江苏省扬州市江都区花荡中学2015-2016年度九年级英语第一学期12月月考试卷(有答案)

第页九年级英语试题考试时间为100分钟。试卷满分为140分。第I卷（客观题共80分）一、听力（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分））A听对话回答问题。本部分共有10道小题，每小题你将听到一段对话，每段对话听两遍。（）1.WhatdoesMissJonesteach?A.B.C.（）2.WhatsportdoesRickyliketowatch?A.B.C.（）3.HowwillFrankgofromBeijingtoGuangzhou?A.B.C.C.（）4.Whattimedidthemansaytheyshouldmeet?A.B.C.C.（）5.Wherewilltheygoforawalktomorrow?A.Onthebeach.B.Inthepark.C.Inthecountryside.（）6.Whatwillhappenifthemankeepssingingloudly?A.Hewillgettired.B.Hewilllosehisvoice.C.Hewillcatchacold.（）7.WhydoesAmywanttobuythescarf?A.Shethinksitisbeautiful.B.Itwillbewarminwinter.C.Itisverycheap.（）8.Whatisthewomanlookingfor?A.AbookshopcalledSunshine.B.AblockofflatscalledSunnyside.C.AshoppingmallcalledSunlight.（）9.Whathasthemandonemanytimesbefore?A.Hehasswumacrosstheriver.B.Hehasjumpedoverthegate.C.Hehasclimbedthetree.（）10.HowisMilliefeeling?A.Maybeshefeelsnervous.B.Maybeshefeelsill.C.Maybeshefeelssleepy.B.听对话和短文答题。你将听到一段对话和两篇短文，各听两遍。听一段对话，回答第11～12小题。（）11.Fromwherecantheyseealongway?A.Thebathroom. B.Thebalcony. C.Thekitchen.（）12.Whatdoesthemanthinkofclimbingthestairs?A.Itisgreatfun. B.Itisboring. C.Ithelpstokeepfit.听第一篇短文，回答第13～15小题。请根据内容选择正确答案，完成信息记录表。NewYorkCityThingstheyhavedoneTheyhaveseentheStatueofLiberty,theUnitedNationsbuildingand13.ThingstheywilldoTheywillseeafamous14tonight.Theywill15onthelastday..（）13.A.TimesSquare B.CentralPark C.WallStreet（）14.A.show B.film C.match（）15.A.goshopping B.visitafriend C.restatthehotel听第二篇短文，回答第16～20小题。（）16.WhyisEddie’sfatherinhospital?A.Hewashitbyamotorcycle.B.Hewashurtinabusaccident.C.Acarhithimwhilehewaswalking.（）17.Whatdothedoctorssayabouthisleg?A.Itisnottooserious.B.Itisveryserious.C.Itdoesn’tneedanoperationatall.（）18.HowlongshouldEddie’sfatherstayinhospital?A.Foroneweekonly.B.Foronemonth.C.Foratleasttwoweeks.（）19.WhatdoEddieandhismotherbringhimeveryday?A.Fruitandanewspaper.B.FoodandpaperC.Snacksandmagazines.（）20.WhatshouldEddie’sfathernotdo?A.Feelsorryforhimself.B.Followthedoctor’streatment.C.Takehismedicine.二、单项填空（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）()21.—_______expensivemobilephoneitis！—Yes,butIthink_______styleisquitefashionable.A.Whata；aB.How；theC.Whatan;theD.Howan;the()22.PoorJim!Hewasrunningtowardshismother_______hesuddenlyfelldown. A.while B.as C.since D.when()23.—IwonderifTom_______inhisbusiness. —Hewillifhe_______morechances. A.willsucceed;willbegiven B.willsucceed;isgiven C.succeeds;willbegiven D.succeeds;isgiven()24—Whatshallwedotokilltime? —Well,_______itisWanda A.though B.while C.unless D.since()25.Theythought_______importanttolookrightandleftwhen___theroad.A.it’s;crossB.it;tocrossC.it;crossingD.itwas;tocross()26.Andyhasmade_______thistermthathisparentswillawardhimanewlaptop. A.suchagreatprogress B.sogreataprogressC.suchgreatprogress D.soagreatprogress()27.--Idon’tlikecomedies.--_______________.___________theyarefunny,fewofthemaremeaningful.A.SodoI/BecauseB.NeitherdoI/ThoughC.SodoI/AsD.NeitherdoI/Because()28.—Canyougivemeahand?Ican’tworkoutthisMathproblem. —Sorry.Butitis_______myability,too. A.off B.over C.past D.beyond()29.Sheplaysaroleinafilm_____________atruestory.A.isbasedonB.baseuponC.wasbaseduponD.basedupon()30.Helives_________toJoy,andinthefactoryheworks_________withheraswell.Aclosely；closelyBclose；closelyCclose；closeDclosely；close()31.--It'ssaidthatMoYan'sspeechwaswonderful.--That'strue.The________speechmadeaudienceclaptheirhands______manytimesduringhisspeechyesterday.A.excited,excitinglyB.exciting,excitedC.exciting,excitingly D.exciting,excitedly()32.Couldyoupleasetellme_____inthefuture?A.howlifewillbelikeB.howwilllifebelikeC.whatlifewillbelikeD.whatwilllifebelike()33.WhenwillyoureturntoChina?_________________.A.UntilnextweekB.NotuntilnextweekC.afewdaysagoD.forafewweeks()34.—Themusicinthemovieiswonderful. —______.Ithinkthemusicistoonoisy. A.Ican’tagreemoreB.That’swhatIthink C.Ihavethesamefeeling D.That’syouropinion()35.--Hehastostayathomeallday,___________?____________,sohefeelslonelyfromtimetotime.A.hasn’the/YesB.hashe/YesC.doeshe/NoD.doesn’the/Yes三、完形填空（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）“Ican'tbelievewhatI'mhearing!”Ithoughttomyself.Jeffwasthelastcandidate（候选人）forpresidentofStudents’Union.MybestfriendTonycometomeandsaid,“I'm36,Mike.Ireallythoughtyoushouldbe37.”Laterthatday,IhappenedtopassJeffinthediningroom.Iofferedhimapolite“38“I'm,er,I'mjustwondering39youwould…consider（考虑）comingtoworkonmyteam,”hesaid40.“Youarereallysmart,andyouwouldbeagreatmanager.”“Idon'tthinkso,”Ianswered,feelinguncertain.“Well,ifyouchangeyour41,wearemeetingtomorrow,”hesaidbeforemovingto42table.Allthatnight,IthoughtabouttheofferfromJeff.Maybebeingapartoftheelectionprocess（选举过程）wouldgivemea43tomakeimportantchangesatourschool.I44tojointhem.Myfistgoalwasto45anattractiveadvertisement.Withinafewdays,wedesigneda46withJeff'spicturesshowinghiminanumberofactivities.NoonecouldwalkthroughanyhallwaywithoutpassingJeff'ssmilingface.Mynextstepwasto47whichactivitiesstudentswouldliketohaveatschool.Manyofthemwantedachessclubandafootballteam.WiththeinformationIhadcollected,Jeffmetwiththeheadmaster.Luckily,theheadmaster48toaddtheseactivitiestoourschoolprogram.Withmyhelp,Jeffandourideaswerewellacceptedatschool.Aneighthgradersaid,“It'llbelikeattendinganewschoolwithJeffaspresident.”Hearingthesewordsmademe49andconfident.IhadwantedtobecomepresidentofStudentCounciltomakeadifference.IachievedthatandmorebyworkingasamemberofJeff'steam.HebecamethemostpopularcandidateandIwasalargepartofhis50.Thefactthatithasmadeadifferenceinotherpeople'slivesistherealprize.Whatagreatfeeling!（）36.A.lucky B.happy C.sorry D.angry（）37.A.respected B.chosen C.invited D.trusted（）38.A.Goodluck B.Helpyourself C.seeyou D.Congratulations（）39.A.how B.whether C.when D.that（）40.A.seriously B.quickly C.nervously D.shyly（）41.A.position B.mind C.mood D.promise（）42.A.other B.theother C.another D.others（）43.A.choice B.change C.chance D.challenge（）44.A.tried B.refused C.failed D.decided（）45.A.discover B.invent C.create D.research（）46.A.poster B.project C.programme D.performance（）47.A.makesure B.lookup C.workon D.findout（）48.A.agreed B.offered C.failed D.managed（）49.A.proud B.loyal C.modest D.curious（）50A四、阅读理解（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）AThe2014FIFAWorldCup,thetwentiethWorldCupfootballmatch,washeldinBrazilfromJune12th,2014toJuly13th,2014.Thirty-twoteamsfromdifferentcountriesbroughtussixty-fourwonderfulgamesduringtheWorldCup.ThisisthesecondtimetheWorldCupisheldinthiscountryandthefifthinSouthAmerica.Thousandsoffootballfanswatchedthegames.ABiteofChina(舌尖上的中国),amouth-wateringdocumentaryTVprogramfeaturingdeliciousChinesefood,hasinterestedalargenumberofpeople.TheprogramhasbecomeverypopularsinceitwasshownonTV.ThedocumentaryprovidesnotonlyChinesedeliciousfoodbutalsotherelationshipsbetweenpeopleandfood.“Wemadethisdocumentarywithourrespectandloveforfood.IhopeitwillhelppeoplelearnmoreaboutChinesefoodaswellasChineseculture.”saidthedirectorMr.Chen.LuJialei,aschoolgirlfromHangzhou,()51.Howlongdidthe2014FIFAWorldCuplast?A.Aboutaweek. B.Abouttwoweeks.C.Aboutamonth. D.Abouttwomonths.()52.WhichisNOTtrueaccordingtothearticles?A.LuJialeialwaysgetsgoodgradesatschool.B.TheWorldCuphasbeenheldinSouthAmericatwice.C.ManypeoplelikewatchingtheTVprogramABiteofChina.D.LuJialeihopesmorepeoplecantakemuchinterestinChinesecharacters.()53.Wheremaythearticlesprobablycomefrom?A.Astorybook. B.Asciencereport.C.Asportsmagazine. D.TheInternet.BMicroblogslikeWeiboarenothingnewfortheyoungChinese.AnewspaperinChengdudidasurveylastmonth.Itfoundthat90percentofjuniorhighschoolstudentsusemicroblogs.Theygivestudentsanoutlet(出口)foremotion.“Iusemicroblogstorecordmylife.Ileteveryone‘see’myfeelingsandcomplaints(抱怨),”saidLiuFangyue,14,fromXiamenNo.1MiddleSchool.Theyhavefunwithclassmatesevenafterschool.“Iwouldsendamessagetopraisesomeonewhocamefirstintheexam,”saidLiu.Teachersalsojoininthefun.“WhenIsitdowntotalktomystudents,theymaynottellmetheirrealthoughts,”saidLuDongpingatNanningNo.2MiddleSchool.“Butonmicroblogs,theyaremorerelaxed.Theyevenmakefunofme.”Youwouldbewrongifyouthinkmicroblogsareallaboutfun.ZhongYunfromXiamenHaicangExperimentalSchoolseesitasatool(工具)tolearnEnglish.The13-year-oldgirlfollowsforeignstarssuchasAvrilLavigneandJustinBieber.“InordertounderstandtheirEnglishposts,Ihavetocheckthedictionaryandlearnmanynewwords,”saidZhong.“Microblogswidenstudents’perspectives(观点),buttherearerulestofollow,”saidShiZhongying,aprofessorfromBeijingNormalUniversity.Hesharessomeofthemwithmicrobloggers.“Manageyourtime,anddon’tletmicro-bloggingaffectyourstudiesandhealth,”saidShi.“Don’tgiveoutyourname,familyaddressorphonenumberonmicroblogs.Youshouldalsorespect(尊重)truthandotherpeople’sprivacy(隐私).”()54.Thesecondparagraphmainlytellsus. A.howpopularmicroblogsare B.whymicroblogsarepopular C.whousesmicroblogs D.whatmicroblogsare()55.LuDongpingthinksstudentsareonmicroblogs. A.lessserious B.lessrelaxed C.morestressed D.morenervous()56.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”referto(指的是)? A.Microblogs. B.Microbloggers.C.Rules. D.Students’perspectives.()57.ShiZhongyingdidn’tsuggest. A.sharingyourfeelings B.tellingthetruth C.spendingmostofyourtimeonstudy D.givingoutothers’privacyCTheengineerCamilloOliverwas40yearsoldwhenhestartedthecompanyin1908.AthisfactoryinIvrea,hedesignedandproducedthefirstItaliantypewriter(打字机).Todaythecompany'sheadofficeisstillinIvrea,nearTurin,butthecompanyismuchlargerthanitwasinthosedaysandthereareofficesallaroundtheworld.

By1930thecompanyhad700workersanditturnedout13,000machinesayear.SomewenttoofficesandhomesinItaly,butmoretypewritersweresoldtoothercountries.

Camillo'sson,Adriano,startedworkingforthecompanyin1924andlaterhebecametheboss.Theproduction(生产)linewasimprovedalotandsometopengineersintechnologyanddesignfieldsworkedforhim.Thecompanydevelopednewandbettertypewriters.Moreandmorepeoplebecameinterestedintheirproducts.In1959itproducedtheELEAcomputersystem.Thiswasthefirstmainframe(主机)computerdesignedandmadeinItaly.AfterAdrianodiedin1960,thecompanyhadaperiodoffinancial(财政)problems.Othercompanies,especiallytheJapanese,madefasterprogressinelectronictechnologythantheItaliancompany.In1978,CarlodeBenedettibecamethenewboss.Olivettiincreaseditsmarketingandservicenetworksandmadeagreementswithothercompaniestodesignandproducebetterofficeequipment(设备).Soonitbecameoneoftheworld'sleadingcompaniesininformationtechnologyandcommunications.TherearenowfivecompaniesintheOlivettigrouponeforpersonalcomputers,oneforotherofficeequipment,oneforsystemsandservices,andtwofortelecommunications.()58.Whatfactdoesthepassageprovide?A.By1930Olivettiproducedover1,000typewriterseachmonth.

B.Olivettimademoremoneyinthe1960sthaninthe1950s.

C.SomeofOlivetti's700workersoftenvisitedusersinItaly.

D.Olivettisetupofficesinothercountriesfromtheverybeginning.()59.FromthetextweknowthatOlivetti.A.producedthebesttypewriterintheworld.

B.designedtheworld'sfirstmainframecomputer.

C.soldmoretypewritersabroadthanothercompanies.

D.hasfivecompanieswithitsheadofficeinIvrea.()60.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.CamillaOlivetti’sCareerB.TheSuccessofOlivetti

C.TheHistoryofOlivettiD.TheProductionofOlivettiDLookatthecentercirclesofDiagram（图）AandDiagramB.Whichofthecentrecircleslookslarger?TakeafirstlookandyouprobablythinkthatthecentrecircleinDiagramAissmallerthanthatinDiagramB.Infact,theyareexactlythesamesize.Thenlookatthepictureontheleft.Whatdoyousee?Avase?Ortwofaces？Doesthepicturechangequicklyfromonetotheotheragainandagain?Maybeormaybenot,butyoucanneverseethematthesametime.“What’shappening?Issomethingwrongwithmyeyes?”Youmaywonderatwhatyousee.Don’tworry.Hereishowitgoes:Whenwelookatthings,oureyessendmessagestoourbrainsandthenourbrainsinterpret（解读）theinformation.However,sometimesourbrainsinterpretthereceivedinformationinawrongway.Itseemsthatoureyesareplayingajokeonus.Thisoftenhappensandwecallit“Visualillusion（视觉错误）.Moviemakersoftenmakeuseofillusions.Theymaketheobjectsaroundactorsmuchsmallerorbiggerthanusual.Thismakesusbelievethattheactorsaremuchlargerorsmallerthantheyusuallyare.ThemoviesJurassic（）61.WhydoesthecentrecircleinDiagramAlooksmallerthanthatinDiagramB?A.somethingiswrongwithoureyesB.thetwocirclesarenotthesamesizeC.ourbrainsinterprettheinformationinawrongwayD.thetwopictureschangequicklyfromonetotheother（）62.What’stherightorderaccordingtothepassage?A.Welookatthingswithoureyes.B.Ourbrainsinterpretthemessages.C.Ourbrainstelluswhatwehaveseen.D.Oureyessendmessagestoourbrains.A.a-c-d-bB.c-a-b-dC.a-d-b-cD.b-c-a-d（）63.Whatdomoviemakersmakeuseofvisualillusionsfor?A.Tohelptheactorslookbetter. B.Tomaketheactorsmuchbraver.ABCDC.Tohelptheactorsbecomestronger. D.Tomaketheactorsseemdifferentinsize.

（）64.Inthepictureontheright,itseemsthatLineABisshorterthanLineCD,butinfact,LineABisasABCDA.Thesecondone. B.Thethirdone.C.Thefifthone. D.Thesixthone.（）65.Whichmagazineisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A.Artworld B.AmazingScienceC.HealthandMedicine D.Dailynews第II卷（主观题共60分）五、词汇运用（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）（每空一词）66.Myfatherinsistedon________(stay)athome.67.Weenjoywatchingthosefilms________(direct)byZhangYimou.68.WearesurprisedtofindthatJimis(缺席的)fromschooltoday.69.Billyseemstohavedifficulty___________（发音）thenewwords.70.Thestudent’s___________(care)madehimgetlowmarksintheMathcompetition.71.Theyhavechangedthewhole(appear)oftheoldbuilding.72.Theaudiencewerewaitingso(patient)forthepopstarthattheymadeloudnoise.73.Theoldladylayonthebed(peaceful)andsheseemedasleep.74.MichaelJackson’sdeathwasagreat(lose)tothemusicindustry.75.Ourteamscoredinthe(finally)minuteofthegame.六、任务型阅读（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）（每空一词）“USA?

Britain?

Which

country

isbettertostudyin?”Weoftenhearsuchdiscussions.AsChinaopensitsdoor,itisadreamformanyChinesestudentstostudyabroad.Theywanttolearnabouttheoutsideworld.It’struethatstudyingabroadcanhelpstudentsdevelopthemselves.Theirforeignlanguageskillswillbeimprovedanditmaybeeasiertofindjobs.Buttherearedisadvantages（劣势）thatshouldbeconsidered（考虑）.Languageisthefirst.Studentsmustspendalotoftimelearninganotherlanguage.Studentsmustalsolearntolivewithoutparents’careanddealwithallkindsofthingstheyhaven’thadtodobefore,likelookingafterthemselves.TherearereportsaboutChinesestudentsabroadrunningintoanoceanofdifficultiesandgivingupfinally.Whentheyhavetotakecareofthemselves,itishardforstudentstostudywell.

Finally,studyingabroadbringsaheavyburden（负担）tothefamily.FormostChineseparents,it’sexpensivetostudyabroad.Butisitworthit?WeknowthattherearemanyfamouspeoplewhohaveachievedsuccessthroughtheirhardworkinChina.LiuXiangisagoodexample.OnceanAmericanteacherinvitedhimthere,butherefused.HekepttraininghardwithhisChineseteacher.HesurprisedtheworldwhenhewonagoldmedalattheAthensOlympicGames.Sowhenyouwonder

which

country

isbettertostudyin,thinkagain.Title:Studyingathome

orabroadPhenomenon（现象）Studyingabroadhasbecomea76

forChinesestudents.Advantages（优势）◆Itis77tothefuturedevelopment

ofChinesestudents◆Ithelpsto78

foreignlanguageskills.◆Itenables（使能够）Chinesestudentstofindjobsmore79

.80◆It81Chinesestudentstoomuchtimetolearnaforeignlanguage.◆It’shardforChinesestudentstogetusedtothelifeabroad82parents’care.◆Parentsmaybeunderpressure（压力）becausethecostof83abroadisvery84

.Purpose:Totellusstudyingabroadisnottheonlywaytobe85

bydescribingLiuXiang’sexample.七．根据短文内容和首字母提示，在空格处填入适当的词使短文完整。（每空一词）（10分）Inonewayofthinking,failureispartoflife.Ina86way,failuremaybeawaytowardssuccess.Edison,thei87ofthelightbulb（灯泡）,madehundredsofmodelsthatfailedbeforehefoundtherightwaytomakeone.Oncehewasaskedw88hekeptontryingtomakeanewtypeofbatterywhenhehadfailedsooften,hesmiledandsaid,“Failure?Ihavenofailure.NowIknow50,000waysthatwon'tw89.Sowhat?First,alwaysthinkaboutyourfailure.Whatcausedit？Wereconditionsright?Wereyouintopfromyourself?Whatcanyouchange?Thenyoucandecidew90tokeeponworkinghardortryitinabetterway,andthingswillprobablynotgowrongn91time.Second,isthegoalyou'retryingtoreachtherightone?Trytodosomethinkingaboutwhatyourrealgoalsmaybe.Thinkc92aboutthisquestion.“IfIamabletoachievemygoal,wherewillitgetme?"Thismayhelpyoupreventfailureinthingsyoushouldn'tbedoinganyway.Thet93thingtokeepinmindaboutfailureisthatit'smotherofsuccess.Don’tgiveupeasily.Learnto“livewithyourself"event94youmayhavefailed.Maybethiswillhelpyous95in八、书面表达（30分）A翻译句子（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）按所给的汉语，用英语完成下列句子，并将答案写在答题卡标有题号的横线上（10）96.他不仅在中国闻名，而且在世界其它地区闻名。________________________________________________________________________________________97.她想知道穿红色能否使她更容易采取行动。________________________________________________________________________________________98.她演得如此好以至于人们把她误认为是一个真的公主。_______________________________________________________________________________________99.据说这个运动会已经被取消了。_______________________________________________________________________________________100.直到雨停我们再近距离看鸟。_______________________________________________________________________________________B.作文（计20分）假如你叫李明,是九年级(1)班的学生,你的好朋友Nick想竞争本班班长一职,请你给班主任王老师写一封推荐信，介绍一下你朋友的基本情况。包括以下内容:生肖虎特长条理清晰、善于发现新生事物老师评价天生具有领导才能突出特点1.自信严谨，注重细节2.乐于助人，业余时间致力于班级工作3.…相关经历1.赢过好几次科学竞赛2.对全校师生做演讲注意:1.词数:100字左右;信件的开头和结尾已经给出,不计入单词总数;2.内容必须包括表中的要点,并作补充，但不要逐字翻译3.条理清楚，语句连贯。DearMr.Wang,IamwritingtoyoutorecommendmyfriendNickasthenewmonitor.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ithinkhehasallthequalitiestobeagoodmonitor.Ihopeyoucanagreewithme. Yourssincerely,LiMing…密……………封…密……………封……………线……………内……………不……………准……………答……………题……学校____________班级____________姓名____________考试号____________（满分140分；时间100分钟）一、听力（共20小题，每小题l分，计20分）1234567891011121314151617181920二、单项选择（共15小题；每小题1分，计15分）212223242526272829303132333435三、完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，计15分）363738394041424344454647484950四、阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，计30分）515253545556575859606162636465五、词汇运用（共10小题；每小题1分，计10分）66______________6768______________69__________70____________71______________7273______________74__________75____________六、任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，计10分）76______________7778______________79__________80____________81______________8283______________84__________85____________七、缺词填空（共10小题；每小题1分，计10分）86______________87___________88______________89__________90_____________91______________92___________93___________94__________95____________八、书面表达（计30分）A．句子翻译（共5小题；每小题2分，计10分）96.他不仅在中国闻名，而且在世界其它地区闻名。______________________________________________________________________________97.她想知道穿红色能否使她更容易采取行动。______________________________________________________________________________98.她演得如此好以至于人们把她误认为是一个真的公主。_____________________________________________________________________________99.据说这个运动会已经被取消了。_____________________________________________________________________________100.直到雨停我们再近距离看鸟。_____________________________________________________________________________B.写作（计20分）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________