研究生英语阅读教程-基础级第二版-第九课

墨慧强2011年6月研究生英语复习资料希望对你有所帮助扎西德勒云南昆明2011.6.12墨慧强摄READINGSELECTIONATheWeirdWorldofTobaccoByAnnaQuidlen注黄字体为课后生词[1]ImaginethatmillionsofAmericansareaddictedtoalethal(poisonous/deadly)drug,yettheFoodandDrugAdministrationhadrepeatedlyrefusedtoregulate(control)it.Imaginethatwhen(while)theFDAdoesitsduty,anappealscourtdecidesitcannotdoso,thatthedrugissodangerousthatiftheFDAregulatedit,itwouldhavetobebanned.[2]Welcometothetopsy-turvy(是非颠倒的)worldoftobacco,wherenothingmuchmakessense(bemeaningful)exceptthevastprofits,wheretobacco-companyexecutivesslip-slidealongthecontinuum(连续统一体)fromaggrieved(sad)innocencetoheartfelt(sincere真诚的)regretwithoutbreaking(shedblood)asweat,andwheretheonlypeoplewhoseemtobeabletoshootstraight(hitthetarget命中目标的)arethejurors(judges)whodecidetheubiquitous(common)lawsuits.[3]Themostrecentpanel(court)handeddownajudgmentof$145billion—thelargestjuryawardinhistory—onbehalfofsicksmokersinFlorida.Lawyersforthetobaccocompaniesthunderedthatthejudgmentwouldbankruptthem,yetthestockmarketscarcely(hardly)shuddered.Expertssaidtheamountwouldlikely(possible)bereducedwhencoolerjudicialheadsprevailed.[4]Thejurors—whogaveuptwoyearsoftheirlives,listenedtoendlesswitnessesandyetdeliberated(gave)onlyafewhours—couldbeforgiveniftheyfeltthey'dfallendownAlice'srabbitholeintoWonderland,wheretheQueenofHeartscries"Offwiththeirheads(Killthem)"butnooneiseverexecuted(killed).[5]AlGore,forinstance,inspired(=encouraged)bythedeathofhissisterfromlungcancer,hasinsistedthathewilldoeverythinghecantokeepcigarettesoutofthehandsofchildren.Buthesayshewouldneveroutlawcigarettesbecausemillionsofpeoplesmoke.Howmanyusersmandatelegality?Whatabouttheestimated3.6millionchroniccocaineusers,orthe2.4millionpeoplewhoadmittohavingshot(injected)orsnortedheroin?[6]Icanalmostfeelallthesmokers,tiredofstandingoutsidetheirofficebuildingspuffingintherain,jumpingupanddownandyelling,"Tobaccoisdifferentfromillicitdrugs!"Becauseitislegal?Nowthere'sacircularargument.[7]Ahundredyearsagothesaleofcigaretteswasagainstthelawin14states.TheSupremeCourthadconcludedof(about)cigarettes,"Theypossessnovirtue(goodquality),butareinherentlybad,andbadonly."Atthetime(Then),Coca-Colacontainedtracesofcocaine,andheroinwasincoughsyrups.[8]Sincethentobaccocompanieshavespreadpoliticalcontributionsaroundlikeweedkilleronthelawninsummer,supportinglargelycomplicitRepublicans,wholikefreeenterprise(andsoftmoney)morethantheyhateemphysema.(GeorgeW.Bushrespondedtoaquestionabouttherecentmega-settlement(judge/decision)bybemoaningalitigiousnation.)[9]Responsibility-mindedAmericansaccept(considered)theargumentthatindividualshavetherighttopoisonthemselves,althoughstudiesshowingthatthevastmajorityofsmokersbeganasminors(asyoungchildren)raisequestionsaboutinformedconsent.[10]Officialtobaccoapologists(apology.n./apologize.vt.)spentyearsinsistingtheirproductdidnotcausecancer,andthenthatitwasnotaddictive(n.).Nowthey'vedonea180,arguingthatsincethereisnosuchthingasasafecigarette,theFDA,createdtoregulatethesafetyofproducts,cannottouchthem.Ifthissounds(=is)likehavingitbothways,that'sbecauseitis.[11]Meanwhile(=atthesametime),PhilipMorrismakeslargecontributionstosoupkitchens,balletcompanies,museumsandshelters—beingagoodcitizenwiththeprofitsofaproductthatkills400,000peopleayear.Andmagazinesrunarticlesaboutthedangersofcigarettesinthesameissuesthatadvertisethem.[12]Eventobaccofoeshavefudged(hesitated).WhenDr.DavidKesslerran(administrate)theFDA,hepubliclyconcluded(said)whateveryonealreadyknew:thatcigarettesarenothingmorethanadeliverydevice(media)fornicotine,adangerousandaddictivedrug.Buttheagencydidnottaketheobviousnextstep.TheFood,Drug,andCosmeticActforbidsthesale(sell)ofanydrugthatisnotsafeandeffective,andpartoftheFDA'smandate(responsibility)istoregulatedevices.Cigarettesareadevice(media/equipment).Thedrugandchemicalstheydeliverarepatently(obviously)unsafe.Ergo(Therefore),cigarettesshouldbebanned.[13]That'snotgoingtohappeninourlifetime.Toomanytobaccofarmers,toomanytobaccoaddicts;arighttoalivelihood(happiness),arighttoalifestyle.[Thesearguments(reasons)holdfor(support)legalizingillicitdrugsaswell,butnevermind.][14]"Prohibition"isadirtywordinAmerica.Buttobaccocaninnowaybecomparedwithalcohol.Manypeoplecananddodrinksafelyandinmoderation,whileitisimpossibletosmokewithoutsomepernicioushealtheffects,andnearly(almost)allsmokerscanbedescribedasaddicts.[15]Public-serviceannouncements,catchy(attractive)commercials(advertisements)forkids,settlementswiththestatestorecover(pay)healthcarecosts:thetobaccocompanies,whichoncesworetheyweredoingnothingwrong,arenowwillingtolosesomeideologicalbattlestowinthewaroftheprofitmargin.OnePhilipMorrisexecutiveappearingatarecent(press)conferencetoldKessler,whoseeffortstorestrictsalesandadvertisingaimedatchildrenspawned(fought)abattleroyalofbillablehours,thathewelcomed"seriousregulation(control)ofthetobaccoindustryatthefederallevel".Nowtheytellus. [16]Whyshouldn'ttheMarlboromenplaytheangles?Thepublicandthepolshaveprovidedthemwithsomany(chancestoplayangles).[17]Hereisthebottomline:cigarettesaretheonlylegalproductthat,when(while)usedasdirected(directly)causedeath.(843words)II.VocabularyA.Readthefollowingsentence%anddecidewhichoftheJourchoicesbeloweachsentencesisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.注每个题目后面出现的相同标号的题目是备考查单词在课文里出现的原句1.Wenowareprovidedwithseveraltelevisioncommentators(narrator)toexplaintheactiontous,withthehelpoftheubiquitousslow-motioninstantreplay.(providersb.withsth.)A.continuous(continue:vt./vi.) B.successful C.ever-present(everlasting/common) D.popular1/andwheretheonlypeoplewhoseemtobeabletoshootstraight(hitthetarget命中目标的)arethejurors(judges)whodecidetheubiquitous(common)lawsuit2.Thejurydeliberated(gave/discussed)foreighteenminutesandrecommendedasentenceoffromtwotofiveyearsinthestatepenitentiary(监狱,收容所,教养所).A.spoke B.discussed C.complained D.inquired2/Thejurors—whogaveuptwoyearsoftheirlives,listenedtoendlesswitnessesandyetdeliberated(gave)onlyafewhours—couldbeforgiveniftheyfeltthey'dfallendownAlice'srabbitholeintoWonderland,3.Mr.Annaformallydisbandedthefact-findingteamThursdaybecauseofIsrael'sobjectionstothemission'scompositionandmandate.A.motivation B.identity C.purpose D.authority3/Howmanyusersmandatelegality?Whatabouttheestimated3.6millionchroniccocaineusers,orthe2.4millionpeoplewhoadmittohavingshot(injected)orsnortedheroin?3/TheFood,Drug,andCosmeticActforbidsthesale(sell)ofanydrugthatisnotsafeandeffective,andpartoftheFDA'smandate(responsibility)istoregulatedevices.4.Thenumberofoldpeopleisontherise(increasing),andwiththisfactcomesthenumberofpeoplewithchronicdiseasesassociatedmorewitholdage.A.enduring(lasting) B.painful C.severe D.incurable4/Whatabouttheestimated3.6millionchroniccocaineusers,orthe2.4millionpeoplewhoadmittohavingshot(injected)orsnortedheroin?5Inthe1984revisedversionofTheBlackandWhiteTruthaboutBasketball,Greenfieldagainchallengeshisreadersbyassertingthatthetworaceshaveinherentlydifferentstylesonthecourt.A.importantly B.intrinsically C.inevitably(=unavoidably) D.interestingly5/"Theypossessnovirtue(goodquality),butareinherentlybad,andbadonly."Atthetime(Then),Coca-Colacontainedtracesofcocaine,andheroinwasincoughsyrups.6.Ididn'tspeaktoDominickDunneorMarkFuhrman,becausetheirpointsofviewareunclear,andtheirfactualrecitationsarepatentlyfalse.(insincere)A.obviously B.improperly C.unfortunately D.favorably(bein/outoffavor)6/Thedrugandchemicalstheydeliverarepatently(obviously)unsafe.Ergo(Therefore),cigarettesshouldbebanned7.Sophieaskedhermothertopickherupfromthecampadayearlierthanscheduled(planned).AlthoughSophiewas"sickofcampandready(willing)tocomehome",Ms.Wexlerobjected,andfinallyprevailed.A.consented (=agreed) B.disagreed C.triumphed(=won) D.changed7/Expertssaidtheamountwouldlikely(possible)bereducedwhencoolerjudicialheadsprevailed.8.Intheyears1659to1681thecelebrationofChristmaswasactuallyoutlawedinBostonandtheChristmasspiritwasfined.A.forgone(goneforever) B.disliked C.condemned D.forbidden8/Buthesayshewouldneveroutlawcigarettesbecausemillionsofpeoplesmoke.9.Thepersonalcomputerisonlyadecadeold,andthelanguageitspawned(broughtabout)hasmadeonlyminor(small/unimportant)inroadsinEnglish,butthiswillchange.A.processed (processedfood) B.prohibited C.produced D.pronounced9/whoseeffortstorestrictsalesandadvertisingaimedatchildrenspawned(fought)abattleroyalofbillablehours,10.ThecaseofHemantLakhani,theBritonchargedintheUSAwithattemptingtosellamissiletoanundercoveragentfromtheFBI,hashighlightedthethreatposedbytheever-expandingillicitarmstrade.(accusesb.ofsth./chargesb.withsth./highlighter)A.profitable B.illegal(=illicit) C.unacceptable D.notorious10/Tobaccoisdifferentfromillicitdrugs!"Becauseitislegal?Nowthere'sacircularargument.10/[Thesearguments(reasons)holdfor(support)legalizingillicitdrugsaswell,butnevermind.]

B.Choosethebestwordorexpressionfromthe givenforeachblankUseeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.thebottomline onbehalfof pernicious bankrupt heartfelthanddown addictedto lethal judicial catchy注每个题目后面出现的相同标号的题目是备考查单词在课文里出现的原句1.Smokersbecomeaddictedtonicotine,andonstoppingsmoking(when)thesuddenlossofnicotinecancauseunpleasantsymptomssuchasirritability,restlessnessandcravingfor(longingfor)acigarette.1/ImaginethatmillionsofAmericansareaddictedtoalethal(poisonous/deadly)drug,1/Officialtobaccoapologists(apology.n./apologize.vt.)spentyearsinsistingtheirproductdidnotcausecancer,andthenthatitwasnotaddictive(n.).1/WhenDr.DavidKesslerran(administrate)theFDA,hepubliclyconcluded(said)whateveryonealreadyknew:thatcigarettesarenothingmorethanadeliverydevice(media)fornicotine,adangerousandaddictivedrug.Buttheagencydidnottaketheobviousnextstep1/Toomanytobaccofarmers,toomanytobaccoaddicts;arighttoalivelihood(happiness),arighttoalifestyle.1/whileitisimpossibletosmokewithoutsomepernicioushealtheffects,andnearly(almost)allsmokerscanbedescribedasaddicts.2.Iftheseareadheredtotheygoalongwaytoensuringthatthose(thosepeople)whoaredyingmaydosowithdignityandwithouttheneedtoresorttoalethaldoseofdrugs.(touristresort;turntosb.forhelp)(touristresort/resorttofight=turntosb./sth.forhelp)2/ImaginethatmillionsofAmericansareaddictedtoalethal(poisonous/deadly)drug,3.Weshouldtakesomecomfortfromtheabilityofthejudicialsystemtofightbackagainstcorruption(corruptedofficials).3/Expertssaidtheamountwouldlikely(possible)bereducedwhencoolerjudicialheadsprevailed.4.Tougher(severe/harsh)punishmentsarebeinghandeddown(carriedout)thesedays.4/Themostrecentpanel(court)handeddownajudgmentof$145billion—thelargestjuryawardinhistory—onbehalfofsicksmokersinFlorida.5.RobinThompsonspokeonbehalfofhiscolleaguesabouttheissue(=problem).5/Themostrecentpanel(court)handeddownajudgmentof$145billion—thelargestjuryawardinhistory—onbehalfofsicksmokersinFlorida.6.ThebottomlinewastheywouldendupthecontractifIeverrevealedthetruthofwhathappened.6/Hereisthebottomline:cigarettesaretheonlylegalproductthat,when(while)usedasdirected(directly)causedeath.7.Thereisaperniciouscultureofexcellence:everythinghastobenotmerely(only)goodbutthebest.7/Manypeoplecananddodrinksafelyandinmoderation,whileitisimpossibletosmokewithoutsomepernicioushealtheffects,andnearly(almost)allsmokerscanbedescribedasaddicts.8.NeithertheTrustFundBureau,thecoreofthesystem,noranyotherpartsoftheFILPhaveanyloanstoborrowerswhohavegone(become)bankrupt,nordotheyhaveanyoverdueloanstopublic(institute->)institutions.8/Lawyersforthetobaccocompaniesthunderedthatthejudgmentwouldbankruptthem,yetthestockmarketscarcely(hardly)shuddered.9.Weexpressedourheartfelt(sincere)thanksforhelpinguscareforDaisy.9/wheretobacco-companyexecutivesslip-slidealongthecontinuum(连续统一体)fromaggrieved(sad)innocencetoheartfelt(sincere真诚的)regretwithoutbreaking(shedblood)asweat,10.Thecardhasacatchy(=attractive)message:"Myheartbeatsat90/minforyou,mybloodpressurerisesto120/80thinkingofyou."10/Public-serviceannouncements,catchy(attractive)commercials(advertisements)forkids,settlementswiththestatestorecover(pay)healthcarecosts课文参考译文第九课A奇怪的烟草世界安娜·昆德伦[l］设想一下，数以百万计的美国人都沉溺于一种致命的药品，而食品和药品管心立知理局却再三拒绝对其进行管制。设想一下，当食品和药品管理局履行其职责时，上诉法院却判决它不能如此，因为这种药品非常危险，一旦受到管制就不得不被禁用。[2]欢迎来到混沌颠倒的烟草世界。在这里，除了巨大的利益，没有什么具有重要意义；在这里，烟草公司的负责人不费吹灰之力就能穿梭于不同角色之间，从表现为愤愤不平的无辜转而变为诚心诚意的悔过；在这里，似乎唯一能够言行正直的人就是那些判定随处可见的烟草诉讼案的陪审员们。

[3］最近一次陪审团宣判向佛罗里达州患病的吸烟者赔偿1450亿美元―有史以来最大一笔判决赔偿。烟草公司的律师大呼此判决将使烟草公司破产，但是股市却几乎雷打不动。专家们说如果头脑更加冷静的人主持再审，这个数字很有可能会减少。[4］这些陪审员放弃了生命中的两年时光，聆听了无数证人证言，却仅用了儿个小时就商议定案。如果他们感觉像是爱丽丝跌下兔子洞进入仙境，听着红心王后高喊“砍掉他们的脑袋”，却从未有一个人被砍头，这种感觉是可以谅解的。[5］以阿尔·戈尔为例，在受到姐姐死于肺癌的影响后他坚持说要尽其所能使香烟远离孩子。但是他却说永远不会取缔香烟因为有数以百万的人吸烟。有多少数量的使用者就能准予合法化呢？据估计有360万人长期使用可卡因，有240万人承认曾经注射或吸食过海洛因，他们也能使毒品合法吗？

[6］我儿乎能够感觉到所有的吸烟者，厌倦了雨天站在办公大楼外吞云吐雾，上蹿下跳大声叫喊：“香烟和非法毒品不一样！”就因为香烟是合法的吗？这可成了一个循环论证。

[7]100年前销售香烟在14个州被视为违法。最高法院曾断定：“香烟没有好处，本性有害，而且只有害处。”而在当时可口可乐却含有微量可卡因，海洛因也被用于止咳糖浆。

[8］从此以后，烟草公司就像夏天在草坪上播撒除草剂一般四处提供政治献金，主要支持立场相似的共和党人，因为共和党人虽然痛恨肺气肿，但却更喜爱自由企业（以及软资金）。（乔治·布什在对有关最近巨额赔偿案件的提问进行回答时就感叹美国人爱打官司。）

[9］责任意识强的美国人接受任何人都有权毒害自己的观点，但是研究显示绝大多数吸烟者开始吸烟时仍未成年，这就对知情吸烟提出了疑问。

[10]烟草公司的官方辩护人多年来一直坚称他们的产品不会引起癌症，也不会使人上瘾。现在却是180度大转弯，辩称既然不存在安全的香烟这种东西，那么为管理产品安全而设立的食品和药品管理局就无权对其进行管理。如果这听起来像是两面占全，那是因为本就如此。

[ll]与此同时，菲利普·莫里斯公司向救济处流动厨房、芭蕾舞团、博物馆和收容所大量捐资―靠着从每年杀死40万人的产品中获得的利润当上了模范市民。而杂志也会在同一期中既刊登有关香烟危害的文章也做着香烟广告。

[12］甚至烟草的反对者也犹豫不决。戴维·凯斯勒博士主持食品和药品管理局时曾公开对每个人己知的事实做出结论：香烟只不过是尼古丁，一种危险的、使人上切奋瘾的药物的载体工具。但是该机构却没有采取明显该做的下一步措施。《食品、药品和化妆品法》禁止销售任何不安全和无效的药品，而食品和药品管理局的权限也包含了管理工具。香烟即是一种工具。它们承载的药物和化学物质显然是不安全的。因此，香烟应该被禁。

[13]这在我们的有生之年是无望发生了。有太多种植烟草的农民，有太多吸烟成