战略经济学(一)课件

战略经济学战略经济学1参考教材《战略经济学》，Besanko,Dranove,ShanleyandSchaefer,中国人民大学出版社参考教材《战略经济学》，Besanko,Dranove,2本章文献Teece,Economicanalysisandstrategicmanagement，1984,CaliforniaManagementReviewMintzberg,1987,THESTRATEGYCONCEPTI:FIVEPsFORSTRATEGY,CaliforniaManagementReview本章文献Teece,Economicanalysisan3导言：战略与经济学本章结构：一、从战略的定义看与经济学的关系二、战略管理的发展历程与经济学三、从现代企业的演进理解经济学的边际原理导言：战略与经济学本章结构：4从一个案例来理解战略的定义从一个案例来理解战略的定义5什么是战略strategyis“thedeterminationofthebasiclong-termgoalsandobjectivesofanenterprise,andtheadoptionofcoursesofactionandtheallocationofresourcesnecessaryforcarryingoutthegoals——钱德勒什么是战略strategyis“thedetermin6Thepatternofobjectives,purposesorgoals,andthemajorpoliciesandplansforachievingthesegoals,statedinsuchawayastodefinewhatbusinessthecompanyisinorshouldbeinandthekindofcompanyitisorshouldbe——Andrews，1971Thepatternofobjectives,pur7Competitivestrategyisaboutbeingdifferent.Itmeansdeliberatelychoosingadifferentsetofactivitiestodeliverauniquemixofvalue.

波特，1996Competitivestrategyisabout8战略经济学(一)9一个综合的定义：5PPlanPloyPatternPositionPerspective一个综合的定义：5PPlan10plan战略是有意识的、有企图的行为过程，应对环境的行动指南事先有意识地确定plan战略是有意识的、有企图的行为过程，应对环境的行动指南11ploy行动策略兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而扰之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。发展：敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。ploy行动策略12Pattern可以是理性的意图的，也可以是在一系列决策中自然而然产生的，它作为一种事后体会和总结成的模式而被追认和存在。表示不管是否意识到，一致性的行为或者说在决策序列中展示的一致性。Pattern可以是理性的意图的，也可以是在一系列决策中自然13PatternPattern14Position相对于竞争对手的定位揭示企业所选定的经营范围、产品与市场组合以及独特的竞争优势案例：新东方的初始定位Position相对于竞争对手的定位15Perspective企业的人格特点通过主导的和共享的价值体系和管理逻辑来感知世界。战略不是一个真实有形的物理存在，而是一种概念，一种概念化的存在，作为通过某种想像力虚构而成的记忆，储存于相关人士的脑海里。Perspective企业的人格特点16战略定义与经济学的关系经济学的要义：资源稀缺、选择、最大化战略定义与经济学的关系经济学的要义：17二、战略管理的发展历程与经济学

二、战略管理的发展历程与经济学

18专题/时间1960196519701975198019851990199520002005战略分析企业政策（勒尼德等，1965幻灯片21）产业结构分析（波特，1980）资源本位企业观（沃纳菲尔特，1984）资源本位企业观（巴尼，1991）动态能力（提斯等，1997）困境与出路（克里斯坦森2004）公司层战略战略与结构（小钱德勒，1962）公司战略（安索夫，1965）多样化战略（鲁梅尔特，1974，《战略、结构与经济绩效》，相关化）核心竞争力（普拉哈拉德和哈梅尔，1990）业务层战略市场营销战略对利润率的影响（巴泽尔等，1975）基本战略分类法（迈尔斯和斯诺。1978《组织战略、结构和过程》）超级竞争（达文尼，1994）竞合（布兰登伯格和纳尔巴夫，1996）蓝海战略（金诚和莫博涅，2005）专题/时间196019651970197519801985119专题/时间1960196519701975198019851990199520002005对战略过程的研究以及对高层管理团队的研究自生战略（明茨伯格，1978）逻辑渐进主义（奎恩，1980）高层管理团队（汉布里克与梅森，1984）知识本位企业观（格兰特，1996）商务畅销书市场上有关战略管理的论著管理的实践（彼得格鲁克，1954）经验曲线效应（波士顿咨询公司，1972）亨德森论管理战略（亨德森，1979）追求卓越（彼得斯和沃特曼，1982）像战略家一样思考（大前研一，1982）竞争的死亡：商务生态系统学说（摩尔，1996）基业长青（柯林斯和波勒斯，1996）执行（拉里博西迪、拉姆查兰，2002）公司进化论（摩尔，2007）专题/时间196019651970197519801985120(1)marketopportunity;(2)firmcompetenceandresources;(3)managers’personalvaluesandaspirations;and(4)obligationstosegmentsofsocietyotherthanthestockholders

Learnedetal.,1965Learned,E.P.,Christensen,C.R.,Andrews,K.R.,&Guth,W.D.1965/1969.BusinessPolicy:TextandCase(rev.ed.).Homewood,IL:RichardD.Irwin.(1)marketopportunity;(2)fi21为什么用经济学研究战略《追求卓越》（彼得斯和沃特曼，1982）采取行动；接近顾客；自主和创业精神；以人为本；亲身实践、价值驱动；坚持本业；组织单纯、人事精简；宽严并济八个特征基业长青（柯林斯，1996）造钟，不是报时；利润之上的追求；保存核心，刺激进步；胆大包天的目标；教派般的文化；择强汰弱的进化；自家长成的经理人；永远不够好；协调一致《从优秀到卓越》，（柯林斯，2001）

为什么用经济学研究战略《追求卓越》（彼得斯和沃特曼，19822商业分析方法的问题经济学强调解释规律，并强调适用条件抽象力的重要性，考虑任何原则的适用条件战略经济学(一)23战略的框架企业边界市场与竞争分析战略定位及其动态调整内部组织战略的框架企业边界24三、从现代企业的演进理解经济学的边际原理三、从现代企业的演进理解经济学的边际原理25经济学的边际原则经济学的边际原则26交易成本的问题交易成本的问题271840,1910andTodayTheyears1840,1910and2003representwidelydisparatebusinessconditionsAhistoricalanalysisofbusinessconditionsillustratesthedurabilityoffundamentaleconomicprinciplesbehindbusinessstrategy1840,1910andTodayTheyears28ConditionsofBusinessin1840:lifewithoutaModerninfrastructureConditionsofBusinessin184029Infrastructurein1840Infrastructureintransportation,communicationandfinancewerepoorlydevelopedin1840PoorinfrastructurewasbehindthedominanceofsmallfamilyfirmsinthatperiodInfrastructurein1840Infrastr30Transportationin1840Thoughrailroadshadbeguntoreplacehorseandwagonfortransportationofgoods,nationalrailwaynetworkhadnotyetarrivedWaterwaysusedforlongdistancetransportationwasstillininitialstagesofdevelopmentWithpoortransportation,producerswerelimitedtolocalmarketsTransportationin1840Thoughr31Communicationin1840缺乏基础的通信手段致使无法设置分支机构。影响铁路的运营时刻，从而阻碍了远距离商品传送Postalservicewhichwasthedominantmodeoflongdistancecommunicationstillreliedonthehorse邮费昂贵，且邮递的速度取决于天气，以致于重要邮件自己传递TelegraphwasstillinanearlystageandwasveryexpensivetouseCommunicationin1840缺乏基础的通信手段32Financein1840MostbusinesseswerepartnershipsandtheyfounditdifficulttoobtainlongtermdebtSharesofstockwerenoteasilytradedandcostofcapitalwashighNoinstitutionalmechanismexistedforhandlingbusinessriskFuturestrading第一个期货市场1858年在芝加哥成立Financein1840Mostbusinesses33ProductionTechnologyin1840MostfactoriesusedcenturyoldmethodsofproductionUseofstandardizedparts(prevalentinclocksandgunsthen)wasjustbeginningFactoriesoperatedonthebasisofinternalcontractswithsupervisorsleasingspace,hiringworkersandproducingthegoodsProductionTechnologyin1840M34Governmentin1840GovernmentwasinvolvedinlargeinfrastructureinvestmentssuchascanalsandrailroadsGovernmentalsoresolvedcommercialdisputesandsettherulesofthegameforthebusinesses制订标准（例如时间标准）Governmentin1840Governmentw35DoingBusinessin1840NumerousintermediariesFarmerstofactorstobrokersagentstobuyersSubstantialpriceriskforparticipantsDoingBusinessin1840Numerous36Businessin1840TechnologylimitedproductiontotraditionallevelsWithouttransportationinfrastructureandaccesstolargemarkets,massproductiontechnologieswouldnothavebeenusefulBusinessin1840Technologylim37Businessin1840Withoutcommunicationinfrastructure,informationonprices,sellersandbuyerswerenotreadilyavailableGiventhetremendousrisk,bankswereunwillingtofinancebusinessexpansionUndertheseconditions,businessesweresmallandinformallyorganizedBusinessin1840Withoutcommun38Theworldof1910Theworldof191039BusinessConditionsin1910Massproductiontechnologiesmadepossiblehighvolumelowcostmanufactureofgoods(大规模生产过程、流水线、打字机、复写纸、加法机、垂直报告系统等的出现)RailroadsdominatedtransportationandallowedmassdistributorstoreachwidelyscatteredcustomersTelegraphandtelephonesgreatlyimprovedlongdistancecommunicationsBusinessConditionsin1910Mas40Financein1910SecuritiesmarketstradedsharesoflargeindustrialfirmsCreditbureausmadecreditinformationeasilyaccessiblePublicdisclosureofaccountinginformationwasinvogueFinancein1910Securitiesmark41Governmentin1910Governmentregulationextendedtosuchareasascorporatelaw,antitrustandworkersafetyIncreasedregulationforcedmanagerstocollectalotofdataoninternaloperationsMandatorysecondaryschoolingprovidedthelaborforceneededbylargebureaucraticorganizationsGovernmentin1910Governmentr42Businessin1910Expandedinfrastructureallowedfirmstoexpandtheirmarkets,productlinesandproductionscaleNewtechnologiesallowedhighvolumestandardizedproductionGrowthoffinancialinfrastructuremadelargescalefirmsviable运输、通讯和金融机构占了美国经济的1/3Businessin1910Expandedinfra43大型企业占据主导地位企业采取横向一体化与纵向一体化的方式，大企业出现批量生产技术的出现——渠道的需求（容易收到渠道的影响）——纵向一体化多部门制或者M型企业的出现职业管理阶层的需要、科学管理、层级体系制度大型企业占据主导地位44阅读捕鲸业的例子阅读捕鲸业的例子45TheworldtodayTheworldtoday46TransportationInfrastructureTodayAir,railandgroundtransportationhavebecomebettercoordinated（containers）CitieslikeAtlantahavegrownrelyingonairtransportinspiteofpoorrailandwaterconnectionsTransportationInfrastructure47CommunicationsTelecommunicationtechnologymadeinstantaneoustransmissionofdatapossibleandcreatedglobalmarketsforsomeproductsandservicesCoordinationofactivitieshasbecomeeasierwithmoderncomputerandcommunicationtechnologies广播和电视的发展使得企业可以进行广告、商标等宣传CommunicationsTelecommunicatio48FinanceCapitalmarketsandfinancialinstitutionshavebecomemoreactiveinevaluatingfirmperformanceGlobalizationoffinancialmarketsmademanymergersandacquisitions(suchasDaimler-Chrysler,Sony-Columbia)possibleFinanceCapitalmarketsandfin49FinanceFinancialaccountingdevelopedtocopewiththecomplexitiesofmulti-divisionalfirmsGreatertransparencyinfinancialreporting(Sarbanes-Oxley)FinanceFinancialaccountingde50ProductionTechnologiesModerntechnologiessuchasCAD/CAMhavemadelowcosttailor-madeproductionfeasibleUseofnewtechnologiesoftenmeansreorganizingthefirmaroundthesetechnologiesProductionTechnologiesModern51GovernmentInsomeareastraditionalregulationhasbeenrelaxed(deregulationofairlines,trucking,financialservices)Regulationhasincreasedinotherareas(healthcare,workplacesafety,discrimination,environmentalprotection)GovernmentInsomeareastradit52GovernmentGovernmentsupportforbasicresearchandcommercializationofR&DprojectsIntergovernmentaltreatiesandagreementscreateregionalfreetradezonesGovernmentGovernmentsupportf53BusinessTodayStrategiesthatwereeffectivewhencompetitionwasessentiallydomesticdonotworkwellingloballycompetitivetimesInternalstructureoffirmshavebeenchanging,withfirmsfocussingontheircorebusinessesandleavingtheresttospecialistsTraditionalhierarchieswithinorganizationshavebeenweakeningBusinessTodayStrategiesthat54BusinessTodayAdvantageoflargescaleproductiondiminishedinsomeareasAdvancesincomputingandcommunicationlongwithindustrystandardshaveenabledcomplexcoordinationoverlongdistancesTheroleofthegeneralmanagerhaschangedasthestructureofthebusinessorganizationshaschangedBusinessTodayAdvantageoflar55InfrastructureinEmergingMarketsThevariationseenamong1840,1910and2006canbeseentoexisttodaywhenwelookatcrosssectionofcountriesUnliketheadvancednations,manydevelopingnationsstilllacktransportationandfinanceinfrastructuresBusinessesarereluctanttoinvestincountrieswherecorruption,cronyismandconflictsarerampantInfrastructureinEmergingMar56BusinessConditionsandStrategyVerticalintegrationwasnotneededin1840sincescaleofproductionwassmallVerticalintegrationtrendisbeingreversedtodaysincecomputerandcommunicationtechnologiesmakecomplexcoordinationoftaskspossibleInsomeinstances“virtualcorporation”beginstomakesenseBusinessConditionsandStrate57BusinessConditionsandStrategyBusinessconditionschangeovertimeandsodotheoptimalstrategiesPrinciplesneededtoarriveatsuccessfulstrategiesdonotchangeRecipeschangefromperiodtoperiodbutprinciplesbehindtherecipesdonotBusinessConditionsandStrate58战略经济学战略经济学59参考教材《战略经济学》，Besanko,Dranove,ShanleyandSchaefer,中国人民大学出版社参考教材《战略经济学》，Besanko,Dranove,60本章文献Teece,Economicanalysisandstrategicmanagement，1984,CaliforniaManagementReviewMintzberg,1987,THESTRATEGYCONCEPTI:FIVEPsFORSTRATEGY,CaliforniaManagementReview本章文献Teece,Economicanalysisan61导言：战略与经济学本章结构：一、从战略的定义看与经济学的关系二、战略管理的发展历程与经济学三、从现代企业的演进理解经济学的边际原理导言：战略与经济学本章结构：62从一个案例来理解战略的定义从一个案例来理解战略的定义63什么是战略strategyis“thedeterminationofthebasiclong-termgoalsandobjectivesofanenterprise,andtheadoptionofcoursesofactionandtheallocationofresourcesnecessaryforcarryingoutthegoals——钱德勒什么是战略strategyis“thedetermin64Thepatternofobjectives,purposesorgoals,andthemajorpoliciesandplansforachievingthesegoals,statedinsuchawayastodefinewhatbusinessthecompanyisinorshouldbeinandthekindofcompanyitisorshouldbe——Andrews，1971Thepatternofobjectives,pur65Competitivestrategyisaboutbeingdifferent.Itmeansdeliberatelychoosingadifferentsetofactivitiestodeliverauniquemixofvalue.

波特，1996Competitivestrategyisabout66战略经济学(一)67一个综合的定义：5PPlanPloyPatternPositionPerspective一个综合的定义：5PPlan68plan战略是有意识的、有企图的行为过程，应对环境的行动指南事先有意识地确定plan战略是有意识的、有企图的行为过程，应对环境的行动指南69ploy行动策略兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而扰之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。发展：敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。ploy行动策略70Pattern可以是理性的意图的，也可以是在一系列决策中自然而然产生的，它作为一种事后体会和总结成的模式而被追认和存在。表示不管是否意识到，一致性的行为或者说在决策序列中展示的一致性。Pattern可以是理性的意图的，也可以是在一系列决策中自然71PatternPattern72Position相对于竞争对手的定位揭示企业所选定的经营范围、产品与市场组合以及独特的竞争优势案例：新东方的初始定位Position相对于竞争对手的定位73Perspective企业的人格特点通过主导的和共享的价值体系和管理逻辑来感知世界。战略不是一个真实有形的物理存在，而是一种概念，一种概念化的存在，作为通过某种想像力虚构而成的记忆，储存于相关人士的脑海里。Perspective企业的人格特点74战略定义与经济学的关系经济学的要义：资源稀缺、选择、最大化战略定义与经济学的关系经济学的要义：75二、战略管理的发展历程与经济学

二、战略管理的发展历程与经济学

76专题/时间1960196519701975198019851990199520002005战略分析企业政策（勒尼德等，1965幻灯片21）产业结构分析（波特，1980）资源本位企业观（沃纳菲尔特，1984）资源本位企业观（巴尼，1991）动态能力（提斯等，1997）困境与出路（克里斯坦森2004）公司层战略战略与结构（小钱德勒，1962）公司战略（安索夫，1965）多样化战略（鲁梅尔特，1974，《战略、结构与经济绩效》，相关化）核心竞争力（普拉哈拉德和哈梅尔，1990）业务层战略市场营销战略对利润率的影响（巴泽尔等，1975）基本战略分类法（迈尔斯和斯诺。1978《组织战略、结构和过程》）超级竞争（达文尼，1994）竞合（布兰登伯格和纳尔巴夫，1996）蓝海战略（金诚和莫博涅，2005）专题/时间196019651970197519801985177专题/时间1960196519701975198019851990199520002005对战略过程的研究以及对高层管理团队的研究自生战略（明茨伯格，1978）逻辑渐进主义（奎恩，1980）高层管理团队（汉布里克与梅森，1984）知识本位企业观（格兰特，1996）商务畅销书市场上有关战略管理的论著管理的实践（彼得格鲁克，1954）经验曲线效应（波士顿咨询公司，1972）亨德森论管理战略（亨德森，1979）追求卓越（彼得斯和沃特曼，1982）像战略家一样思考（大前研一，1982）竞争的死亡：商务生态系统学说（摩尔，1996）基业长青（柯林斯和波勒斯，1996）执行（拉里博西迪、拉姆查兰，2002）公司进化论（摩尔，2007）专题/时间196019651970197519801985178(1)marketopportunity;(2)firmcompetenceandresources;(3)managers’personalvaluesandaspirations;and(4)obligationstosegmentsofsocietyotherthanthestockholders

Learnedetal.,1965Learned,E.P.,Christensen,C.R.,Andrews,K.R.,&Guth,W.D.1965/1969.BusinessPolicy:TextandCase(rev.ed.).Homewood,IL:RichardD.Irwin.(1)marketopportunity;(2)fi79为什么用经济学研究战略《追求卓越》（彼得斯和沃特曼，1982）采取行动；接近顾客；自主和创业精神；以人为本；亲身实践、价值驱动；坚持本业；组织单纯、人事精简；宽严并济八个特征基业长青（柯林斯，1996）造钟，不是报时；利润之上的追求；保存核心，刺激进步；胆大包天的目标；教派般的文化；择强汰弱的进化；自家长成的经理人；永远不够好；协调一致《从优秀到卓越》，（柯林斯，2001）

为什么用经济学研究战略《追求卓越》（彼得斯和沃特曼，19880商业分析方法的问题经济学强调解释规律，并强调适用条件抽象力的重要性，考虑任何原则的适用条件战略经济学(一)81战略的框架企业边界市场与竞争分析战略定位及其动态调整内部组织战略的框架企业边界82三、从现代企业的演进理解经济学的边际原理三、从现代企业的演进理解经济学的边际原理83经济学的边际原则经济学的边际原则84交易成本的问题交易成本的问题851840,1910andTodayTheyears1840,1910and2003representwidelydisparatebusinessconditionsAhistoricalanalysisofbusinessconditionsillustratesthedurabilityoffundamentaleconomicprinciplesbehindbusinessstrategy1840,1910andTodayTheyears86ConditionsofBusinessin1840:lifewithoutaModerninfrastructureConditionsofBusinessin184087Infrastructurein1840Infrastructureintransportation,communicationandfinancewerepoorlydevelopedin1840PoorinfrastructurewasbehindthedominanceofsmallfamilyfirmsinthatperiodInfrastructurein1840Infrastr88Transportationin1840Thoughrailroadshadbeguntoreplacehorseandwagonfortransportationofgoods,nationalrailwaynetworkhadnotyetarrivedWaterwaysusedforlongdistancetransportationwasstillininitialstagesofdevelopmentWithpoortransportation,producerswerelimitedtolocalmarketsTransportationin1840Thoughr89Communicationin1840缺乏基础的通信手段致使无法设置分支机构。影响铁路的运营时刻，从而阻碍了远距离商品传送Postalservicewhichwasthedominantmodeoflongdistancecommunicationstillreliedonthehorse邮费昂贵，且邮递的速度取决于天气，以致于重要邮件自己传递TelegraphwasstillinanearlystageandwasveryexpensivetouseCommunicationin1840缺乏基础的通信手段90Financein1840MostbusinesseswerepartnershipsandtheyfounditdifficulttoobtainlongtermdebtSharesofstockwerenoteasilytradedandcostofcapitalwashighNoinstitutionalmechanismexistedforhandlingbusinessriskFuturestrading第一个期货市场1858年在芝加哥成立Financein1840Mostbusinesses91ProductionTechnologyin1840MostfactoriesusedcenturyoldmethodsofproductionUseofstandardizedparts(prevalentinclocksandgunsthen)wasjustbeginningFactoriesoperatedonthebasisofinternalcontractswithsupervisorsleasingspace,hiringworkersandproducingthegoodsProductionTechnologyin1840M92Governmentin1840GovernmentwasinvolvedinlargeinfrastructureinvestmentssuchascanalsandrailroadsGovernmentalsoresolvedcommercialdisputesandsettherulesofthegameforthebusinesses制订标准（例如时间标准）Governmentin1840Governmentw93DoingBusinessin1840NumerousintermediariesFarmerstofactorstobrokersagentstobuyersSubstantialpriceriskforparticipantsDoingBusinessin1840Numerous94Businessin1840TechnologylimitedproductiontotraditionallevelsWithouttransportationinfrastructureandaccesstolargemarkets,massproductiontechnologieswouldnothavebeenusefulBusinessin1840Technologylim95Businessin1840Withoutcommunicationinfrastructure,informationonprices,sellersandbuyerswerenotreadilyavailableGiventhetremendousrisk,bankswereunwillingtofinancebusinessexpansionUndertheseconditions,businessesweresmallandinformallyorganizedBusinessin1840Withoutcommun96Theworldof1910Theworldof191097BusinessConditionsin1910Massproductiontechnologiesmadepossiblehighvolumelowcostmanufactureofgoods(大规模生产过程、流水线、打字机、复写纸、加法机、垂直报告系统等的出现)RailroadsdominatedtransportationandallowedmassdistributorstoreachwidelyscatteredcustomersTelegraphandtelephonesgreatlyimprovedlongdistancecommunicationsBusinessConditionsin1910Mas98Financein1910SecuritiesmarketstradedsharesoflargeindustrialfirmsCreditbureausmadecreditinformationeasilyaccessiblePublicdisclosureofaccountinginformationwasinvogueFinancein1910Securitiesmark99Governmentin1910Governmentregulationextendedtosuchareasascorporatelaw,antitrustandworkersafetyIncreasedregulationforcedmanagerstocollectalotofdataoninternaloperationsMandatorysecondaryschoolingprovidedthelaborforceneededbylargebureaucraticorganizationsGovernmentin1910Governmentr100Businessin1910Expandedinfrastructureallowedfirmstoexpandtheirmarkets,productlinesandproductionscaleNewtechnologiesallowedhighvolumestandardizedproductionGrowthoffinancialinfrastructuremadelargescalefirmsviable运输、通讯和金融机构占了美国经济的1/3Businessin1910Expandedinfra101大型企业占据主导地位企业采取横向一体化与纵向一体化的方式，大企业出现批量生产技术的出现——渠道的需求（容易收到渠道的影响）——纵向一体化多部门制或者M型企业的出现职业管理阶层的需要、科学管理、层级体系制度大型企业占据主导地位102阅读捕鲸业的例子阅读捕鲸业的例子103TheworldtodayTheworldtoday104TransportationInfrastructureTodayAir,railandgroundtransportationhavebecomebettercoordinated（containers）CitieslikeAtlantahavegrownrelyingonairtransportinspiteofpoorrailandwaterconnectionsTransportationInfrastructure105CommunicationsTelecommunicationtechnologymadeinstantaneoustransmissionofdatapossibleandcreatedglobalmarketsforsomeproductsandservicesCoordinationofactivitieshasbecomeeasierwithmoderncomputerandcommunicationtechnologies广播和电视的发展使得企业可以进行广告、商标等宣传CommunicationsTelecommunicatio106FinanceCapitalmarketsandfinancialinstitutionshavebecomemoreactiveinevaluatingfirmperformanceGlobalizationoffinancialmarketsmademanymergersandacquisitions(suchasDaimler-Chrysler,Sony-Columbia)possibleFinanceCapitalmarketsandfin107FinanceFinancialaccountingdevelopedtocopewiththecomplexitiesofmulti-divisionalfirmsGreatertransparencyinfinancialreporting(Sarbanes-Oxley)FinanceFinancialaccountingde108ProductionTechnologiesModerntechnologiessuchasCAD/CAMhavemadelowcosttailor-madeproductionfeasibleUseofnewtechnologiesoftenmeansreorganizi