雅思剑桥真题长难句解析

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1.Thescentshecarriedinhersamplesandonherbodywasamessagetotheotherbeesthat

thiswastheonetheywerelookingfor.（4,GeneralTrainingTestBsection3）

分析：本句的主句“Thescentwasamessagetotheotherbees”；“shecarriedinher

samplesandonherbody定”从句，做Thescent的定，关系在定从句中做，因

此被省却；“thatthiswastheonetheywerelookingforthat引”的同位从句，做amessage的同位；“theywerelookingfor定”从句，做theone的定，关系在定从句中做的，因此被省却。

for

2.Soonhewouldalsodiscoveranumberofotherremarkablefactsabouthowbees

communicateand,indoingso,revolutionizethestudyofanimalbehaviorgenerally.（4,General

TrainingTestBsection3）

分析：本句的主句“hewouldalsodiscoveranumberofotherremarkablefactsabout⋯andrevolutionizethestudyofanimalbehaviorgenerally；“how”beescommunicatehow”引的从句，做介about的。

Therehad,ofcourse,beendictionariesinthepast,thefirstofthesebeingalittlebookofsome120pages,compiledbyacertainRobertCawdray,publishedin1604underthetitleATableAlphabeticall‘ofhardusualEnglishwords'（5,.Test1passage1）

分析：本句主句“Therehadbeendictionaries；“”thefirstofthesebeingalittlebookofsome

120pages,compiledbyacertainRobertCawdray,publishedin1604underthetitleATable

Alphabeticall‘ofhardusualEnglishwords'独立主格构”，其中“compiledbyacertainRobert

Cawdray”和“publishedin1604underthetitleATableAlphabeticall‘ofhardusualEnglishwords'均”去分短作定，做alittlebook的定。

ItishighlyappropriatethatDrSamuelJohnson,theverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryliteraryman,asfamousinhisowntimeasinours,shouldhavepublishedhisDictionaryatthe

verybeginningoftheheydayofthemiddleclass.（5,Test1passage1）分析：本句的主句“Itishighlyappropriatethat其中⋯it”,形式主，真实的主that引的主从句，即“thatDrSamuelJohnson,theverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryliteraryman,asfamousinhisowntimeasinours,shouldhavepublishedhisDictionaryattheverybeginningoftheheydayofthemiddleclass；”在主从句中“theverymodelofaneighteenth-centuryliterarymanDr”SamuelJohnson的同位，“asfamousinhisowntimeasinours”DrSamuelJohnson的定。5.Hisapproachtotheproblemsthathadworriedwritersthroughoutthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieswasintenselypractical.（5,Test1passage1）分析：本句的主句“Hisapproachtotheproblemswasintenselypractical；”“thathadworriedwritersthroughoutthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies定从句，做the”problems的定，关系that。6.Hewastobepaid￡1,575ininstallments,andfromthishetookmoneytorent17GoughSquare,inwhichhesetuphis‘dictionary（workshop'5,Test.1passage1）分析：本句并列句，“Hewastobepaid￡1,575ininstallments和”“fromthishetookmoneytorent17GoughSquare,inwhichhesetuphis‘dictionary并列，由workshop'and接.；”“inwhichhesetuphis‘dictionaryworkshop'定从.句，做”17GoughSquare的定，关系which。7.JamesBoswell,hisbiographer,describedthegarretwhereJohnsonworkedasup‘fittedlikeacountinghouse'withalongdeskrunningdownthemiddleatwhichthecopyingclerkswouldworkstandingup.（5,Test1passage1）分析：本句主句“JamesBoswelldescribedthegarretas‘fitteduplikeacountinghouse'withalongdesk.；“”hisbiographerJames”Boswell的同位；“whereJohnsonworked定”从句，做thegarret的定，关系where;“runningdownthemiddle”在分短做定，做alongdesk的定；“atwhichthecopyingclerkswouldworkstandingup定从”句，做longdesk的定，关系which。8.Hewasalsohelpedbysixassistants,twoofwhomdiedwhilstthedictionarywasstillinpreparation.（5,Test1passage1）分析：本句主句“Hewasalsohelpedbysixassistants；“two”ofwhomdiedwhilstthedictionarywasstillinpreparation定从句，”做sixassistants的定，关系whom；在定从句中，“whilstthedictionarywasstillinpreparationwhilst引”的状从句。9.ThefactthatJohnsonhadtakenontheAcademiesofEuropeandmatchedthem(everyoneknewthatfortyFrenchacademicshadtakenfortyyearstoproducethefirstFrenchnationaldictionary)wascauseformuchEnglishcelebration.（5,Test1passage1）分析：本句的主句“ThefactwascauseformuchEnglishcelebration；“that”JohnsonhadtakenontheAcademiesofEuropeandmatchedthemthat引”的同位从句，做Thefact的同位；括号中部分起到解明的作用。10.Afewyearsago,inoneofthemostfascinatinganddisturbingexperimentsinbehaviouralpsychology,StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflifefortheirwillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbya‘leader'inasituationinwhichghtthefeelsubjectsanipersonaldistastefortheactionstheywerecalledupontoperform.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句主句“StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflifefortheirwillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbyasituation；‘“”leadAfewr'inyearsago,inoneofthemostfascinatinganddisturbingexperimentsinbehaviouralpsychology状；“in”whichthesubjectsnightfeelapersonaldistastefortheactionstheywerecalledupontoperform定从句，做asituation的定，关系which,其中“theywerecalledupontoperform”也定从句，做theactions的定，关系在定从句中做，因此被省却。11.Milgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teach-subject'rthattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducation,andwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupil'sabilitytolearn.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句的主句“Milgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teacher-subject'that⋯”；“thattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducation,andwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupil'sabilitytolearn.从句，”做told的；“whetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupil'sabilitytolearnwhether引”的从句，做test的。

1.Theteacher-subjectwastoldthatwheneverthepupilgavethewronganswertoaquestion,a

shockwastobeadministered,beginningatthelowestlevelandincreasinginseveritywitheachsuccessivewronganswer.（5,Test1passage2）

分析：本句的主句“Theteacher-subjectwastoldthat⋯”;“thatwheneverthepupilgave

thewronganswertoaquestion,ashockwastobeadministered,beginningatthelowestleveland

increasinginseveritywitheachsuccessivewronganswerthat引的”从句，做tell的；在从句中“ashockwastobeadministered主”句，而“wheneverthepupilgavethe

wronganswertoaquestionwhenever”引的装从句，在从句中做状，

“beginningatthelowestlevelandincreasinginseveritywitheachsuccessivewronganswer在分短做状，在从句中做陪同状。

Milgramtoldtheteacher-subjecttoignorethereactionsofthepupil,andtoadminister

whateverlevelofshockwascalledfor,aspertherulegoverningtheexperimentalsituationofthemoment.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句的主句“Milgramtoldtheteacher-subjecttoignorethereactionsofthepupil,andtoadministerwhateverlevelofshockwascalledfor”其;中“whateverlevelofshockwascalledfor”whatever引的从句，做administer的；asper介短，意依照，依照；“governingtheexperimentalsituationofthemoment在分”短作定，做therule的定。3.Astheexperimentunfolded,thepupilwoulddefinitelygivethewronganswerstoquestionsposedbytheteacher,therebybringingonvariouselectricalpunishments,evenuptothedangerlevelof300voltsandbeyond.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句主句“thepupilwoulddefinitelygivethewronganswerstoquestions”;“AstheexperimentunfoldedAs”引的状从句，做主句的状；“posedbytheteacher”去分短作定，做questions的定；“bringingonvariouselectricalpunishments,evenuptothedangerlevelof300voltsandbeyond”在分短作状，做主句的陪同状。4.Inthesesituations,Milgramcalmlyexplainedthattheteacher-subjectwastoignorethepupil'scriesformercyandcarryontheexperiment.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句的主句“Milgramcalmlyexplainedthat⋯”“;thattheteacher-subjectwastoignorethepupil'scriesformercyandcarryontheexperimentthat引的从句”，做explain的；在从句中“toignorethepupil'scriesformercyandcarryontheexperiment不”定式做表。5.Ifthesubjectwasstillreluctanttoproceed,Milgramsaidthatitwasimportantforthesakeoftheexperimentthattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句的主句“Milgramsaidthat⋯”;“Ifthesubjectwasstillreluctanttoproceed”If引的条件状从句；“thatitwasimportantforthesakeoftheexperimentthattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend.that引”的从句，做said的；在从句“thatitwasimportantforthesakeoftheexperimentthattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend.

中，it形式主，“thattheprocedurebefollowedthroughtotheend”that引的主从句，是从句真实的主。

WhatMilgramwastryingtodiscoverwasthenumberofteacher-subjectswhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestlevelsofshock,eveninthefaceofstrongpersonalandmoral

revulsionagainsttherulesandconditionsoftheexperiment.（5,Test1passage2）

分析：本句的主句“WhatMilgramwastryingtodiscoverwasthenumberofteacher-subjects”;“WhatMilgramwastryingtodiscoverWhat引的”主从句；“whowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestlevelsofshock,eveninthefaceofstrongpersonalandmoral

revulsionagainsttherulesandconditionsoftheexperiment.定从句，做teacher”-subjects的

定，关系who。7.Priortocarryingouttheexperiment,Milgramexplainedhisideatoagroupof39psychiatristsandaskedthemtopredicttheaveragepercentageofpeopleinanordinarypopulationwhowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestshocklevelof450volts.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句的主句“Milgramexplainedhisideatoagroupof39psychiatristsandaskedthemtopredicttheaveragepercentageofpeopleinanordinarypopulation.”;“Priortocarryiouttheexperiment”状，priorto相当于before;“whowouldbewillingtoadministerthehighestshocklevelof450volts.定从句”，做anordinarypopulation的定，关系who。8.Theoverwhelmingconsensuswasthatvirtuallyalltheteacher-subjectswouldrefusetoobeytheexperimenter.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句主句“Theoverwhelmingconsensuswasthat⋯”;“thatvirtuallyalltheteacher-subjectswouldrefusetoobeytheexperimenter”表从句，做was的表。9.Thepsychiatristsfeltthat‘mostsubjectswouldgobeyond150volts'andtheyfurtheranticipatedthatonlyfourpercentwouldgoupto300volts.（5,Test1passage2）分析：本句并列句，“Thepsychiatristsfeltthat‘mostsubjectsgobeyondwould150volts'”和“theyfurtheranticipatedthatonlyfourpercentwouldgoupto300volts并列，由and”接；其中“that‘mostsubjectswouldgobeyond150volts'that引”的从句，做felt的，而“thatonlyfourpercentwouldgoupto300volts也that”引的从句，做anticipated的。10.Howcanwepossiblyaccountforthisvastdiscrepancybetweenwhatcalm,rational,knowledgeablepeoplepredictinthecomfortoftheirstudyandwhatpressured,flustered,butcooperative‘teachers'actuallydointhelaboratoryofreal（life?5,Test1passage2）分析：本句主句“Howcanwepossiblyaccountforthisvastdiscrepancybetween⋯and⋯”;“whatcalm,rational,knowledgeablepeoplepredictinthecomfortoftheirstudy和”“what

pressured,flustered,butcooperative‘teachers'actuallylaboratdoryinofthereallife均what”

引的从句。

11.One'sfirstinclinationmightbetoarguethattheremustbesomesortofbuilt-inanimal

aggressioninstinctthatwasactivatedbytheexperiment,andthatMilgram'steacher-subjectswerejustfollowingageneticneedtodischargethispent-upprimalurgeontothepupilbyadministeringtheelectricalshock.（5,Test1passage2）

分析：本句的主句“One'sfirstinclinationmightbeto⋯”;“toarguethattheremustbe

somesortofbuilt-inanimalaggressioninstinctthatwasactivatedbytheexperiment,andthat

Milgram'steacher-subjectswerejustfollowingageneticneedtodischargethispent-upprimal

urgeontothepupilbyadministeringtheelectricalshock.不定式做表，做”be的表；在此表中“thattheremustbesomesortofbuilt-inanimalaggressioninstinct和”“thatMilgram'steacher-subjectswerejustfollowingageneticneedtodischargethispent-upprimalurgeontothe

pupilbyadministeringtheelectricalshock并列，皆that”引的从句，做argue的；

“thatwasactivatedbytheexperiment定从句，”做instinct的定，关系that。

1.Asaudiencesgrew,sodidtheplaceswherefilmswereshown,finishingupwiththe‘great

picturepalaces’ofthe1920s,whichrivaled,andoccasionallysuperseded,theatresandopera-housesintermsofopulenceandsplendour.（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestAsection3）

分析：本句的主句为倒装句“sodidtheplaces”;“Asaudiences为grewas引导”的时间状语

从句；“wherefilmswereshown为”定语从句，做places的定语，关系词为where;“finishingup

withthe‘greatpicturepalaces’of为现the在1920s分词短语做”陪同状语；“whichrivaled,and

occasionallysuperseded,theatresandopera-housesintermsofopulenceandsplendour.为非限制”

性定语从句，关系词为which。

2.ItwasabovealltheFrench,followedbytheAmericans,whowerethemostpassionate

exportersofthenewinvention,helpingtostartcinemainChina,Japan,LatinAmericaandRussia.

（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestAsection3）

分析：本句的主句为“ItwasabovealltheFrench”;“followedbytheAmericans为过去.分”

词短语做定语；“whowerethemostpassionateexportersofthenewinvention为非限制”性定语

从句，做French的定语，关系词为who;“helpingtostartcinemainChina,Japan,LatinAmerica

andRussia为”现在分词短语做定语。

3.IntermsofartisticdevelopmentitwasagaintheFrenchandtheAmericanswhotookthe

lead,thoughintheyearsbeforetheFirstWorldWar,Italy,DenmarkandRussiaalsoplayedapart.

（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestAsection3）

分析：本句主句为重申句式“itwasagaintheFrenchandtheAmericanswhotookthelead”;

“thoughintheyearsbeforetheFirstWorldWar,Italy,DenmarkandRussiaalsoplayedapart为

though引导的退步状语从句。

4.TherestoftheworldsurvivedpartlybylearningfromHollywoodandpartlybecause

audiencescontinuedtoexistforaproductwhichcorrespondedtoneedswhichHollywoodcould

notsupply.（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestAsection3）

分析：本句的主句为“Therestoftheworldsurvived”;“becauseaudiencescontinuedtoexist

foraproduct为because”引导的原因状语从句；“whichcorrespondedtoneeds为定语从”句，做

product的定语，关系词为which;“whichHollywoodcouldnotsupply为定语从句”，做needs

的定语，关系词为which。

5.Aswellaspopularaudiences,therewerealsoincreasingaudiencesforfilmswhichwere

artisticallymoreadventurousorwhichdealtwiththeissuesintheouterworld.（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestAsection3）

分析：本句的主句为“therewerealsoincreasingaudiencesforfilms”“,whichwere

artisticallymoreadventurous”和“whichdealtwiththeissuesintheouterworld为并列句，由or”连结，都为定语从句做films的定语，关系词都为which.

6.Theyturnedtheirbackonthepast,leavingthestyleofthepre-warRussiancinematothe

émigréswhofledwestwardstoescapetheRevolution.（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestAsection3）

分析：本句中“Theyturnedtheirbackonthepast为主句”；“leavingthestyleofthepre-warRussiancinematotheémigré为s现”在分词短语做状语；“whofledwestwardstoescapetheRevolution.为”定语从句，做themigréés的定语，关系词为who。

TareeofferstheVeterinaryAssistantprogramandhasintroduced‘Agristudy’which,enablesstudentstolearnflexiblyandbycorrespondence,usingamixtureofstudentlearning

guides,telephonetuorials,informationsessionsandworkshops.（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestBsection2）

分析：本句主句为“TareeofferstheVeterinaryAssistantprogramandhasintroduced

‘Agristudy’”,“whichenablesstudentstolearnflexiblyandbycorrespondence,usingamixtureof

studentlearningguides,telephonetuorials,informationsessionsandworkshops定从句，做”

‘Agristudy的定’，关系which。

8.ForhisastonishingachievementshewasawardedtheNobelPrizeanditisfromhiswork

thatmostoftoday’sknowledgeofwhatbeessaytoeachotherderives（.4,GeneralTraining

TestBsection3）

分析：本句并列句，“ForhisastonishingachievementshewasawardedtheNobelPrize”

和“itisfromhisworkthatmostoftoday’sknowledgeofwhatbeessaytoeachotherderives并”

列，由and接，并且“itisfromhisworkthatmostoftoday’sknowledgeofwhatbeessaytoeach

otherderives”句式；“whatbeessaytoeachotherwhat引”的从句，做of的。

9.VonFrischknewfromexperimentsbyanearlierresearcherthatifheputoutabowlof

sweetsugarsyrup,beesmightatfirsttakesometimetofinditbut,oncetheyhaddoneso,withinthehour,hundredsofotherbeeswouldbeeagerlytakingthesyrup.（4,GeneralTrainingTestBsection3）

分析：本句的主句“VonFrischknewfromexperimentsbyanearlierresearcherthat⋯”;

“thatifheputoutabowlofsweetsugarsyrup,beesmightatfirsttakesometimetofinditbut,oncetheyhaddoneso,withinthehour,hundredsofotherbeeswouldbeeagerlytakingthesyrup

that引的从句，做knew的；句子“ifheputoutabowlofsweetsugarsyrup,beesmightatfirsttakesometimetofindit和句子“once”theyhaddoneso,withinthehour,hundreds

ofotherbeeswouldbeeagerlytakingthesyrup并列，由but”接；句子“ifheputoutabowlof

sweetsugarsyrup,beesmightatfirsttakesometimetofindit中的“ifheputoutabowl”ofsweet

sugarsyrup”if引的条件状从句；句子“oncetheyhaddoneso,withinthehour,hundreds

ofotherbeeswouldbeeagerlytakingthesyrup中的“oncethey”haddonesoonce”引的状从句。

Inthefirsttype,areturningscoutscamperedincircle,alternatingtorightandleft,stoppingoccasionallytoregurgitatefoodsamplestotheexcitedbeeschasingafterher.（4,

GeneralTrainingTestBsection3）

分析：本句主句“areturningscoutscamperedincircle”;“alternatingtoright和andleft”

“stoppingoccasionallytoregurgitatefoodsamplestotheexcitedbeeschasingafterher均在

分短做陪同状，引省略；“chasingafterher”在分短做定，做bees的定。

Inthethird,distinctlydifferentdance,shestartedbyrunningashortdistanceinastraightline,wagglingherbodyfromsidetoside,andreturninginasemi-circletothestartingpoint

beforerepeatingtheprocess.（4,GeneralTrainingTestBsection3）

分析：本句的主句“shestartedbyrunningashortdistanceinastraightline”;“waggling

herbodyfromsidetoside和“returning”inasemi-circletothestartingpoint并列，都”在分

短做陪同状；“beforerepeatingtheprocessbefore”引的在分短做状。

1.Theproblemofhowhealth-careresourcesshouldbeallocatedorapportioned,sothattheyaredistributedinthemostjustandefficientway,isnotanewone.（4,test4passage3）分析：本句的主句“Theproblemisnotanewone；”“howhealth-careresourcesshouldbeallocatedorapportioned,sothattheyaredistributedinthemostjustandefficientwayhow引的从句，做of的；“sothattheyaredistributedinthemostjustandefficientway”sothat引的目的状从句。2.Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.（4,test4passage3）分析：本句的主句“Whatisnewisthat；⋯”“that,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.that引的表从”句；“regardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources”

在分短做定。

Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthat

resourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacity

ofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.（

4,test4passage3）

分析：本句，主句“thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocieties；“that”resourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustible和“thatthecapacityof”natureor

theenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofiniteand接的并”列从句，都是that引的同位从句，做awareness的同位。

Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastin

principle;the‘invisiblehand’ofeconomicprogresswould（provide4,test4.passage3）

分析：本句分号接的两个分句，第一个分句，其主句“itnowseemsquite

incrediblethat⋯inprinciple其中”it形式主，that引主从句；“thatemergedinmany

countriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar”定从句，作nationalhealth

system的定，关系that；在that引的主从句中，“thatallthebasichealthneedsof

anycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciplethat引的主从”句，it做形式主。

第二个分句句。

5.Althoughthelanguageof‘rights’sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).（

4,test4passage3）

分析：本句的主句“itwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearightto

health-care，”其中it形式主，“thatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care”that引的主

从句；“Althoughthelanguageof‘rights’sometimesleadstoconfusionalthough”引的步状；括号部分附加/充的信息，though引的步状从句，在此从句中，“thatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care”that引的同位从句，做idea的同位。

Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealth-careresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.（4,test4passage3）

分析：本句中“thatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethat

adequatehealth-careresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse为that引导的主”语从句，it

做形式主语；和“thatadequatehealth-careresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse为that”

引导的宾语从句，做ensure的宾语。

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrightto

health-carebesatisfiedbythestate.（剑4,test4passage3）

分析：本句主句为“peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebe

satisfiedbythestate.”“Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthat-carehealthresourcescould

notpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem”为时间状语，其中“whenitbecame

obviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem为”定语从句，做thetime的定语，关系词为when；“thattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebe

satisfiedbythestate为that引”导的宾语从句，做demand的宾语。

Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersof

health-careresources.（剑4,test4passage3）

分析：本句主句为“Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesstemsfromthedramaticrisein

healthcostsinmostOECDcountries；“that”haveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresources.为”定语从句，做changes的定语，关系词为that；“accompaniedby

large-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.为过”去

分词短语做状语，其中“whichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenow

major(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.为定”语从句，做

changes的定语，关系词为which,“thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyvery

expensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.为that”引导的宾语从句，做mean的宾语。

9.Beginningassomethingunusualinahandfulofbigcities—NewYork,London,Parisand

Berlin—thenewmediumquicklyfounditswayacrosstheworld,attractinglargerandlarger

audienceswhereveritwasshownandreplacingotherformsofentertainmentasitdidso.（剑4,GeneralTrainingTestApassage3）

分析：本句的主句为“thenewmediumquicklyfounditswayacrosstheworld；“Beginning”

assomethingunusualinahandfulofbigcities—NewYork,London,ParisandBerlin现在分词”短语做状语；“attractinglargerandlargeraudienceswhereveritwasshownandreplacingother

formsofentertainmentasitdidso”两个并列的分词短语做状语，其中“whereveritwas

shown”wherever引导的为地址状语，“asitdidso为as”导的状语从句。引

1.Thesemethodsincludestrengthtrainingthatduplicateswhattheyaredoingintheirrunning

eventsaswellasplyometrics,atechniquepioneeredintheformer

SovietUnion.

（剑4,test4

passage1）分析：本句的主句为“Thesemethodsincludestrengthtraining；“that”duplicateswhatthey

aredoingintheirrunningeventsaswellasplyometrics为定语”从句，做“strengthtraining的定

语，关系词为that；“whattheyaredoingintheirrunningeventsaswellasplyometrics为宾语从

句，由what引导；“atechniquepioneeredintheformerSovietUnion为plyometrics”的同位语。

2.Abiomechanicfilmsanathleteinactionandthendigitizesherperformance,recordingthe

motionofeveryjointandlimbinthreedimensions.（剑4,test4passage1）

分析：本句的主句为“Abiomechanicfilmsanathleteinactionandthendigitizesher

performance；”“recordingthemotionofeveryjointandlimbinthreedimensions为现在分词短

”

”

”

语做状语。Thatunderstandingtookthelateranalysisofbiomechanicsspecialists,whoputtheirmindstocomprehendingsomethingthatwastoocomplexandunorthodoxevertohavebeeninvented

throughtheirownmathematicalsimulations.（剑4,test4passage1）

分析：本句较长，主句为“Thatunderstandingtookthelateranalysisofbiomechanics

specialists；“”whoputtheirmindstocomprehendingsomething为定语从句，”做biomechanicsspecialists的定语，关系词为who；“thatwastoocomplexandunorthodoxevertohavebeeninventedthroughtheirownmathematicalsimulations也是定语从句，”做something的定语，关系词为that。4.Butitisalsothepainstakingtaskofinterpretation,sothatwecometounderstandwhatthesethingsmeanforthehumanstory.（剑4,test4passage2）

分析：本句的主句为“Butitisalsothepainstakingtaskofinterpretation；“sothatwe”cometounderstandwhatthesethingsmeanforthehumanstory为sothat引导的”结果状语从句；“whatthesethingsmeanforthehumanstory为what引”导的宾语从句，做understand的宾语。

Anthropologistsalsousetheterm‘culture'inamorerestrictedsensewhentheyrefertothe‘culture'ofaparticularsociety,meaningthenon-biologicalcharacteristicsuniquetothatsociety,whichdistinguishitfromothersocieties.（剑4,test4passage2）

分析：本句的主句为“Anthropologistsalsousetheterm‘culture'inamorerestricted，sense

“whentheyrefertothe‘culture'ofaparticular为societywhen引导的时间状语”从句；“meaning

thenon-biologicalcharacteristicsuniquetothatsociety为”现在分词短语做定语；“which

distinguishitfromothersocieties为非限制性定”语从句，关系词为which。

6.Physicalanthropology,orbiologicalanthropologyasitisalsocalled,concernsthestudyof

humanbiologicalorphysicalcharacteristicsandhowtheyevolved.（剑4,test4passage2）

分析：本句的主句为“Physicalanthropology,orbiologicalanthropologyconcernsthestudy

ofhumanbiologicalorphysicalcharacteristicsandhowtheyevolved；“asitisalsocalled”定语”

从句，做biologicalanthropology的定语，关系词为as；“howtheyevolved为”how引导的宾

语从句，做concern的宾语。

7.Whereasculturalanthropologistswilloftenbasetheirconclusionsontheexperienceof

livingwithincontemporarycommunities,archaeologistsstudypastsocietiesprimarilythrough

theirmaterialremains—thebuildings,tools,andotherartifactsthatconstitutewhatisknownas

thematerialcultureleftoverfromformersocieties.（剑4,test4passage2）

分析：本句主句为“archaeologistsstudypastsocietiesprimarilythroughtheirmaterial

remains；”“Whereasculturalanthropologistswilloftenbasetheirconclusionsontheexperienceof

livingwithincontemporarycommunities为”whereas引导的退步状语从句；“thatconstitutewhat

”

isknownasthematerialcultureleftoverfromformersocieties为定”语从句，做thebuildings,

tools,andotherartifacts的定语，关系词为that；“whatisknownasthematerialcultureleftoverfromformersocieties为what”引导的宾语从句，做constitute的宾语。

Archaeologistsinrecentdecadeshavedeveloped‘ethnoarchaeology',where,likeethnographers,theyliveamongcontemporarycommunities,butwiththespecificpurposeoflearninghowsuchsocietiesusematerialculture—howtheymaketheirtoolsandweapons,why

theybuildtheirsettlementswheretheydo,andsoon.（剑4,test4passage2）

分析：本句主句为“Archaeologistsinrecentdecadeshavedeveloped‘ethnoarchaeology'；”

“where,likeethnographers,theyliveamongcontemporarycommunities,butwiththespecific

purposeoflearninghowsuchsocietiesusematerialculture为定语从句，做”‘ethnoarchaeology'的定语，关系词为where；“howsuchsocietiesusematerialculture为how”引导的宾语从句，

做learn的宾语；“howtheymaketheirtoolsandweapons,whytheybuildtheirsettlementswhere

theydo位”于破折号后边，讲解前文中的“howsuchsocietiesusematerialculture也是how和”,why引导的宾语从句；“wheretheydo为where”引导的地址状语从句。

Heritagestudiesconstituteadevelopingfield,whereitisrealizedthattheworld'sculturalheritageisadiminishingresourcewhichholdsdifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeople.（剑4,

test4passage2）分析：本句的主句为“Heritagestudiesconstituteadevelopingfield；“where”itisrealizedthattheworld'sculturalheritageisadiminishingresource为定语从句，做adeveloping”field的定语，关系词为where；“thattheworld'sculturalheritageisadiminishingresource为that引导”的主语从句，it为形式主语；“whichholdsdifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeople.为定语从句”，做adiminishingresource的定语，关系词为which。10.Toarchaeology,whichstudiesallculturesandperiods,whetherwithorwithoutwriting,thedistinctionbetweenhistoryandpre-historyisaconvenientdividinglinethatrecognizestheimportanceofthewrittenword,butinnowaylessenstheimportanceoftheimportanceoftheusefulinformationcontainedinoralhistories.（剑4,test4passage2）分析：本句较长，主句为“thedistinctionbetweenhistoryandpre-historyisaconvenientdividingline；“”whichstudiesallculturesandperiods,whetherwithorwithoutwriting为定语从”句，做archaeology的定语，关系词为which；“thatrecognizestheimportanceofthewrittenword,butinnowaylessenstheimportanceoftheimportanceoftheusefulinformation也是定语从句，”做dividingline的定语，关系词为that；“containedinoralhistories为过去”分词短语作定语，限制usefulinformation。

Sincetheaimofarchaeologyistheunderstandingofhumankind,itisahumanisticstudy,

andsinceitdealswiththehumanpast,itisahistoricaldiscipline.（剑4,test4passage2）

分析：本句为并列句，由and连结，句子“Sincetheaimofarchaeologyistheunderstanding

ofhumankind,itisahumanisticstudy和句子“since”itdealswiththehumanpast,itisahistorical

discipline.并列”；句子“Sincetheaimofarchaeologyistheunderstandingofhumankind,itisahumanisticstudy中”主句为“itisahumanisticstudy”“,Sincetheaimofarchaeologyisthe

understandingofhumankind”为since引导的原因状语从句；句子“sinceitdealswiththehumanpast,itisahistoricaldiscipline中主”句为“itisahistoricaldiscipline“”since,itdealswiththehumanpast为”since引导的原因状语从句。1.Thedominantidea,raisedby64%ofthepupils,wasthatrainforestsprovideanimalswith

habitats.（test1passage1）

分析：“raisedby64%ofthepupils”去分短作定，

animalswithhabitats”表从句，作was的表，本句的主句

“thatrainforestsprovide

“Thedominantidea⋯was

that

⋯”。

Theseobservationsaregenerallyconsistentwithourpreviousstudiesofpupils'viewsabouttheuseandconservationofrainforests,inwhichgirlswereshowntobemoresympathetic

toanimalsandexpressedviewswhichseemtoplaceanintrinsicvalueonnon-humananimallife.

test1passage1）

分析：本句的主句是“Thesebservationsaregenerallyconsistentwithourpreviousstudiesofpupils'viewsabouttheuseandconservationofrainforests而”后,面的“inwhichgirlswereshowntobemoresympathetictoanimalsandexpressedviewswhichseemtoplaceanintrinsic

valueonnon-humananimallife”定从句，而在此定从句中有一个