翻译资格考试（catti）一级笔译材料七

MobileTelecoms:Wireless:TheNextGeneration移动通信：无线：下一世代（节选）Anewwaveofmobiletechnologyisonitsway,and

willbringdrasticchange

酝酿中的新一代移动技术将带来巨变Thefutureisalreadyarriving,itisjustaquestionofknowingwheretolook.OnChangshouRoadinShanghai,eagleeyesmayspotanoddrectangularobjectontopofanofficeblock:itisacollectionof128miniatureantennae.PedestriansinManhattancancatchaglimpseofapparatusthatlookslikeavideocameraonastand,butjerksaroundandhasastrange,hornlikeprotrusionwherethelensshouldbe.Itblastsanarrowbeamofradiowavesatbuildingssotheycanbouncetheirwaytothereceiver.ThecampusoftheUniversityofSurreyinGuildford,England,isdottedwith44antennae,whichformvirtualwirelesscellsthatfollowadevicearound.未来已然在目，只在于我们放眼何方。上海的长寿路上,目光敏锐的人会发现一座办公楼的楼顶架着奇怪的矩形物体：由128条微型天线组成的设备。在曼哈顿，行人会瞥见摄像头般的装置立在支架上，不但会猛然转动，而且在本应是镜头的位置有奇怪的角状突出。该装置向建筑物发射窄束无线电波，经过反射的电波可以传给接收器。萨里大学(UniversityofSurrey)在英格兰吉尔福德(Guildford)的校园内分布着44台天线，形成一套虚拟的无线基站，供手机使用。Theseantennaearevanguardsofanewgenerationofwirelesstechnologies.Althoughthepreviousbatch,collectivelycalled"fourthgeneration”,or4G,isstillbeingrolledoutinmanycountries,thetelecomsindustryhasalreadystartedworkingonthenext,5G.OnFebruary12thAT&T,America1ssecond-largestmobileoperator,saiditwouldbegintestingwhetherprototype5Gcircuitryworksindoors,followingsimilarnewsinSeptemberfromVerizon,thenumberone.SouthKoreawantstohavea5GnetworkupandrunningwhenithoststheWinterOlympicsin2018;Japanwantsthesameforthesummergamesin2020.Whentheindustryhelditsannualjamboree,MobileWorldCongress,inBarcelonainFebruary,5Gtoppedtheagenda.这些天线是新一代无线技术的前沿成果。虽然许多国家仍在推广被统称为"第四代"（即4G）的前T弋无线技术，但电信业已经迈向下一代技术即5G的研发。2月12日，美国第二大移动运营商AT&T表示将试验5G原型电路能否在室内接通。而早在去年9月，美国第一大移动运营商Verizon也做过类似的实验。韩国希望在2018年主办冬季奥运会时能建成并启用5G网络旧本希望在2020年主办夏季奥运会时实现同样的愿景。2月在无线业界于巴塞罗那召开的年度峰会世界移动通信大会(MobiIeWorldCongress)上,5G技术成为首要议题。MobiletelecomshavecomealongwaysinceMartinCooperofMotorola,inventoroftheDynaTAC,thefirstcommerciallyavailablehandset,demonstrateditin1973.Intheearly2000s,when3Gtechnologymadeweb-browsingfeasibleonmobiles,operatorssplashedoutmorethan$100billiononradio-spectrumlicences,onlytofindthatthetechnologymosthadagreedtousewashardertoimplementthanexpected.自摩托罗拉的马丁•库帕(MartinCooper)在1973年展示其发明的首款商用手机DynaTAC以来，移动通讯已有长足的发展。21世纪初，3G技术使手机上网成为可能，运营商于是砸出超过千亿美元购入无线电频谱牌照，却发现这项大多数人已同意使用的技术推广起来难于预期。Theadventof5Gislikelytobringanothersplurgeofinvestment,justasordersfor4Gequipmentarepeaking.Thegoalistobeabletoofferusersnolessthanthenperceptionofinfinitecapacity0,saysRahimTafazolli,directorofthe5GInnovationCentreattheUniversityofSurrey.Rarewillbethedevicethatisnotwirelesslyconnected,fromself-drivingcarsanddronestothesensors,industrialmachinesandhouseholdappliancesthattogetherconstitutethe“internetofthings”(loT).正当4G设备迎来订单高峰之际,5G的出现很可能激发另一轮投资热潮。目标是至少给用户以"功能无限的印象"，萨里大学5G创新中心主任拉希姆・塔法佐利(RahimTafazolli)说。将来，从无人驾驶汽车、无人机到构成”物联网"的一切传感器、工业机械及家用电器，几乎所有设备都能无线联网。Itiseasytodismissallthisas"alotofhype”,inthewordsofKesterMannofCCSInsight,aresearchfirm.Whenitcomesto5G,muchisstillupintheair:notonlywhichbandofradiospectrumandwhichwirelesstechnologieswillbeused,butwhatstandardsmakersofnetworkgearandhandsetswillhavetocomplywith.Telecomsfirmshavereachedconsensusonlyonasetofrough“requirements”.Themostimportantareconnectionspeedsofupto10gigabitspersecondandresponsetimes("latency")ofbelow1millisecond.视这一切为"炒作"并嗤之以鼻很容易，研究公司CCSInsight的凯斯特・曼(KesterMann)说道。提至I」5G,大都未有定论：不只是利用哪一频段的无线电频谱及哪些无线技术未定，还有网络设备及手机制造商须遵照哪些标准也未确定。电信公司已就一套宽泛的"要求"达成共识。最重要的是连接速度最高要达到lOGbps,而且响应时间("网络延迟")须低于一毫秒。Yetthemomentumisreal.SouthKoreaandJapanarefront-runnersinwiredbroadband,andOlympicgamesareanopportunitytoshowtheworldthattheyintendalsotostayaheadinwireless,evenifthatmaymeanhavingtoupgradetheir5Gnetworkstocomplywithaglobalstandardonceitisagreed.AT&TandVerizonbothinvestedearlyin4G,andwouldliketoleadagainwith5G.Themarketfornetworkequipmenthaspeaked,asrecentresultsfromEricssonandNokiashow,sothemakersalsoneedanewgenerationofproductsandnewgroupsofcustomers.然而，势头已然成真。韩国和日本是有线宽带建设的领跑国家，举办奥运会是一个机会，向世界展现它们也想要领跑无线领域，即便这意味着在全球标准议定出台后它们可能必须升级其5G网络以符合标准要求。AT&T及Verizon均在早期率先投资4G，如今同样希望在5G上再度领先。正如爱立信和诺基亚最近业绩所显示的那样，网络设备市场已经饱和，因此制造商也需要新一代产品及新的客户群。Onthedemandside,too,pressureismountingforbetterwirelessinfrastructure.Therapidgrowthindatatrafficwillcontinuefortheforeseeablefuture,saysSundeepRanganofNYUWireless,adepartmentofNewYorkUniversity.Accordingtooneestimate,networksneedtobereadyfora1,000-foldincreaseindatavolumesinthefirsthalfofthe2020s.Andtheradiospectrumusedby4G,whichmostlysitsbelow3gigahertz,isrunningout,andthusgettingmoreexpensive.AnauctioninAmericalastyearrakedin$45billion.需求方面也一样，改善无线基础设施的呼声日益迫切。纽约大学无线研究中心(NYUWireless)的森迪普・兰根(SundeepRangan)表示，在可预见的未来，数据流量将继续快速增长。据估计，在本世纪20年代的前五年，网络需要准备好迎接上千倍的数据量增长。而4G所用的无线电频段（大多低于3GHz）已逐渐稀缺，且愈加昂贵，去年美国一次竞拍便卖得450亿美元。Butthepathtoa5Gwirelessparadisewillnotbesmooth.Itisnotonlytheusualtelecomssuspectswhowillwantasayinthismotherofallnetworks.Mediacompanieswillwantprioritytobegiventogenerousbandwidth,sotheycanstreamfilmswitheverhigherresolution.MostloTfirmswillnotneedmuchbandwidth,butwillwanttheirsensorstorunononesetofbatteriesforyears-sotheywillwantthe5Gstandardtoputapremiumonlowpowerconsumption.Online-gamingfirmswillworryaboutlatency:playerswillcomplainifitistoohigh.但通往5G无线天堂的道路不会一帆风顺。对这一“万网之源"，争取话事权的不单是惯常那些电信企业。媒体公司希望优先获得更高的带宽，以便其以更高分辨率在线播放影片。大部分物联网企业不需要太大的带宽，而是想自己的传感器能靠一组电池续航数年，所以它们会希望5G标准重视低功耗。网游公司会担心网络延迟的问题：假如延迟过久,玩家会抱怨。Themostimportantsetofnewactors,however,areinformation-technologyfirms.ThelikesofApple,IBMandSamsunghaveabiginterestnotonlyinsellingmoresmartphonesandothermobiledevices,butalsoinloT,whichistippedtogeneratethenextbigwaveofrevenuesforthemandothercompanies.Google,whichalreadyoperateshigh-speedfibre-opticnetworksinseveralAmericancitiesandmaybetemptedtobuildawirelessone,hasshownaninterestin5G.In2014itboughtAlpentalTechnologies,astartupwhichwasdevelopingacheap,high-speedcommunicationsserviceusingextremelyhighradiofrequencies,knownas^millimetrewave"(mmWave),thespectrumbandsabove3gigahertzwheremostof5Gisexpectedtolive.然而，最重要的新登场者是信息技术公司。苹果、IBM、三星这类企业不但关心卖出更多的智能手机及其他移动设备，对于物联网这据称将为其带来下一波收入巨浪的领域，他们也饶有兴致。谷歌已在美国多个城市运营高速光纤网络业务，而且可能有意打造无线网络，目前该公司已对5G表示兴趣。2014年，谷歌收购了创业公司AlpentalTechnologies，该公司当时正在研发通过极高频无线电提供廉价而高速的通讯服务，即所谓的"毫米波"（mmWave,频段高于3GHz,也是5G预期主要使用的频段）。Tosatisfyalltheseactorswillnotbeeasy,predictsUlfEwaldsson,Ericsson/schieftechnologyofficer.Questionsoverspectrummaybetheeasiesttosolve,inpartbecausetheWorldRadiocommunicationConference,establishedbyinternationaltreaty,willsettlethem.Itslastgathering,inNovember,failedtoagreeonthefrequenciesfor5G,butitisexpectedtodosowhenitnextmeetsin2019.ItislikelytocarveoutspaceinthemmWavebands.TestssuchastheoneinManhattanmentionedabove,whichareconductedbyresearchersfromNYUWireless,haveshownthatsuchbandscanbeusedfor5G:althoughtheyareblockedevenbythinobstacles,theycanbemadetobouncearoundthem.要满足所有各方所求并非易事，爱立信首席技术官乌尔夫•艾华信(UlfEwaldsson)预言道。频段问题也许是最容易解决的，一方面是因为按国际条约成立的世界无线