语音学与语言学作练习集带答案

articulation?articulation?语言学温习习题集PartOneExercisesforPhoneticsFillintheblanks.phoneticsstudiesthemovementofthevocalorgansofproducingthesoundsofspeech.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthecomingfromthelungs..Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowelsoundsare.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionoftheandthetips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetowhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail-veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbours.

isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Accordingto,whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.II・Choosethebestanswer.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.B.toneD.voiceisputinslashes.B.toneD.voiceisputinslashes.B.phoneC.pronunciationConventionallyaA.allophoneC.phonemeD.morphemeC.phonemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analogues B.tagmemesC.morphemes D.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas.A.gottis B.vocalcavityC.pharynx D.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wide B.closingC.narrow D.centeringAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairs B.allomorphsG.phones D.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.Acousticphonetics. B.Articulatoryphonetics.C.Auditoryphonetics. D.Neitherofthem.WhichoneisdifferentfromtherestthreeaccordingtomannersofA.[z] B.[w]C.[0] D.[v]Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?[nl C.El][m] D.EP]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i：] B.Eu]C.[el D.Ei]Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.Voiceless B.VoicedC.Glottalstop D.ConsonantWhichconsonantrepresentsthefollowingdescription：voicelesslabiodentalfricative?A.[f] B.[0]C.[z] D.Es]III♦Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretmie[T]orfalse[F]."25.Ofthethreephoneticsbranches,thelongestestablishedone,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.一26.Sound[p[intheword"spit"isanunaspiratedstop.27.Supersegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.28.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.29.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheother.30.[p]isvoicedbilabialstop.31.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeech

sounds.32.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.pureormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.34.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.35.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceas 36.toiswheretoplaceaconsonant,Explainthefollowingterms*35.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceas 36.toiswheretoplaceaconsonant,Explainthefollowingterms*37.Minimalpair39.Suprasegmentalfeature41.Roundedvowel43.Vowelglides45.Allophonesitisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.38.Soundassimilation40.Freevariation42.Pitch44.AnticipatorycoarticulationComplementarydistributionSonorityscaleDistinctivefeaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestions.Whatismeantbyphonetictranscription?Inwhichtwowaysmayconsonantsbeclassified?KeysI.Fillintheblanks.Articulatoryairstreamvoiced;voiceless;voicedfrictiontongueheightArticulatoryairstreamvoiced;voiceless;voicedfrictiontongueheightobstructionminimalpairs9.diphthongsobstructionminimalpairs9.diphthongsCoarticulationPhonemesthemaximalonsetprincipleCoarticulationPhonemesthemaximalonsetprincipleII・Choosethebestanswer.13.A14.C15.D16.A17.A18.D19.B20.B21.A22.B23.B24.AIII.DecidewhethertheMowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].35.[F]Itshouldbearticulatoryphonetics.26.[T]27.[T]28.[T]29.[T][F]Itisavoicelessbilabialstop.[F]Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.[T]33.[T]34.[T][F]InmanycasesthepronunciationofEnglishdependsonindividualspeaker*saccentandpersonalpreference.However,oneformofEnglishpronunciationisthemostcommonmodelaccentintheteachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage.ItiscalledReceivedPronunciation.[F]Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.PartTwoExercisesforMorphologyExercisesI.Fillintheblanks.Takeistheoftaking,takenandtook.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes;androot.Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways：,andAllwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot.Asnailsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongsto,class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.C.infix D.back-formationC.infix D.back-formationisextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda.(derivative;compound)12..II.Choosethebestanswer.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas.A.lexicalwords B.grammaticalwordsC.functionwords D.formwordsMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.B.freeA.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivationalC.boundTherearemorphemesintheworddenationalization?A.three B.fourC.five D.sixInEnglish-iseand-tionarecalled.A.prefixesC.infixesA.prefixesC.infixesD.freemorphemesMorphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields：thestudyofword-formationand.A.affixation B.etymology•(46)•C.inflection D.rootThethreesubtypesofaffixesare：prefix,suffixandA.derivationalaffix B.inflectionalaffixisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.Affixation B.back-formationD.AdditionC.InsertionD.AdditionThewordTBisformedinthewayofA.acronymyC.imitialismA.acronymyC.imitialismD.acronymyTherearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffixword"learned”isknownasa(n).A.derivationalmorphemeisknownasa(n).A.derivationalmorphemeinflectionalmorphemeThewordslikecomsatandblendingfreemorphemefreeformsitcomareformedbyB.clippingC.backformation D.acronymyofdisagreementsis.A. agreement B. agreeC. disagree D. disagreementAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor,A. lexeme B. phonememorpheme D. allomorphF.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].一25.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.6.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.7.Basereferstothepartofwordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofconversion.

Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Theword;whimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatop"(eia).Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.33：BackformationisaproductivewayofformingnounsinModernEnglish.34.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.35.Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.36.Allrootsarefreeandallaffixesarebound.IV.Explainthefollowingterm.37.Morphophonology39.Boundmorpheme37.Morphophonology39.Boundmorpheme41.Derivation43.Closed-classword45.Fullconversion47.Base38.Allomorph40.Backclipping42.Morphologicalrule44.Analogy46.Blending48.HybridV•Answerthefollowingquestions.Ofalltheword-formations,whichinvolvetheprocess,ofaddition?Whichtheprocessofsubtraction?Andwhichtheprocessoftransition?Illustratetheaxiom,“Theactualgrammaticalclassificationofanywordisdependentuponitsuse.Keys1•Fillintheblanks..b,ur.,,：4.vocabulary.b,ur.,,：4.vocabulary6.morpheme8.Backformation3.initialism;acronym5.solid;hyphenated;open7.close;open9.Conversion10.morphemic9.Conversion11.derivative;compound 12.partialII-Choosethebestanswer.13.A14.A15.C16.B19.B20.C21.C22.AIII.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue[T]orFalse[F][F]Phonetically,acompoundusuallyhasaselement,oramainstressonthefirstelementonthesecondelement.[T][F]Stemisthepartofwordthatremains%s：o：r.removed.[T]29.[T][F]Reduplicativecompoundisformedb_vrepeatalmostidenticalword.[T][F]Thenumberofsyllablesofawordisnotnecexmorphemes.[F]Backformationisaproductivewayofformingv[F]Inflectionandword-formationaretwosub-fieldsofmorphology..[F[Themeaningofacompoundcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts,andsometimesis[F]Rootsaredividedintofreerootsandboundalwaysfree.PartTwoExercisesforSyntaxExercisesI•Fillintheblanks.Aisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyaloneisknownasaclause.4.constructionisjusttheoppositeofendocentricconstruction.4.C.compound D.complexC.compound D.complexPhrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirproperties.Thelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplaceiscommonlytermedstructure.Thetermreferstotherelationbetweenanelementandanotherofthesamelevelandunderthesamenodeinatreediagram,andanyother;underthelatterelementaswell.constructionreferstotwoormorewords,phrasesorclauseshavingequivalentsyntacticstatus.ICanalysisemphasizesthestructureofasentence,seeingitasconsistingofwordgroupsfirst.Surfacestructurecanbecomethesoleresponsiblestructureforsemanticinterpretationbytheintroductionofthetheory.XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.e.g.the"NP〃"thegirlwhoiswateringtheflowers'consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthe,Nthehead,andSthecomplement.relationsrefertothestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence.II.Choosethebestanswer.Theheadofthephrase"thecityRome"isD_.A. thecityB.Rome C. city D. the city and RomeThephrase"ontheshelf"belongstoconstruction.A. endocentric B. exocentricC. subordinate D. coordinateThesentence “Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves”isasentence.*A.simple B.coordinateInacompletesentence,theincorporated,orsubordinateclauseisnormallycalleda(n)clause.calleda(n)clause.A.finiteB.non-infiniteA.finiteB.non-infiniteC.embeddedD.matrix17.isasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureC.embeddedD.matrix17.isasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.A.MorphologyB.SyntaxA.MorphologyB.SyntaxC.SemanticsD.PragmaticsC.SemanticsD.Pragmatics18.doesnotbelongtomajorsyntacticcategories.A.AuxiliaryB.NPC.ND.PP19.referstoconstructionwhereoneclauseiscoordinatedorconjoinedwithanother.18.doesnotbelongtomajorsyntacticcategories.A.AuxiliaryB.NPC.ND.PP19.referstoconstructionwhereoneclauseiscoordinatedorconjoinedwithanother.A.ConjoiningB.EmbeddingA.ConjoiningB.EmbeddingC.ConcordD.GovernmentThetermisusedinanarrowsensetoconcludeonlyreflexiveslikemyselfandreciprocalslikeeachother.A.pronominalB.anaphorC.r-expressionD.bindingInHalliday'sview,thefunctionoflanguageisrealizedasthetransitivitysysteminclausesasarepresentationofexperience.A,ideationalB.interpersonalC.textualD.socialThecriterionusedinICanalysisisA.transformationB.conjoiningC.groupingD.substitutabilityC.ConcordD.GovernmentThetermisusedinanarrowsensetoconcludeonlyreflexiveslikemyselfandreciprocalslikeeachother.A.pronominalB.anaphorC.r-expressionD.bindingInHalliday'sview,thefunctionoflanguageisrealizedasthetransitivitysysteminclausesasarepresentationofexperience.A,ideationalB.interpersonalC.textualD.socialThecriterionusedinICanalysisisA.transformationB.conjoiningC.groupingD.substitutabilityA.ConcordC.BindingA.ConcordC.Bindingisatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstructionsandintermsofcertaincategory.B.GovernmentD.C-commandThephrase“mysmallchild'scot"isanambiguousphrase,revealedbytreediagrams一A.one B.twoC.three D.fourIII•Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].25.Applicationofthetransformationa1rulesyieldsdeepstructure.26.Anendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasaheadedhasjustonehead.27.Movearuleitselfcanruleoutungrammaticalformsandresultin.grammaticalstrings.28.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronoun.29.Wordsinaparadigmaticrelationarecomparableintermsofsyntax：theyhavethesamesyntacticfeatures,sotheyarereplaceablewitneachothersemantically.一(F)30.Therelationshipbetweenanembeddedclauseanditsmatrixclauseoneofaparttoawhole.(T)constituentwhichisnotatthesametimeaconstructionisamorpheme,andaconstructionwhichisnotatthesametimeaconstituentisasentence.32.ICanalysiscanbeusedtoanalyzeallkindsofambiguousstructures.33.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasicmeaningofsentences.Asentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiscourse.34.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobepartedtothehearer.Thisiscalledthetheme.35.SyntacticcategoryreferstoallphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNP,VP,andPP,andword-levelsyntacticcategoriesthatserveasheadsofphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNandV.35.S-structureisalevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.IV.Explainthefollowingterms.37.Syntax 38.C-command40.Syntacticcategory39.Hierarchicalstructure

40.Syntacticcategory42.ICanalysis41.Phrasestructurerules42.ICanalysis43.Concord 44.X-bartheory45.Subordinateconstruction46.Deepstructure47.Tracetheory 48.Move-aAnswerthefollowingquestions.V.Answerthefollowingquestions：Whatisasentence?Whatisgrammaticality?Pleaseexplainwithexampleswhatisagrammaticalsentence?Considerthefollowingsentence,andthen,answerquestions(1)to(3).Theboysawthemanwiththetelescope.Isthissentenceambiguous?Ifso,describetheambiguitybrieflyinyourownwords.Drawtheconstituentstructuretreesforeachpossibleinterpretation.Whatcanbeknownabouttreediagramsfrom(1)and(2)?KeysI.Fillintheblanks.KeysI.Fillintheblanks.1.sentence2.transformational5.recursive 6.deephierarchical 10.traceGrammaticalII.Choosethebestanswer.D 14.B 15. A 16.C 17. BA 20.B 21. A 22.D 23. B3.finite 4.Exocentric7.C-command8.Coordinate11.specifier12.III.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]III.[F]Applicationofthetransformationalrulesyieldssurfacestructure.[F]Endocentricconstructionsmaybefurtherdividedintotwosubtypes：subordinateandcoordinateconstructions.Coordinateconstructionshavemorethanonehead.[F]Move-aruletogetherwithothersyntacticprinciples.[T][F]Theyarenotreplaceablewitheachothersemantically.[T]31.[T][F]Forexample,ICanalysiscannotbeusedtoanalyzethephrase"tloveofGod\[T]EF]Thisiscalledtherheme.[F]MajorsyntacticcategoryreferstoallphrasalsyntacticcategoriessasNP,VP,andPP,andword-levelsyntacticcategoriesthatservtheadsofphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNandV.[T]PartThreeExercisesforSemanticsExercisesI•Fillintheblanks.isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.isthefactthatwouldhavetoobtaininrealitytomakeapropositiontrueorfalse.“Charge"and"accuse〃aresaidtobesynonyms.Sentencemeaningisthecombinationofthecompoundwordsand.oppositesmaybeseenintermsofdegreesofqualityinvolved.Predicationanalysisistobreakdownpredicationsandintotheirconstituents: and sentencesexpressjudgment.Theambiguityofasentencemayarisefromand."mean"and"frugal“aresaidtobesynonyms.Wecalltherelationbetween"animal"and"cow〃as.Thehyponymsunderthesamesuperordinatearecalled.“Wordsarenamesoflabelsforthings."Thisviewiscalledtheoryinsemanticstudies.II.Choosethebestanswer.

inaperson1sspeech,orwriting,usuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualtoformalaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativecontext.A.Stylisticvariation B.IdeolectalvariationC.Socialvariationantonyms. D.RegionalvariationColdandhotareapairofcomp1ementaryreversalcomp1ementaryreversalB.namingunitscommunicationunitsD.conversenessIdiomsareA.sentencesC.phrasesdescribeswhetherapropositionistrueorfalse.B.Truthvaluedescribeswhetherapropositionistrueorfalse.B.TruthvalueD.TruthC.Truthcondition D.falsehooduJohnhitPeterManduPeterwashitbyJohn“arethesame.A.propositionB.sentence C.Utterance D.truthBull:(BOVINE)(MALE)(ADULT)isanexampleof.A.componentialanalysis B.predicationanalysisC.compositionality D.selectionrestrictionThesemantictriangleholdsthatthemeaningofaword.isinterpretedthroughthemediationofconcept.isrelatedtothethingitrefersto.istheideaassociatedwiththatwordinthemindsoftheimageitisrepresentedinthemind.Whenthetruthofsentence(a)guaranteesthetruthofsentence(b)andthefalsityofsentence(b)guaranteesthefalsityofsentence(a),wecansaythatsentence(a)presupposessentence(b),sentence(a)entailssentence(b)sentence(a)isinconsistentwithsentence(b)sentence(a)contradictssentence(b)'Socratesisaman“isacaseof.A. two-placepredicate B. one-placepredicateC. two-placeargument D. one-placeargument"JohnkilledBillbutBilldidntdie"isa(n).A. entailment B. presuppositionC.anomaly D.contradictionTheparticularwordsorconstructionsthatproducepresuppositionsiscalledA.presuppositioncondition B.truthconditionC.presuppositiontrigger D.TruthvalueLexicalambiguityarisesfrompolysemyorwhichcannotbedeterminedbythecontext.A.homonymy B.antonymyC.metonymy D.synonymyIII♦Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]・25.Interrogativeandimperativesentencesdonothavetruthvalue.26.Therelationshipbetween〃humanbody"and"face/nose〃ishyponymy.27.Componentialanalysisisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcannotbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeature.28.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipofthetwoitemsaresaidtoberelationalopposites.29.Onemeritofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.30.Hyponymyisamatterofclassmembership,soitisthesamea;meronymy.“Eitheritisraininghereoritisn，traininghere"isempiricallytrue.

32.Twosentencesusingthesamewordsmaymeanquitedifferently.33.Thelinguisticcontextconsiderstheprobabilityofoneword'srnoccurreneeorcollocationwithanother,whichformspartofthemeaning,andanimportantfactorincommunication.34.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferenaealwayshavethesamesense.Animportantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentispresupposition,unlikeentailment,isnotvulnerabletoneg.Thatistosay,ifasentenceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionstilltrue.Conceptualistsmaintainthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlinguformandwhatitrefersto.ThisviewcanbeseenbytheSemantictriangle.e90IV.Explainthefollowing37.ReferenceIV.Explainthefollowing37.Reference39.Synonymy41.Componentialanalysis43.Homonymy45.Proposition47.predictionanalysisterms.38.Conceptualism40.Entailment42.'Sense44.Semantics46.Semanticfield48.TruthconditionV.Answerthefollowingquestions.Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisintodistinctivefeatures?Whatissenseandwhatisreference?Howaretheyrelated?Keys.I•Fillintheblanks.1.sense 2.Truthcondition5.gradable4.themeaningofitsstructure5.gradableargument;predicateDeclarativeargument;predicateDeclarative9.emotive8.lexicalambiguity9.emotive10.hyponymynamingII.Choosethebestanswer.A 14.A 15.B16.B17.A18.A19.A20.B21.B22.D24.AIII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]：[T][F]Therelationshipshouldbemeronymy.[F]Componentialanalysisisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeature.：.[T]29.[T]30.[F]Meronymyisatermusedtodescribeaparfwholerelationship.31.[F]Itislinguisticallytrue.32.[T]33.[T][F[Linguisticformswiththesamereferencemayalsodifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressions"morningstar"and"eveningstar”.Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.[T]36.[T]IV.Explainthefollowingterms.Reference:Itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Conceptualism：Itistheviewwhichholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsintherind.39.Synonymy：Itreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Synonymscanbedividedintodialectalsynonyms,stylisticsynonyms,emotivesynonyms,collocationalsynonymsandsemanticsynonyms.Entailment：Itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication),anditcanbeclarifiedwiththefollowingsentences： (a)TomdivorcedJane.(b)JanewasTom，swife.Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences：whenAistrue,Bmustbealsotrue;whenBisfalse,Amustalsobefalse.WhenBistrue,Amaybetrueorfalse.ThereforewecansayAentailsB.Componentialanalysis：Itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeatures.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents：HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE.SimilarlygirlmaybeanalyzedinkHUMAN,YOUNGandFEMALE.Sense：Itisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Iti>thecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.Chapter7ExercisesforLanguage,CultureandSocietyI•Fillintheblanks.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,or,language.Aspeechisagroupofpeoplewhosharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+ishe's)・BlackEnglishcantheformof“be”.superposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Alanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunities.Alinguisticreferstoawordorthe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.Tabooandaretwofacesofthesamecommunicativecoin.Whorfproposedthatallhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependenton.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflecttheattitude

connotedinthelanguagethatissexist.Anethnic(dialectisspokenmainlybyalessexperiencedprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomesortofsocialisolation,suchasdiscrimination.Intermsofsociolinguistics,issometimesusedtorefertothewholeofaperson*slanguage.Inmanysocietiesoftheworld,wefindalargenumberofpeoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguage.Asacharacteristicofsocieties,inevitablyresultsfromthecomingintoculturesanddifferentlanguages,(bilingualism)II.•Choosethebestanswer.arelanguagevarietiesforuseinparticularspeechsituations.A.Slang B.AddresstermsC.Registers D.EducationvarietiesInsociolinguistics,referstosituationstypicallyconstrainedbyacommonsetofbehaviourrules.A.domainC.society15.B.・situationA.domainC.society15.D.communityisdefinedasanyregionallyorsociallydefinablehumangroupidentifiedbysharedlinguisticsystem.AspeechcommunityAraceAspeechcommunityAraceAsocietyAcountryAsocietyAcountry16.variationlanguageisthemostdiscernibleanddefinablein16.variationlanguageisthemostdiscernibleanddefinableinspeechvar