Dresier(浅析德莱赛德在嘉莉妹妹中的自然主义)

Dresier’sNaturalisminSisterCarrie摘要：美国作家西奥多德莱赛被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱赛自然主义德一些特征。论文从德莱赛创作嘉莉妹妹的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱赛在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义。论文涉及该小说的两大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国自然主义。同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望，本能和环境，人的本能欲望迫使人一直想往更高处走，动物的本能可能迫使人为了达到目的不择手段的使用各种计策，大的环境直接决定了这个人的命运以及他最后是否能够获得成功。通过对这三方面德分析，最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中的主人公嘉莉在欲望的驱使下，使用各种手段最后虽然获得了成功，但是她最后却始终与孤独相伴。同时本文还对自然主义存在的缺陷进行了批判，自然主义过分强调悲观主义决定论和人性兽性化。这些倾向势必会影响到读者在阅读自然主义作品中对人性的分析和评价。因此，读者应秉承凡事都有两面性的原则，对人性本善充满信心，看到人性中真善美的一面。关键词自然主义；环境因素；遗传因素；欲望Abstract：TheodoreDreiserisregardedasanoutstandingrepresentativeofAmericannaturalism.Inthisthesis,Dreiser’sfirstnovelSisterCarrieistakenasanexampletoanalyzethefeaturesofDreiser’snaturalism.ThethesisreferredtotwogreathistoricalandculturalbackgroundofthenovelwhichareDarwinism，Determinism.AmericanNaturalism.Meanwhilethethesisanalyzesthreefeaturesofnaturalism.Atlast,wecandrawtheconclusionthattheleadingcharacterofthenovel-Carrie’sdestinyhasagreatconnectionwithDreiserhimselfandthedeclineofHurstwoodisaresultofDreiser’sfearoffailure,butDreiserattributesCarrieandHurstwood’sunhappinesstotheirinsatiabledesireforlifeortheyaredoomedtobeunhappyetc,andfromwhichwecanseeDreiser’snaturalismeasily.Atthesametime,thepapercriticizetheshortcomingsofnaturalism.Naturalismpaystoomuchattentiontothedeterminismandhumanbeast.Thesefactorsmaycauseeffectsonthereadingofthereaders.Therefore,readersshouldhaveanexactattitudeinreadingSisterCarrie.KeyWords:Naturalism;Environment;Hereditary;DesireContentsⅠ.Introduction 1Ⅱ.EnvironmentalFactorsforCarrie 52.1TheLivingEnvironmentalFactors--theLureoftheBigCity 52.2TheSocialEnvironmentFactors-theLureofLove 62.3.TheWorkEnvironmentalFactor--thelureofchances 7Ⅲ.HereditaryFactorsforCarrie 83.1AGiftofBeauty 93.2ASentimentalHear 103.3AnEndlessDesire 11Ⅳ.CritiqueforSisterCarrie 134.1CritiqueofPessimisticDeterminism...............................................................144.2CritiqueoftheConceptofHumanBeast 15Ⅴ.Conclusion 17Bibliography 19Ⅰ.IntroductionAttheverybeginningofthepaper,itisofimportancetointroduceSisterCarrie.SisterCarrieisthefirstnovelofDresier,itwasseemedasthebeginningworkofhisnaturalism.ThisnoveltakesthedevelopmentoftheindustryofAmericancityasthebackground,describesastorythatabeautifulgirlcometoChicagoandtheprocessthatshesucceedinthehighlevelsociety.DresierpaysmoreattentiontotheinfluenceofCarrie’sfateofenvironmentfactorsandheredityfactors.ThesetwofactorsarethemainfeaturesofNaturalism.Naturalismisevolvedfromrealismanditistheoutgrowthofrealism.Itappearedattheendofthe19thcentury,camefromFrance.ItwasinfluencedbyCharlesDarwintheoryofevolution.Humanlifewasgovernedbythetwocrushingforcesofheredityandenvironment,thisidealwaspickedupbywritersindifferentcountries.Theyheldthatrealismwastoogenteelintonetorevealtheharshreality.Then,theyusheredaliterarymovementcalledNaturalism.Themajorfeaturesofnaturalismisthatdeterminism.Thesecondoneisthattheuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Lifebecomesastruggleofsurvival.Thelastoneisthatnaturalismisaharsherandextremeformofrealism.ThemainfiguresofnaturalismareStephenCrane,FrankNorrisandTheodoreDresier.Besidesthat,itiseasytounderstandthatnaturalismhasmanylimitations.ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscussSisterCarriewithcriticaleyes,criticizingpessimisticdeterminismandtheconceptofhumanbeastasreflectedinthenovel.Exceptfortheintroductionandconclusion,thispaperincludesthreechapters.ThefirstandsecondchapterdescribetheobviousfactorsthatdecideCarrie’sfate:oneisenvironmentalfactors,theotherisheredityfactors.ThefirstchapterdiscussesthatenvironmentalfactorhaveagreatinfluenceonCarrie’slife.Ittellspeoplethatonemanwouldsuccessifsheisinanadvantageousenvironment.Ontheopposite,shewillbefailinfate.Thispaperdiscussesthreedifferentenvironmentalfactorsthatincludelivingenvironment,socialenvironmentandworkenvironment.ThereasonwhyCarriegetssucceedinbigcityjustbecauseofthesefactorsfitforherproperly.ChaptertwodiscussesthenaturalisticheredityfactorsforCarrie.Thereisonefamousprinciplefornaturalism.Thatis,hereditarydecidesfate.LikeDarwin’sevolutiontheory,onepersonwillsurviveifheadaptfortheenvironment,orhewillbeout.ItisobviousthatCarriehasmanyadvantages,suchasherappearance,herclevernessandsoon.Allofthesefactorsmakeheradaptfortheenvironmentwell.Andshealsohasadesireforenjoyingthelifeofthebigcity.Andhersuccessinthebigcityprovestoreadersthat“onlythefittestcanbesurvivedfromnaturalselection.”Chapterthreecriticizesthenaturalism’slimitationsasreflectedinSisterCarrie.Firstly,thispapercriticizesthepessimisticdeterminismofnaturalism.Itbelievesthathumanbeingishelpless.Theyareallcontrolledbyenvironmentandhereditywhichtheylivein.Therefore,nomatterhowhardworktheyare,theystillnotchangetheirfate.Becauseofthesefactors,humanbeingshouldkeepoptimisticattitudeindailylife.Secondly,thispapercriticizesthenaturalisticideathathumanbeingasabeast-likecreature,whichregardshumanbeingasacombinationofbeastandhuman.Theconclusionmakesasummaryandtellsreadersthatthepaper’spracticalsignificance.Nowadays,withthedevelopmentofmarket-orientedeconomy,manyyoungwomenhavethesimilarfatewithCarrie.Alotofgirlscometothebigcityfromcountryside,theymaybeluredbytheprosperouscity.Infact,peoplemustkeepasobermindandbeaindependentwoman.Everyoneshouldbelieveinthemselvesandtryone’sbesttochangetheenvironmenttheylivein.Therefore,everyonecanbeanewman,canbethemasteroftheirlife.Ⅱ.EnvironmentalFactorsforCarrieOneofthemostoutstandingfeatureofnaturalismisthattheenvironmentplaysanimportantroleonone’sfate.Forexample,TheodoreDresierhaswrittenanotherbook—JannieGerhardt,whichisseenasthesisterofSisterCarrie.Dresierhasbeensaidthat”allofusaremoreorlesspawns.Wearemovedthatlikechessmanbycircumstanceoverwhichwehavenocontrol”.Thissentencehasalwaysbeenregardasthecenterofnaturalism.Inanotherwords,itemphasisonthedeterminationofenvironment.Alotoffamousbooksaboutthenaturalismpointoutthenegativeeffectoftheenvironmentoneachperson.Forinstance,inStephenCrane’sTheRedBadageofCourage,thenovelpresentscharacteroflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhowerecontrolledbytheirenvironmentandheredity.However,thenovelnotonlyshowsreadersthepictureofCarrie’sdown,butalsoshowstheprocessofCarrie’ssuccess.ChapteronemainlycontributetodiscussinghowtheenvironmentfactorsplayimportantroleinCarrie’ssuccess.2.1TheLivingEnvironmentalFactors--theLureoftheBigCityNaturalismpaysmoreattentiononpeople’slivingenvironment,believingthatone’slivingenvironmentsinfluenceone’sfateenormously.Carriewasborninaworkingfamilyofaflourmill.Shelivedapoorlifeinherhometown.Herfatherwasaworkerworkedinaflourfactory.Nomatterwhathardlifeshelived,shestillhadthehopefortheluxuriouslifeofthebigcity.Atthesametime,hersisterresidedinChicago.Therefore,shemadeadecisiontogotoChicagotogettoajobinordertohaveabetterlife.Then,shelefthermotherandfather,herhometownandwenttoChicago.InChicago,therewerecolorfultheaters,supermarketanddancingroominthisbigcity.Thejewelerswereshiningandbrightbehindtheglass.Thebusinessopportunityandwiderageofgoodsmadethecitybefullofattraction.AsTheodoreDresierdescribedinthebook:Itsmanyandgrowingcommercialopportunitiesgaveitwidespreadfame,whichmadeofitagaintmagut,drawingtoitselffromallquarters,thehopeless-thosewhohadtheirfortuneyettomakeandthosefortunesandaffairshadreachedadisastrousclimaxelsewhere.(SisterCarrie,1965:206-207)WhenCarriearrivedinChicago,Mr.DrouettoldherthatChicagowasawonder,andthatshewillfindlotstosee.Evenhersistertoldher”Youwillwanttoseethecity”.Shecomethere,shecometothebigwebofChicagoinordertopursueahappylife.Theprosperousparties,lights,dinners,theatersattractedher.WhenCarriebeguntolookforajob,shefounditishardforhertogetajobbecausealloftheworkaskforexperience.Inthemeantime,shelivedinhersister’shousethatwasnotcomfortable.Shehadtopayforherboardandlodgingexpenses.Afteroneweek,shegotajobwhichwasveryboringandhard.Althoughthat,shecanonlygot4.5dollarsoneweekand90percentofthesalaryshouldbegiventohersister.Shewalkedtothefactorytowork.Herbrother-in-law’sindifferencehadneverchangesinceshecome.HeonlycaredaboutifCarriecanpayforherfeeinhisfamily.InDreiser’swork,Carriejustliveinsuchanenvironment.Oppositetoherhometown,Chicagoisaprosperouscitythatisfullofattraction.WhatmakesCarrieindulgeinarethosebeautifulcinemas,magnificenthotels,extravagantandcomfortablerestaurants.Allthoseattractivethingsembodymuchluxuryandrichnessofthecity,whichmakesherpursuesucceedinanotheraspect,forCarrie,onlythoseprosperousmetropolisarethemostsuitablehabitablepalacetolive,becausetheluxuryatmospheresatisfyhervanityandshowhertalentindrama.Therefore,somebigcities,suchasChicagoandNewYork,couldofferCarrieafavorableenvironmenttosucceed.2.2TheSocialEnvironmentFactors-theLureofLoveEnvironmentalfactorsalsoincludetheinfluencewhichcomefromthecharacter’ssocialrelationships.Zolahaspointedoutthathumanbeingsaresocialanimals,whicharenotindependencefromtheoutsideandalsocannotbeexistwithoutothers.Eachindividualexistinthesociety,whichwillinfluenceonesinalmosteachaspect.Therefore,thesocialenvironment,suchasone’slivingenvironment,whichplayadecisiveroleinone’sfate.Inanotherwords,thesocialenvironmentwhowasinwillaffectone’svaluesystem,andstimulateonetopursuitone’ssuccess.Attheverybeginningofthenovel,CarrieleftherhometownandcomebacktohersisterwhodweltinChicago.InChicago,shelivedinacrampedlittleapartmentwithhersister’shusbandandhersisters.Afterseveraltwistsandturns,shehadnotgetajob.Therefore,shemadeadecisiontoleavehersister’shouseandtogoforDrouet,shelearnedmuchknowledgeaboutclothingandetiquette.Alltheseknowledgehelpedheradaptthetasteofthiscity.However,thepersonswhohelpedCarriebecomefashionablenotonlybecauseofhertwolovers,butalsobecauseoftwoneighborsofher.ComparedwithDrouetandHustwood,theneighborsandfriendsplayedmoreimportantrolesonher.TheyinculcatedCarrietopursuitmagnificentclothesandfortune,andmadehercultivateakeensenseoftouchandaeleganttasteoffashion.Forexample,Mrs.hale,aneighborshemetinChicago,helpedherknowhowtoappreciatefashion.Allabovethesehelphergottowhereshewantstogo.2.3TheWorkEnvironmentalFactor--theLureofChancesThereasonwhyCarriecansucceedinhercareeristhatshehasmanychanceswhichareunexpected.First,whenCarrietookatraintoChicago,shemetDrouet,apersonthatledhertoaluxuriousway.Second,whenCarriebecomethemistressofDrouet,DrouetintroducedHustwoodtoher,Ofcourse,itwasunexpectedthatHustoodfelllovewithCarrieatthefirstsight.ThenextHustwoodtookmanymeasuretoletCarrielovehim.Third,Onoccasion,Drouethadgotatasktofindabeautifulwomantoplayadrama.Naturally,herecommendedCarrietoplaythedrama.Fromthenon,Carrie’sabilityofperformancewasshowedtoeveryone.EspeciallyinNewYork,Carriemasteredeverychancetochangeherfate.Sheworkedhardinordertoperformthedramawell.Allherendeavormadeherbeafamousperformer.Carrieiswomenwhohasstrongambitionandherabilityisalsoverystrong.Sheisacountygirlatfirst,Sheiscleversothatshedonotspeakandobservehowthepersondoincity.Sheobservethefashionablegirl‘sappearance,theirclothes,theirspeech.Itisaexactthingthattheappearanceisanimportantthinginbigcity.AfterDrouetandHustwoodshelp,shechoosetheclothesthatfitherwell.ThenCarriebecomethesymbolofallthatisfresh,pureandbeautiful,Carrieissocleverthatshemastereverychance.ThefirstchancesheleaveforhersistersfamilyandgotoDrouet’sdepartment.Shefellsthecity’sprosperousslightly.Thesecondchance,sheacceptHustwood’slove,sheunderstoodthatonlythepeoplewhohasmoreknowledgecangivehermorecolorfulexperienceandlife.Thischoicemakehercometothecenteroftheworld---NewYork.ThethirdchanceisthatleaveHustwood.CarrieleaveHustwoodandchoosetomadehisBroadwaybyherself.Infact,giveupapersonwhoyouloveddeeplyisnotaneasything.CarriemaybebecomeahousewifeifshedoesnotleaveHustwood.ThereforeCarrieisgirlwhoknowwhatshereallywanttohave.Ⅲ.HereditaryFactorsforCarrieHereditaryFactorsisanotherimportantfactorsofNaturalism.ItisknowntousthatNaturalismisevolvedfromDarwin’sevolutionary.Therefore,itemphasisonthedeterminationofnaturalistichereditaryfactors.Inthenovel,DresierbelievesthatCarriesbehaviorisdeterminedbyarbitrarilyandshouldnothaveastandard.OnthebasicofDarwin’sevolutionary,humanbeingsareevolvedfromloweranimals.Thereisnotagodtojudgewhoiswrongorright.Oneindividual’sfateisdeterminedbyheredityfactors.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofmanscompetitionfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Carrie’sbeautifulappearance,hergiftofperformance,herdesireofthebetterlife,provesthatsheisaluckydogofthesociety.HersuccessinbigcitiessetouttopeoplethemarrowofDarwin’sevolutionarytheory,thatis,speciesdevelopfromgenerationtogenerationbyaprocessofnaturalselection.Zolahaspointedoutallthemotivationsofone’sactionscanbetracedbacktoone’sheredity,inTheExperimentNovel.Thatis,forindividual,heredityfactorsnotonlydetermineone’stemperandhobby,butalsodetermineone’sachievementinone’slife.3.1AGiftofBeautyForwomen,especiallyforbeautifulwomen,tobecomeanactressistheirbiggestdream.Infact,actressisanoccupationthatalmosteachwomancannotrefused.Beinganactress,Carriecanshowherabilityofperformancetoaudience;Carriecanreleaseherselfonthestage;Carriecanenjoyherselfthrougheachplay.Asthesayinggoes,”Acrowisneverthewriterforwashingherselfoften.”Itisreferredtothatallthefactorsleadhertothewayofsuccess,includebeautyandrichfeelings,areallfromheredity.Firstly,Carrie’sbeautyisoneoftheinevitablefactorsofhercareerasaplayerinthemetropolis.Exceptforhersister’shusband,amanwhoisoverthrewbypressure,almosteachmanshemeetisgreatlyadmiredbyherbeauty.Fromtheverybeginningofthenovel,CarriemetDrouetonthetrain.DrouetwasalluredbyCarriejustbecauseherbeautyandthenfellinlovewithCarrieatthefirstsight.HehelpedCarrieoutofthedilemmaatthenext.ThenCarriebecomeaclevergirlinthecityfromacountygirl.Ofcourse,shehadasuccessinthemetropoliswhichpaidmoreattentiontoone’sappearancejustbecauseherbeauty.Forinstance,whenCarriehadachancetoplayadrama,themanagerchoseheralthoughshehadneveracceptedprofessionaltrainingofactress.Ifherappearancewascommon,evenugly,themanagerwassurenotchoosehertoplaythedrama.WhenDrouetintroducedCarrietoHustwood,HustwoodwasattractedbyCarrie’sbeauty.HeoftenvisitCarriewhenDrouetwasnotathome.HeshowedhislovetoCarrieandwritemanyletterstoexpresshisdeeploveforCarrie.WhatattractedHustwoodmostwasCarrie’sbeauty.SincelovedCarrie,Hustwoodlostpatienceofhisfamily.Whenhislieexposed,hegotintotroublethathedaredthatCarriewillnotseehimforever.Hefeltlifewasmeaninglessatonce.AllhisthoughtsandactionsshowedtoreadersthattheimportanceofCarrie.WhenHustwoodwanttoleaveforChicago,hetookCarriewithhim.Carriehadabiggerstagetoshowhergift.Therefore,herbeautywhichwasfromheredityistheinevitablefactorsofCarrie’ssuccess.3.2ASentimentalHeartExceptforCarrie’sbeauty,herrichemotionisanotherimportantfactorsofherwayonthestage.Aseveryoneknows,performanceisanactivitythattheplayershoulddevoteabundantemotiontothedrama.ThereisnodoubtthatCarrieisagirlwhowasbornwithemotionalheart.Herimitationabilityshowsherperfectly.Itisveryimportantthatagoodactorshouldhaveaemotionalheart.Onlyhaveaemotionalheart,canaactorplaytheplaywell.IfCarriedoesnothaveaemotionalheart,shecannotacttherolevividly.Ofcourse,shewillnotchosebythebigboss,andshealsocannotbecomeafamousactress.WhenCarriesawDrouetatfirsttime,sheknewthatshewasacommongirlcamefromcountrysothattherewasnothingimportantwhatshedesired.Theexperienceoffeelinginfindingajobhitherdeeply.Sherealizedthatifshebecomesagracefullady,shewillintegrateintosocietyquickly.Atthistime,hergiftbegantoguideherkeepingupwiththefashionablepioneerwhoaroundher.Forexample,shebegantoimitatehowtheneighborsdressup,howtowalk,howtomakeupandsoon.Sheimprovedherunderstandingoffashionbystudyingthesedetails.Later,heroutstandingimitationcaughttheeyeballofthedramatheatermanagerandtheaudiencesuccessfully.Herabilitylaidafoundationforafamousactressandamodel.Foranactress,imitationisnotenough.Inthenovel,Carrieisshapedintoasensitivewomanwhoiseasytobemovedandawomanwhoisfulloffantasy.Thus,ifhernatureiscultivatedslightly,hersplendidcareerofdramawillbeaccomplished.ForCarrie,hersuccessbasesnotonlyonherimitationofbeautyintheplay.Whatmoreimportantisthatherperceptionofbeautyindailylife.Exactly,thebridgebetweenthistwoabilitiesisherrichimagination.Asmentionedinthisnovel,thefirsttimewhenCarriehadtheopportunitytoactRolaonthestage,shefeltexcited.AndthesecomplicatedandpainfulemotionisexactlywhatLaurafeltafterherexperience.Carrie’srichimaginationmadeherputherselfintotheexperienceoftheRoller.ThenshefinishedherfirstperformanceinAveryHall.3.3AnEndlessDesireInsisterCarrie’screation,Dresierputhumaninstinctdesireinit.Insociallifeatthattime,people’sdesireleadCarriewalkawayofstruggleforherself.Asmentionedinthenovel:ItwasinAugust,1889.Shewaseighteenyearsofage,bright,timid,andfulloftheillusionsofignoranceandyouth.Whatevertouchofregretatpartingcharacterisedherthoughts,itwascertainlynotforadvantagesnowbeinggivenup.Agushoftearsathermother'sfarewellkiss,atouchinherthroatwhenthecarsclackedbytheflourmillwhereherfatherworkedbytheday,apatheticsighasthefamiliargreenenvironsofthevillagepassedinreview,andthethreadswhichboundhersolightlytogirlhoodandhomewereirretrievablybroken.(SisterCarrie,1965:103-107)Tobesuretherewasalwaysthenextstation,whereonemightdescendandreturn.Therewasthegreatcity,boundmorecloselybytheseverytrainswhichcameupdaily.

”Insuchamaterialisticcity,itmakesperson’sdesirebiggerandbigger.Personmaygiveupanythinginordertosatisfyone’sdesire.InSisterCarrie,Dresierincisivelyandvividlyshowsthedesiresdrivenbydifferentpeople.Thedescriptionshowsthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentattitudeandtheysufferedthedifferentfate.Atfirst,CarriewantedtogetajobinChicago.Asagirlcomefromcountry,shehadnotmanyrequirements.Aftershefoundajob,shethoughtthejobwassoboringandmadehertired.ThenshechosetobecomethemistressofDrouet.AfterDrouetintroducedHustwoodtoher,shebelievedthatHustwoodwouldgiveherabetterlife.Whenshelivedalifeshewantedtoliveatfirst,shebegantolookforwardtoabetterlife.Shebecomeafamousactress.People’sdesireisinherited,endless.ThisisalsooneofthereasonswhyCarriehaveasuccessfinally.Ⅳ.CritiqueforSisterCarrieNowadays,naturalismisalwayscriticizedbywritersbothathomeandabroad.InChina,manycriticspointedoutthattherearemanylimitationsonnaturalism.Forexample,theybelievethatthenaturalisticwritershavemanyshortcomingsinthecreationofthework.”Hewasaphotographerforthephenomenon,butitwaspurelyaninvestigationofhiseyes”.Therearetheimitatorofthephenomena,notthecreatorofthephenomena.Inanotherword,theirworksareallrecordsofthingshappenedintheworldwithoutanyidentifyingandscreening.Nottomentionthecreativityanddepthofthephenomena.ThenaturalisticwriterswereinfluencedbyDarwin’sevolutionarytheory,sotheyshowthepositiveattitudeintheirworksobviously.Furthermore,theyemphasisontheconceptofhumanbeast.Inthefollowingpaper,takingSisterCarrieasanexample,aimingatrevealingthelimitationsofnaturalismfromthesetwoaspects.4.1CritiqueofPessimisticDeterminismFromthepessimisticfatalismviewofnaturalismwriters,humanbeingscanonlyliveinacontradictionoflifeenvironmentandnaturalheredity.Theirfatesdecidedbyenvironmentandinheritancehopelessly.Nomatterhowhardsheis,shecannotchangeandescapehisownfate.Influencedbyabovepessimistictheory,figuresonnaturalismworksalmostareunluckyandstyleofwritingisalsopessimistic.ForSisterCarrie,whenshebecomebrilliantactress,foramoment,shefeelssatisfy,becauseshebelievesthatherhappinessisnotcomingyet,shegoaheadforcedbythedesireofwealthandreputation.Thenaturaliststendtodepictthedarksideofthesociety,andalwaystakethelowclassesastheirheroesorheroins.Comparetotherealismandromanticism,theyhaveamorepessimisticviewtowardthesociety.InSisterCarrie,itrevealthatmancannotcontrolthemselves,andisatthemercyofthenature,theheredity,thesocietyandinstinct.Fromtheverybeginningofthenovel,CarrierespondtolivetogetherwithDrouetinordertoliveabetterlifeandthenleaveHustwood,shebecomeaveryfamousactressinNewYork,shecanbeaactressintheBroadwayStage,shebecomeagirlintheupperten,shefinallylivealifethatsheeverwanttolive,shebecomeamanthatsheeverwanttobe,butshestilldidnothappy.Ontheopposite,shefeelslonelyandhopelessly.WehavetosaythatCarriehasnotfindherrealloveinlife.NomatterDrouetorHustwood,theyareallthetoolsthathelpCarrieliveabetterlife.Inthislevel,Carrie’slovewasafailure.Inhercareer,shedidnotgetsatisfactionfromherwork,insteadshefeelsemptinessinspirit.Asdescribedinthelastsentenceofthenovel”Inyourrocking-chair,byyourwindowdreaming,shallyoulong,alone.Inyourrockingchair,byyourwindow,shallyoudreamsuchhappinessasyoumayneverfeel.”HernameisCarrie.Dresiergivethenameofthecharacteralsohasafigurativemeaning.carriedfromthesea.Herfatehasalreadybeendoomedbyhername.Drsier’spessimisticdeterminismgiveantragedyendtoCarrie.Infact,notonlyCarrie,Hustwoodthemosttragicone.heissophisticated,easygoingdemeanor,tongdafickle,buthehasobviouscharacterwithprofessionalmodification.thetragedyofhimseemsthatbeganwhenheandCarriesiphonedwithmoneytoNewYork.Butinfact,hisfailureisduetoitsfailureoftheadventureofunknownlife.Inthenovel,Carrie’sriseandHustwood’sdeclineisthemoststrikingcontrast.Inthiscomparison,itcanbesaidthatthetragedyofCarriehadadeepercolor,alsoshowsthereadersHustwood’sfatemoretragic.Thisisthecenterofthenaturalism.InDresier’swork,Carrieandherpartnersmustbehaveantragicend.WhatIhaveobtainedfromthisnovelisthateveryonehasthepowertochangehisfate.BystudyingCarrie’sfate,peoplehavetoacceptthefactthatenvironmentalandheredityfactorsaresignificantinone’sfate,thatis,thefavorableenvironmentalandhereditaryfactorsareindispensableinone’ssuccess,althoughthedisadvantageousenvironmentalandheredityfactorswillimpedeone’sdevelopment.However,manhasthecharacteristicofself-worthandself-reliance,heisfullofenergyandhopeinhisfate.Besides,manhastherighttodoublehiseffortstoimprovethelifeandpursuehiscareerinfaceoftherelentlessreality.Thatmeansmancanstillwieldhisdeterminationtosolvethoseadversefactorsandchangehisfate.Therearemanyexamplesinourrealisticlifethatmancanstillwieldhisfreewilltomasterhisfate.Forexample,manygreatwritershavebecomesuccessfulmenthroughtheireffortsandthedisabledhavechallengedtheadverseenvironmentfactorsandbecomeworthfulmembersofoursociety.Alltheseillustratethatwecanconquertheadverseenvironmentalfactorsandbecomeworthfulmembersofoursociety.Alltheseillustratethatwecaconquerthatadverseenvironmentalandhereditydefections.Therefore,peopleshouldbeactiveandoptimisticinourlifeanddoubleoureffortstoliveabetterfuture.4.2CritiqueoftheConceptofHumanBeastBasedoninfluenceofDarwinismnaturalismworksarededicatedinexploringbeastandhumanandtakehumanasakindofmixtureandapplicated,takinghumansocietyasramifucationofnatureandtheessenceofmanistothesurvivalofthefittest.Theworkistobecomevictimofstrangerswhoadjusttotheworldandqualifiedtolive.ThoughsisterCarriewasbornwithsensibility,hereverydecisionwasmadeundertherationaljudgment,notonlyundertheemotionaldemand.Forexample,whencrowedinanarrow