托福阅读tpo4PetroleumResources石油资源原题解析资料

阅读原文:Petroleum,consistingofcrudeoilandnaturalgas,seemstooriginatefromorganicmatterinmarinesediment.Microscopicorganismssettletotheseafloorandaccumulateinmarinemud.Theorganicmattermaypartiallydecompose,usingupthedissolvedoxygeninthesediment.Assoonastheoxygenisgone,decaystopsandtheremainingorganicmatterispreserved.石油是由原油和天然气组成,似乎都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀.微小的有机物沉积到海底并堆聚在海泥里,有机物会局局部解,消耗沉淀里的溶解氧,当氧气消耗殆尽分解便停止,留下剩余的有机物.Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.Asmuddysedimentsarepressedtogether,thegasandsmalldropletsofoilmaybesqueezedoutofthemudandmaymoveintosandylayersnearby.Overlongperiodsoftime(millionsofyears),accumulationsofgasandoilcancollectinthesandylayers.Bothoilandgasarelessdensethanwater,sotheygenerallytendtoriseupwardthroughwater-saturatedrockandsediment.持续的沉积一一堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响,最终转变成石油和天然气.当泥状沉积物被挤压在一起时,天然气和石油液滴会被挤出泥层,然后进入附近的沙层.经过很长的一个周期(数百万年),积聚的天然气和石油会在沙层中聚集.由于石油和天然气的密度都比水低,所以他们通常通过饱含水的岩层和沉积物往上升.Oilpoolsarevaluableundergroundaccumulationsofoil,andoilfieldsareregionsunderlainbyoneormoreoilpools.Whenanoilpoolorfieldhasbeendiscovered,wellsaredrilledintotheground.Permanenttowers,calledderricks,usedtobebuilttohandlethelongsectionsofdrillingpipe.Nowportabledrillingmachinesaresetupandarethendismantledandremoved.Whenthewellreachesapool,oilusuallyrisesupthewellbecauseofitsdensitydifferencewithwaterbeneathitorbecauseofthepressureofexpandinggastrappedaboveit.Althoughthisriseofoilisalmostalwayscarefullycontrolledtoday,spoutsofoil,orgushers,werecommoninthepast.Gaspressuregraduallydiesout,andoilispumpedfromthewell.Waterorsteammaybepumpeddownadjacentwellstohelppushtheoilout.Atarefinery,thecrudeoilfromundergroundisseparatedintonaturalgas,gasoline,kerosene,andvariousoils.Petrochemicalssuchasdyes,fertilizer,andplasticarealsomanufacturedfromthepetroleum.油床是珍贵的地下石油积聚处,而油田是被一个或多个油藏覆盖区域.当人们发现油藏或油田时,就会把井钻到地下.固定的塔称为井架,建造井架是为了限制长距离的钻杆.现代使用的便携式钻井机安装使用完成后,会被撤除和移走.由于石油的密度与在下层的水不同,或者由于石油上面的气体扩张形成的压力,当井探至油藏时,石油通常会上升至井内.现在石油的上升已经可以很好的进行限制,但在过去,井喷或管涌经常发生.气体压力逐渐减小,然后油从井中被抽出.水或蒸汽会通过相邻的井被注入,以帮助推出石油.在炼油厂,地下的原油被别离成天然气、汽油、煤油和各种油类.石油还可用来生产石油化工产品,如染料、化肥、塑料制品等.Asoilbecomesincreasinglydifficulttofind,thesearchforitisextendedintomore-hostileenvironments.ThedevelopmentoftheoilfieldontheNorthSlopeofAlaskaandtheconstructionoftheAlaskapipelineareexamplesofthegreatexpenseanddifficultyinvolvedinnewoildiscoveries.Offshoredrillingplatformsextendthesearchforoiltotheocean'scontinentalshelves—thosegentlyslopingsubmarineregionsattheedgesofthecontinents.Morethanone-quarteroftheworld'soilandalmostone-fifthoftheworld'snaturalgascomefromoffshore,eventhoughoffshoredrillingissixtoseventimesmoreexpensivethandrillingonland.AsignificantpartofthisoilandgascomesfromundertheNorthSeabetweenGreatBritainandNorway.随着石油越来越难以找到,石油勘探已经开始到更恶劣的环境中进行.比方,在最新发现的油田案例中,阿拉斯加北坡油田的开发和阿拉斯加管道建设就是本钱高、难度大的例子.海底钻探平台将寻找石油的区域延伸到了海洋大陆架上一一陆地附近浅海下缓缓的斜坡.世界上1/4以上的石油和近1/5的天然气都来自近海,尽管近海钻井的本钱比陆地钻井高6至7倍.世界上相当一局部的石油和天然气来自英国和挪威之间的北海.Ofcourse,thereisfarmoreoilundergroundthancanberecovered.Itmaybeinapooltoosmallortoofarfromapotentialmarkettojustifytheexpenseofdrilling.Someoilliesunderregionswheredrillingisforbidden,suchasnationalparksorotherpubliclands.Evengiventhebestextractiontechniques,onlyabout30to40percentoftheoilinagivenpoolcanbebroughttothesurface.Therestisfartoodifficulttoextractandhastoremainunderground.当然,地下还能发现更多的石油.油藏可能太小或远离潜在的市场因而钻井费用过高而不适宜开采.一些石油存在于禁止钻井的地区,如国家公园或其他公共土地.即使提供最好的采油技术,油藏中也只有大约30%iIJ40%勺石油可以抽至地面.其余的由于太难抽取而不得不留在地下.Moreover,gettingpetroleumoutofthegroundandfromundertheseaandtotheconsumercancreateenvironmentalproblemsanywherealongtheline.Pipelinescarryingoilcanbebrokenbyfaultsorlandslides,causingseriousoilspills.Spillagefromhugeoil-carryingcargoships,calledtankers,involvedincollisionsoraccidentalgroundings(suchastheoneoffAlaskain1989)cancreateoilslicksatsea.Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Sometimes,thegroundatanoilfieldmaysubsideasoilisremoved.TheWilmingtonfieldnearLongBeach,California,hassubsidedninemetersin50years;protectivebarriershavehadtobebuilttopreventseawaterfromfloodingthearea.Finally,therefiningandburningofpetroleumanditsproductscancauseairpollution.Advancingtechnologyandstrictlaws,however,arehelpingcontrolsomeoftheseadverseenvironmentaleffects.此外,从地下和海底开采石油并运送到消费者的途中的任何地方都会产生环境问题.如果石油运输管道由于故障或塌方损坏,将会造成严重的石油泄漏.运载石油的油轮在发生碰撞或意外搁浅〔如在1989年阿拉斯加发生的油轮搁浅〕的情况下,石油泄露会导致海上产生浮油.海上钻井平台也可能会泄露石油,导致油污漂流到岸上造成海滩污染,危害环境.有时一个油田的石油被抽取后,地面会发生下沉.加利福尼亚州长滩附近的威尔明顿油田在50年内下沉了9米；人们不得不建造保护围墙以预防海水灌进这个地区.最后,石油炼制、燃烧以及其产品也会造成空气污染.不过不管怎样,先进的技术和严格的法律正在协助限制这些对环境的不利影响.第1题：Theword“accumulate"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtogrowupbuildupC：spreadoutD：breakapart题目解析accumulate沉积,聚集,累积之意,所以buildup正确,注意growup表示长大,这个和累积不是一个概念,原文与之并列的动词是settle,叫做落下来,稳定下来,所以breakapart意思反了,而且growup和spreadout在某种意义上是差不多的,所以都不对.第2题：Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpetroleumformation?Microscopicorganismsthatliveinmudproducecrudeoilandnaturalgas.Largeamountsofoxygenareneededforpetroleumformationtobegin.C：Petroleumisproducedwhenorganicmaterialinsedimentscombineswithdecayingmarineorganisms.D：Petroleumformationappearstobegininmarinesedimentswhereorganicmatterispresent.题目解析以petroleumformation做关键词,没有,但有petroleumoriginatefromblablabla,说石油起源于海洋沉积物当中的有机物,与D选项说的完全一致,D正确；A错,原文没说live;B错,原文没说需要大量氧气,只说用光了氧气之后有机物能够保存；C错,原文没说combine.第3题：Inparagraphs1and2,theauthor'sprimarypurposeistoA：describehowpetroleumisformedB：explainwhypetroleumformationisaslowprocessprovideevidencethatamarineenvironmentisnecessaryforpetroleumformationD：showthatoilcommonlyoccursinassociationwithgas题目解析问两段,分别看两段的开头,第一段开头说石油是怎么开始的,第二段第一句说继续沉积blabla,也就是在延续第一段所说的石油的形成过程,所以A正确.第4题：Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A：Highertemperaturesandpressurespromotesedimentation,whichisresponsibleforpetroleumformation.B：Depositsofsedimentsontopoforganicmatterincreasethetemperatureofandpressureonthematter.C：Increasepressureandheatfromtheweightofthesedimentturntheorganicremainsintopetroleum.D：Theremainsofmicroscopicorganismstransformintopetroleumoncetheyareburiedundermud.题目解析去掉原句中的插入语,原句变成了sedimentationburyandsubjecttoblabla,converttopetro,A错,没说温度压力提升sedimentation;B遗漏了重要信息,原句的变成石油没说；C正确；D完全没重现原文的重要信息,错.第5题：Theword“adjacent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA：nearbyB：existingC：specialdeep题目解析adjacent相邻的,临近的,答案A,原句说水或者蒸汽可以从什么样的井弄下去,把油压出来.根据物理学的U型管原理,从注水的U型管一端向管内吹起,另外一端的液面就会上升,同理,从临近的油井压入水或者蒸汽,石油就会被压出来,所以答案是A,B存在C特殊D深都不对.第6题：Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutgushers?A：Theymakebringingtheoiltothesurfaceeasier.B：Theysignalthepresenceofhugeoilreserves.C:Theywastemoreoilthantheycollect.D：Theyareunlikelytooccurnowadays.题目解析以gusher做关键词定位至本段倒数第四句,说gusher在过去是非常普遍的,意思就是现在不普遍了,答案D,而且前半句还说仔细限制了,仔细限制的结果就是不再发生了,也能选出D答案.第7题:Whichofthefollowingstrategiesforoilexplorationisdescribedinparagraph4?A：Drillingundertheocean'ssurfaceLimitingdrillingtoaccessiblelocationsUsinghighlysophisticateddrillingequipmentD：Constructingtechnologicallyadvanceddrillingplatforms题目解析第四段第一句就说了hostileenvironment,紧接着就用大量文字写了offshore石油钻探,第五段也一直在说在那些不能钻石油的地方钻探,所以A的undertheocean'ssurface最靠谱；B说反了；C的equipment和D的platform都没说.第8题：WhatdoesthedevelopmentoftheAlaskanoilfieldmentionedinparagraph4demonstrate?A：Moreoilisextractedfromtheseathanfromland.Drillingforoilrequiresmajorfinancialinvestments.Theglobaldemandforoilhasincreasedovertheyears.D：TheNorthSlopeofAlaskahassubstantialamountsofoil.题目解析第二句和第三句说到了阿拉斯加的石油开采是一个例子,greatexpenseanddifficultyinvolvedinnewoildiscoveries,说明使用开采花钱又需要技术,正确答案B,需要大量投资；其他选项都没说.第9题：Theword“sloping"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA：shiftingB:incliningC:formingD：rolling题目解析slope坡,sloping倾斜的,斜坡的.sloping所在的句子是对前面海洋大陆架的一个解释,大路边缘逐渐倾斜的海下地区,所以inclining倾斜的正确；A变换的C形成的D滚动的都不对.第10题：Accordingtoparagraph5,thedecisiontodrillforoildependsonallofthefollowingfactorsEXCEPTA：permissiontoaccesstheareawhereoilhasbeenfoundB：theavailabilityofsufficientquantitiesofoilinapoolC：thelocationofthemarketinrelationtothedrillingsiteD：thepoliticalsituationintheregionwheredrillingwouldoccur题目解析排除法,A对应第三句,由于有drillingisforbidden,正确,不选；B对应倒数第二句,pool,正确,不选；C项对应第二句,locationofthemarket,正确,不选；D没说,错,选.第11题：Theword"foul"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA：reachfloodpollutealter题目解析foul弄脏,污染,污秽的,所以pollute正确.原句说海上钻井平台有可能漏油,产生海面浮油,并且怎么样海滩,之前都说了一大堆不好的事儿,所以pollute正确,A到达B冲刷D改变感情色彩都不对.第12题：Inparagraph6,theauthor'sprimarypurposeistoA：provideexamplesofhowoilexplorationcanendangertheenvironmentB：describeaccidentsthathaveoccurredwhenoilactivitieswereinprogressC：giveananalysisoftheeffectsofoilspillsontheenvironmentD：explainhowtechnologyandlegislationhelpreduceoilspills题目解析问整个第六段,看第一句,说整个从石油开采一直到市场上的任何一环都有可能污染环境,所以A是正确答案；只是说有可能污染环境,没说事故,B不对；原文只是给出事实,没有任何分析,C错；D错由于没说减少污染.第13题：Lookatthefoursquares[]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Unlesssomethingactstohaltthismigration,thesenaturalresourceswilleventuallyreachthesurface.题目解析四个过渡点,名词surface,代词thismigration,代词thesenaturalresources和连词unless,代词thesenaturalresources是不能用的,由于被反复提到的oilandgas干扰；D的move和D的rise都可以对应thismigration,而只有rise才能对的上surface,所以选D不选Bo第14题：Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbel