．ComparingD．Whencompared答案与提示：1．C。本题考查动词不定式短语tobecausedbyviruses作主语补足语。还可以替换成主语从句：Itisbelievedthatthefluiscausedbyvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecells…2．C。根据spendtime(in)doingsth.,watching作25hoursaweek这个宾语的补足语。3．D。过去分词表示被动，tied作宾语补足语，构成复合宾语。“当他醒来时，发现自己被捆在树上，嘴上塞着毛巾。”4．C。介词on+关系代词which引导定语从句，修饰先行词base。5．B。关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。6．D。tofind作结果状语；leavesth.behind为固定搭配。7．C。过去分词短语althoughborninCanada作让步状语，although后省略了主语和be动词(Evawas)。8．D。注意非谓语动词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语相一致。9．A。standsurprised为系表结构，surprised是过去分词作表语。10．D。过去分词短语whencompare…作时间状语，连词when后省略了主语和be动词(thebiggestoceanis)。Module3ForeignFood一、词汇和习惯用语1．owev.欠（钱）；应给予owesb.sth./owesb.forsth.e.g.Iowemybrother$50.我欠我弟弟50美元。Westillowethegarageforthoserepairs.我们还欠汽车修理厂的修理费。owesb.adrink/letter/favore.g.I’llwriteandtellMary,Ioweheraletteranyway.我将写信给玛丽。不管怎样，我该给她写封信了。owesb.anexplanation/apology该向某人解释/致歉owesb.alot/agreatdeal应感激某人2．obsessv.使着迷；使心神不宁beobsessedwith/by痴迷e.g.You’realwaysbeenobsessedwithmakingmoney.你总是心里想着挣钱。Shewasobsessedwiththeideathatshewasbeingwatched.她总是觉得受人监视而心神不安。Myfatherisobsessedwithlotteryandtalksaboutnothingelse.我爸爸迷上彩票了，别的什么也不谈。3．nowonder怪不得，无怪乎，难怪e.g.(It’s)nowonder/smallwonder/littlewonder…并不奇怪，不足为奇……Nowonderyou’vegotaheadache,theamountyoudranklastnight.昨晚你喝得太多，头痛不足为怪。Hehasbeenworkingovernight.Nowonderhelookswornout.他工作了一整夜，难怪他看上去很疲倦。4．endup结果为……；以……结束（尤指意料之外的）e.g.He’llendupinprisonifhe’snotcareful.如果他不小心，最后会入狱的。endin以……结束/告终e.g.Thegameendedintears.这场比赛不欢而散。endupdoingsth.e.g.Weweregoingtogoout,butendedupwatchingTVathome.我们原计划外出，但结果却在家里看电视。5．entertainv.款待，招待，请客；使人快乐e.g.Heentertainedhisfriendstodinneryesterday.他昨天招待朋友吃晚饭。entertainsb.withsth.e.g.Hisjokesentertainedusthroughouttheparty.聚会中从头到尾他以说笑逗我们。派生词：entertainmentn.娱乐，消遣；招待6．remarkv.谈到，说起n.意见，评论e.g.Herfatherremarkedthatitwastimetoleave.她的父亲说该走了。remarkon/uponsth.谈话，评论某事e.g.Everyoneremarkedonhisabsence.大家对他的缺席议论纷纷。makearemark议论7．cattlen.牛,家养牲畜cattle是集合名词，作主语谓语动词要用复数形式。e.g.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.牛群正在牧场吃草。特殊注意：一头牛aheadofcattle（不可用acattle）20头牛20headofcattle8．transformv.转化，转变e.g.Inthelast20yearsKoreahasbeentransformedintoanadvancedindustrialpower.在过去的20年里，韩国已变成一个先进的工业强国。派生词：transformationn.改变9．goagainst与……相违，与……不一致，违背e.g.Don’tgoagainstyourparents’wishes.不要违背你父母的意愿。Histhinkinggoesagainstallthelogic.他的思维不合逻辑。Shedidn’tdaretogoagainstherhusband’swishes.她不敢违背丈夫的意愿。10．makeout勉强认出（managetoseesb./sth.orreadsth.）e.g.Canyoumakeoutwhatshe’stryingtosay？你能弄明白她想说些什么吗？Icouldjustmakeoutafigureinthedarkness.我隐约看见黑暗中有个人影。Thedimoutlineofahousecouldbemadeout.一所房子的模糊轮廓依稀可辨。makeout还有其他的一些意思。（1）开出，写（支票、账目等）e.g.Heimmediatelysatdownandmadeoutacheck.他立刻坐下来开了一张支票。（2）有（友好）关系e.g.Howdidyoumakeoutwithyourclassmates？你和同班同学关系如何？（3）声称；伪装；把……说成e.g.Hemakesouthe’syoungerthanme.他声称比我年轻。（4）论证；证明e.g.He’snotsuchagooddoctorassomepeoplemakeout.他不是某些人所说的那样好的医生。11．setfireto放火，纵火e.g.Thepersonwhosetfiretotheschoolwassentencedtolifeimprisonment.那位在学校纵火的人被判处无期徒刑。二、重点句子分析1．Thefirstsixorsevendishesseemedtofillthetable,withplatesdangerouslybalancedoneontopofanother.[译文]第一道上来的六七个菜好像就已经填满了整个桌子，盘子都很危险地交互摞着。本句注意“with＋n.＋过去分词”的复合结构，在此作状语。with复合结构用法在上单元已作讲述。2．Ithoughtthisvastwaveoffoodwasthetotalnumberofdishestobeserved,andIstartedeatinggreedily.[译文]我想着这么多的食物肯定是所有要上的菜了，便开始大口吃起来。动词不定式tobeserved在本句中作后置定语，指“要上的菜”。3．“Theycan’thaveverybigappetites,”Ithought.[译文]我想：“他们可能胃口不好。”cannot表示否定的推测。can表示推测常用于疑问句或否定句中。4．OnarecenttriptotheUnitedStatesIsuddenlyfeltlikesomeChinesedelicacies,andaskedtheguyatthemeatcounterofasupermarket.[译文]在最近一次到美国去的时候，我突然想吃一些中国的美味，然后就问一家超市里卖肉的柜台前的一个小伙子。介词短语totheUnitedstates作后置定语，修饰trip;另一个介词短语atthemeatcounterofasupermarket修饰名词guy。5．HemusthavethoughtIwasjoking.[译文]他肯定以为我在开玩笑。情态动词must表示推测，表示可能性非常大的推测。must＋havedone指对过去情况的推测。6．However,thereareotherkindsoffoodsthathavetakenlongerformetoaccept.[译文]然而，也有一些食物让我花了很长的时间才能接受。关系代词that引导定语从句，在句中作主语，修饰名词foods,不能省略。7．JustwhenIgotusedtoit,IfoundanothervarietyonatriptoHunan：deep-friedchoudoufu,ahorribleblacksubstancethatlookedandsmelledaboutasappetizingasaburnttennisshoe.[译文]就在我刚刚适应了它的味道时候，我在到湖南的一次旅行中又发现了另外一种：油炸臭豆腐，令人恐怖的黑乎乎的一团，看起来、闻起来都像是一只烧焦了的网球鞋。句中horrible和black两个形容词作定语修饰名词substance;that引导的限制性定语从句修饰substance。8．IwasamazedattheireasyandgracefulmannerwhileIstoodtherefeelingsomewhatconfusedbythefood.[译文]我惊讶于他们闲适优雅的举止，而我却站在那儿对他们的食物感到有些茫然。wasamazed是系表结构；现在分词短语feelingsomewhatconfused作伴随情况的状语。9．TheChinesehaveafixedphrase“coldleftovers”.[译文]中国人有个成语叫“残羹冷炙”。过去分词fixed作前置定语修饰phrase。e.g.anfriedegg煎鸡蛋adevelopedcountry发达国家10．ItseemedtobejustabowlofgreyliquidanditwasonlyafterIhadtasteditthatIknewitwasactuallycookedwithmushrooms.[译文]看上去那只是一碗灰色的汤，我尝了一下后才知道那实际上是用蘑菇做的。该句强调的部分是onlyafterIhadtastedit。注意强调句：Itis/was＋被强调的部分＋that11．ThefoodherewentagainsttheChinesesenseofbeautyandstyleatthedinnertable.[译文]这里的饮食跟中国的在餐桌上的美学原则大相径庭。senseofbeauty美感senseofdirection方位感senseofresponsibility责任感senseofachievement成就感12．ButonethingIdoadmireisthepolitemannerinwhichBritishpeopleeat,evenifitisjustapotato.[译文]但是让我非常佩服的是英国人吃饭的举止，哪怕仅仅是一个土豆，他们也会吃得斯斯文文。onething后省略了关系代词that/which,Idoadmire是定语从句作定语修饰onething;do于动词原形之前起强调的作用。13．ThescenepicturedontheplateisthestoryofKunXi,thedaughterofarichMandarin,whofellinlovewithherfather’sgardener,ayoungmancalledChang.[译文]盘子上绘制的是场景是关于坤喜的故事，她是一位达官贵人的千金，爱上了给她家里当园丁的一个叫阿常的小伙子。picturedontheplate是过去分词短语作定语修饰名词scene;关系代词who引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰KunXi；calledChang也是过去分词短语作后置定语。14．Butoneevening,whentheMandarinwasentertainingguestsatabanquet,Changarriveddressedupasaservant.[译文]但一天晚上，当那位官员举行宴会款待客人的时候，阿常扮做一位随从混了进来。本句中dressedupasaservant是过去分词短语，作状语。15．HeandsomeservantsfollowedKunXiandChangtotheislandandsetfiretothehutwheretheyweresleeping.[译文]他和几个随从尾随坤喜和阿常来到小岛后，在他们睡觉的时候，放火焚烧了他们的茅舍。在本句中，关系副词where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中作状语，表示地点。三、语法：定语定语的类型1．形容词e.g.Hiswordsmovedeveryonepresent.2．代词e.g.Ourgovernmenttrieseverypossiblemeanstosatisfyourneeds.Whatproblemdoyouhaveinlearningaforeignlanguage？3．数词e.g.Overtwohundredautoworkersareoutonstrike.4．名词或名词所有格e.g.Whereisthepresident’soffice？5．分词e.g.Therisingsunintheearlymorninglooksbiggerthantheoneatnoon.Doyouknowthegirlsingingoverthere？Therearealotoffallenleavesinautumn.Themanbadlywoundedinthestomachlayontheground,motionless.6．动词不定式e.g.Theletterstobedeliveredtothemanagerarrivedfiveminutesago.Heisalwaysthefirstpersontoleavetheoffice.7．介词短语e.g.OneeveninghewasentertainingtherulerofasmallislandinthePacific.AntarcticaisthecoldestplaceonEarth.8．副词e.g.Hewasthenpresidentofthecompany.ThefoodheregoesagainsttheChinesesenseofbeautyandstyleatthedinnertable.9．词组或合成词e.g.Withafaceallsmileshetoldmethathehaddonewellintheexperiment.Isthereanythingthematterwithyou？Whoisthatblue-eyedgirl？10．从句e.g.Theperfecthostsistheonewhosaveshisguestfromembarrassmentwhateverthecost.YetAntarcticaisfullofwildlife,whichhadadaptedtoitsextremeconditions.四、典型例题解析1．Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergy______wemayreturninthenearfuture.(全国）A.onwhichB.bywhichC.towhichD.fromwhich答案：C2.Aftergraduatingfromcollege，Itooksometimeofftogotravelling，______turnedouttobeawisedecision．（四川）A．thatB．whichC．whenD．where答案：B3.Asachild,Jackstudiedinavillageschool，_____isnamedafterhisgrandfather.（全国Ⅰ）A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that答案：A4．CanyoubelieveIhadtopay30dollarsforahaircut？（天津）Youshouldtrythebarber’s______Igo.It’sonly15.A.asB.whichC.whereD.that答案：C5.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,______thesailingtimewas226days.(全国卷Ⅲ)A．ofwhichB．duringwhichC．fromwhichD．forwhich答案：A选择题：1．JaneandTimstillrememberthatitwas_____,theirparents,whoencouragedthemtocontinuetheeducation.A．thoseB．whoC．theyD．whom2．Coulditbeintherestaurantin______youhaddinnerwithmeyesterday_____youleftbehindyourkeysandwallet?A．that;whichB．which;thatC．where;thatD．that;where3．Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A．boughtB．areboughtC．beenboughtD．buying4．Havingbeenattackedbyterrorists,______.A．doctorscametotheirrescueB．thetallbuildingcollapsedC．anemergencymeasurewastakenD．warningsweregiventotourists5．—Doyouknowthegirl______sittingtwoyoungmen?—Yes,sheismyclassmate.A．ontherightwhomisB．ontherightofwhoareC．whoisontherightD．ontherightofwhomare6．TheoldcouplevisitedParisagainlastweek,_____theymetforthefirsttimeandfellinlove.A．whenB．whereC．whichD．whether7．In