级讲义session托福强化大郑重

Session2第二课ARTS艺术类讲座【艺术类场景必备词汇thrivefolk【场景要点】.3汇【Lecture主旨判断出现形式：提示词：处理步骤：【练习.TPO21L4ArtHistory【文章重难点填空】Allright,sotodaywearemovingontoAliceNeel,N-E-E-L. ,shewasborninPennsylvania,andshelivedfrom1900to1984.AndIguessyoumight asanartist.She .Um,andthisisdueatleastinparttoeh...or...becauseof becameregardedasanartform,portraitpaintingbecameless asanartform.And,well,artphotographykindoftookitsplace,soyoucanimaginethataportraitartistwouldhave Eh,but IwanttolookatNeel,isthatIreallyfind eh,sheinterestingwaysofportrayingpeople.Shecombinedsomeelements What’srealism,It’slikepaintingsomething ,soanartistwouldtrytomakeitas aspossible.Paintingstuffjusthowitappearsonthe Ok,good.So realismwith,well,actually, Andthatis?We, Um...It’sintoYep.Theartistis

,likeartistsaretryingto,well,expressthemselvesthroughtheemotions,showingtheinnerreality byartistratherthantheoutwardform.Sotheimageitselfmightbe orexaggeratedinsomeway.Theexpression thesetwo ?Howcanyourportraysomethingexactlyasitisandatthesametimedistortitwithemotions?Idon’tgetit.Allright,goodquestion.Itisactuallya tosomeofthe sheemployedto .Inaminute,I’llshowyousomeofherportraits,andI’llwantyoutonoticeafewthingsaboutthem.First,Neel’suseof .Allright?You’llseesheusescolortoconvey andfeeling,likethesubjects’ instance,itappears thanitreallyis.Andthe Neelpaidspecialattentionto .Thewayshepaintstheeyesandhowthefacesareportrayed,thesearequite ,liketherealists’work.ButanotherthingNeeldidwasusesortButdidn’talotofexpressionistpaintersdothat?Soreallyyouraresayingthatwereng.Whatwasitthatshedid,thatwaslike Ok,well,Ithinkithastodopartlywiththewayshe thesetechniques.So,forexample, andeyes,butbright, .Itisamix.You’llimportantinthesensethatshewantedtoshowpeopleastheyreallywere,muchlikeathisiswhereexpressionismcomesin.Shebelievedincapturingthe

that. attempttorevealthesubjects’ .ButNeel’spaintingsaredistinctiveforherinpartbecausetheyareportraits.RememberIsaidthat photographyhadlargelytakentheplaceofportraiture,totheextentthatsomehaddeclared .ButNeelfeltthatpaintingshouldreflectreality,youcouldsay.Andto,bestreflectthattheylivedin,.Andifyoulookatherwork,wearetalkinginthevicinity .Iflookedatthem,itislike ofthewholecentury, ofchildren,artists,peopleinpoverty--thesepaintingsreallyspanclass,ageandgender.Itislikeshe thegenre,itisnotjustformaldepictionsof anyButkeepinmindthatshewasngthiswhen Representationsofpeopleweren’tfashionableintheartworld.Anditwasn’tuntilfairlylateinthecenturythat 【题目WhataspectofAliceNeel’sworkdoestheclassmainlyThewaysthatherartisticstyledevelopedoverTheinfluenceofphotographyonherThestylesheusedtoportrayherCriticismofherapproachtoRealismanWhatpointdoestheprofessormakeaboutphotographyandportraitureinthetwentiethcentury?PaintersbegantoproducemorelifelikeportraitsinimitationofPhotographylargelyreplacedthetraditionofportraitPhotographersfollowedthestyleofportraitpaintersincreatingtheirBothphotographyanportraitpaintingwereconsideredinferiorAccordingtotheprofessor,whattwoaspectsofNeel’sworkarecharacteristicsofExpressionism?Clickon2answersThedepictionofunusualThewaythesubject’sfacesareTheshapeofthesubjects’TheuseofcolorintheAccordingtotheprofessor,whydidNeelpaintShefeltsthatitwasthebestwaytorepresentatimeSheenjoyedthetechnicalchallengeofpaintingShefoundthatitwastoodifficulttoearnaliving ShefollowedtheleadofExpressionistpainterswhoalsopaintedWhydoestheprofessordiscussthevarietyofpeopleinToexplainwhyittookNeelalongtimetofindhercharacteristicsToexplainwhyNeelexperimentedwithgenresotherthanToidentifyelementsofRealismandExpressionisminNeel’sToemphasizeadistinctivefeatureofNeel’sbodyofWhydoestheprofessorsayToinfluencethestudents’opinionsaboutAliceNeel’sTosuggestthatAliceNeelcreatedherbestpaintingslateinherToreinforcethefactthatNeel’sworkwasnotToshowthatAliceNeel’ssituationwassimilartohis【策略技巧.文章要点简答】教授说需要学生在画上注意的3点各是什么，分别体现了现实/为什么Neel教授讨论到family,women,children【篇章理解.结构简析】分层提示（类别分层提示（提示词【词汇.翻译练习】solo2.4【中的数字处理中的数字分类：处理方式处理方式2.5【真题练习.TPO16L4ArtHistory【文章重难点填空】OK,nowurn,asortofparadigmaticartformoftheMiddleAgeswas .Stainedglassofcourseissimplythathasbeen andcutintopiecesand toform oradecorativedesign.Totrulyexperiencethe ofthisdecorativeglassyoushouldseeitwith passingthroughit,especially usuallyusedfor .Butofcourseithasotheruses,especiallynowadays.Urn,anywaytheartofmakingstainedglasswindowsdevelopedin ,urn,duringtheandwascloselyrelated .Intheearly1100s methodwasdevelopedthat onthewallssomore couldbeusedforwindowopeningsallowingfor andquite windowdesigns.Backthen,theartistsmadetheirownglass, theycameup ,sotypicallytheydrewthedesignontoa .They’ddrawtheprincipaloutlinebutalso theshapeofeachpieceofglasstobeusedandindicateits Nowinthewindowitselfthepiecesofglasswouldbeheldtogetherbystripsof.Sointhedrawingtheartistswouldalsoindicatethe .Thenyoucouldputabigpieceofglassonthetabletopandseethedesignrightthroughitanduseittoguidetheoftheglassintosmallerpieces.Andthatwasjust？isstrongandflexiblesoforjoiningpiecesofglassescutinshapesandsizes.Butupto centurytheleadstripsalsohelpedcreatethedesign.wereworkedintothewindowaspartoftheshowboundariesjustlikeyoumightuse.Theywereusedtooutlineinapencildrawing.Howdidtheyget ?ImeanhowdidtheycolortheWellupuntilthecenturystainedglasswascolored Yougotspecificcolorsbyaddingmetalliccompoundstotheotherglassmakingingredients.Soifyouwanted youadded ifyouwanted youadded addedthese totheother thattheglasswasmadeof.Soeachpieceofglass Yes,atleastupuntilthe16thcentury.Thentheystarted...urn...youstartedtogetPaintedglasswindowsarestillreferredtoasstainedglassbutthecolorswereactuallydirectlyontoclearglassaftertheglasswasmade.Soumwiththiskindofstainedglassyoucouldpaintapieceofglasswith Andwithpaintedglasstheystillused Yes,withreallylargewindowsittookmorethanonepieceofglass,soyoustillneededleadstripstoholdthepiecestogether.Butthepaintersactuallytriedto them.Soitwas beforewhentheleadstripswerepartofthedesign.Anditis ,becausewithpaintedglass,theideaoflightcorningthroughtocreatethemagicaleffectwas.Andpaintedglasswindowsbecame

anymore.In ,peoplestartedusingthem andpublic,manyoftheoriginalstainedglasswindowswerethoughttobeandtheywereactually bypaintedglass.They them?Thatshowed , ,didn’t .Uh,andit’snotjustthatoldstainedglassisreally today,wepossiblygreatartwork.Butluckilytherewas oftheearlytechniquesinmid-1800sandartistswentbacktocreatingdesigns.Theeffectsaremuchmorebeautiful.

andusingtheleadstripsinInthe cameupwithmethodstocreatebeautifuleffectstheglass.Helayeredpiecesofglassandused,whichlethimmakethesereally areusedinlampshadesYou’veheardofTiffany right?Theseofcoursetookofthenewinnovationofelectriclighting. don’tgivequitethesameeffectassunlightstreamingthroughstainedglassbutit’sclose.Solayeredglass,Tiffanyglass,becamevery andstillistoday.Solet’slookatsomeexamplesofdifferenttypesofstainedglassfromeach【题目WhatisthelecturemainlyTheimagesinstained-glassThehistoryofstained-glassTheimportanceofreligiousartduringtheMiddleTechniquesformakingglassduringtheMiddleWhataretwopointstheprofessormakesaboutstained-glasswindowsmadeduringtheMiddleAges? Clickon2answersTheytypicallyweresmallinTheglasswascoloredduringtheglassmakingTheywereusedmainlyforTheyhadsimpleDuringtheMiddleAges,whatwasoneofthefirststepsthatartistsusedinmakingastained-glasswindow?TheydrewthedesignontothetopofaTheycreatedmodelsofthedesignwithleadTheydrewanoutlineofthedesigndirectlyontoapieceofTheypaintedthedesignonAccordingtotheprofessor,whataretwowaysinwhichstained-glasswindowsmadeinthesixteenthcenturydifferedfromthosemadeinearliercenturies?Clickon2answersThewaytheglasswasTheroleplayedbyleadThescenesthatwereThewayglasspieceswereWhatdoestheprofessorimplycontributedtothepopularityofTiffanyglass?TheuseofleadcompoundstoenhanceitsThereuseofstainedglassfromoldchurchTheinventionofelectricAnewprocessforpaintingWhatdoesthewomanimplywhenshesaysItisunfortunatethatpeopleinthenineteenthcenturydestroyedoldstained-glasswindowsStain-glasswindowsmadeinthenineteenthcenturyaremorebeautifulthanthosemadeearlierItwasnecessaryforpeopleinthenineteenthcenturytobreakstained-glassStained-glasswindowsmadeinthenineteenthcenturyaremorevaluabletodaythanwindowsmadeinpreviouscenturies【策略技巧.文章要点简答】 【篇章理解.结构简析】分层提示（类别分层提示（提示词【词汇.翻译练习】stainedlamp2.6【真题练习 Choreography【文章重难点填空】Now,whenyouthinkaboutchoreography,well,uh, thedancethatwasperformedon infrontof isverydifferent.Itisadanceroutineyouwillbechoreographingspecificallytobeviewedona ,onacomputerscreen,aTVscreen,inamovietheater,anyscreen.Sothequestionwehavetoaskis,what'sthedifferencebetweenchoreographyforaandchoreographyfor OK.Thinkforaminute.Whenyouseeamovie,isitjusta coursenot.Moviesuseavarietyof andcreativeediting.Moviescantime,slowmovementdown,orspeeditup,showactorsfadinginandoutofscenes,etc.Allofthese,allofthesefilm-makingtechniques,thingsthat usedinaliveperformance,arepossibleinascreendance. ,butyoushouldgettingtheideathatIdon'twantyou.Uh,Yes?bytheaudience'sreactions,theapplause.Iactually,andforalotofdancers,it? You'reright.Screendance,whichisarelativelynew, .Uh,somedancersmay toparticipateinyourproject,becausethey Ifthishappens,youcouldpointoutthatscreendance fordancerstoconnecttotheiraudience.Forexample,dancerscanexpressthemselves,evenchangethewholeofthescenethroughafacialexpression.Andyoucouldfilm oftheirfaces.Facialexpressions But?um,Ihave useda oreditedfilmbefore.everythingweneedtoknowto?Oh,don'tworry.Thecamerasyouwillbeusingare tooperate.Andyou'llgethavetheoptionofworkingwitha inthefilmdepartment,someonewho's.Butthechoreographyandtheendresultwill ofCouldyoutalksomemoreaboutthefilm- bestfor I'llshowsomeofmyfavoritescreen togiveyouabetteridea.But,uh, thatcancreatethe inascreendance.Youfilmthedancer, theframeseveraltimes.Moving fasterand .Thenintheeditingroom,youcan theseimages,likeyoumightputfiveortenortwentycopiesofthatsamedancermeetinghimselfinthemiddleofthescreen,tomakeitlooklikeheis .Obviously,,inonescreendanceIsaw,thedancersleapthrough inabigabandonedbuilding.Ofcourse,thebuildingwasn'treallyonfire.Atechniquecalledwasused.ThedancerswerefilmedandlayeredintheeditingThefire toThatsoundsawesome.Butifanyonecanwatchadanceonacomputer?Whatifscreendancegotsopopularthat Screendanceisan ofpresentation.It ,thekindofdramathatliveperformanceoffers.Therewillbeanaudiencefor whatscreendancewilldo,though,is ingeneral.Becauseitisaway,uh,it in ,intheirworkplaces,really.Andifsomeonediscoversthattheylovedancebywatchingascreendance,there'sagoodchancetheywill 【题目WhatisthemainpurposeoftheTodiscusssomefitheclasswillbeTohelppreparestudentsforaclassTocomparetwotypesoffilmmakingTotalkaboutthehistoryofscreenWhydoestheprofessorsaythatfacialexpressionsarerelativelyunimportantinliveperformances?TopointoutthatdancingandactinghavemanyToemphasizethatscreendancersshouldnotbeconcernedabouttheirfacialTogiveanexampleofaweaknessofmodernTosuggestareasonwhydancersmightwanttoparticipateinascreenHowdoestheprofessortrytomakestudentsfeelmoreconfidentabouttheirassignment?Clickon2answersHelsthemtheywillbeabletopracticeeditingHelsthemthattechnicalassistanceisavailableiftheyneedHelsthemtheywillnotbegradedonthetechnicalaspectsoftheirHelsthemthateditiontechniquesareeasytoWhydoestheprofessortalkaboutadancerenteringandexitingaToexplainonewayofcreatingasenseofflowinascreenTopointoutthatsomescreendancesarefilmedonaTohelpexplainwhyscreendance ingmoreToremindstudentstofollowsafetyguidelineswhenfilmingascreenAccordingtotheprofessor,whatdoesscreendanceoffertoviewersthatlivedancedoesnot?AchancetoseedifferenttypesofdancesbeingperformedatthesameAnopportunitytosharetheenthusiasmdancershavefortheirAwaytoseehowdancehaschangedoverAmoreconvenientwaytowatchWhatistheprofessor’sopinionaboutthefutureimpactofscreenItwillinspiresomestagechoreographerstochangetheirItwilleventuallyreplaceliveItwillprobablybuildnewaudiencesforliveItwillprobablydiscouragesomepeoplefromenteringthedance【策略技巧.文章要点简答】 点【篇章理解.结构简析】分层提示（类别分层提示（提示词【词汇.翻译练习】thrive2.7【课后习题.TPO18L2ArtHistory【题目WhatisthelecturemainlyDifferentviewsofatypeofsculpturepopularinancientRomanEvidencethatRomanshadoutstandingartisticThedifferencesbetweenGreeksculptureandRomanTherelationshipbetweenartandpoliticsinancientRomanAccordingtotraditionalart,whydidtheRomanscopyGreekTheRomanpublicwasnotinterestedinoriginalworksofThe ernmentdidnotsupportotherformsofRomanartistsdidnothavesufficientskilltocreateoriginalRomanswantedtoimitatethearttheyWhatisGazda'sviewoftheRomancopiesofGreekThecopiesrepresentedtheideathatRomansocietywassimilartoGreekThecopiesintroducedthecitizensoftheRomanEmpiretoGreekThecopieswereinferiortotheoriginalThecopieshadbothartisticandpoliticalWhydoestheprofessormentionRomanToshowthesimilaritybetweenthelikenessesoftheemperorinstatuesandonToillustratetheRomanpolicyofdistributingtheemperorsimagethroughouttheempireToimplythatthecitizensoftheRomanEmpirebecamequiteTosuggestthattheRomansalsocopiedGreekartontheirAccordingtotheprofessor,whydidtheRomanssometimesremovetheemperor'sheadfromastatue?Clickon2answersTheheadmadethestatuetooheavytoTheheadwasplacedonthebodyofadifferentTheemperorwasnolongerinTheemperorwasnotsatisfiedwiththequalityoftheWhatdoestheprofessorimplywhenhesaysArthistoriansfrequentlychangetheirThecontemporaryviewisnoteasytoItisnotdifficulttodeterminewhytheRomanscopiedGreekTheviewoftraditionalarthistoriansisprobably【文章重难点填空】Today ourexaminationof .sculpturewhichare createdtocommemoratepeoplewhohaddied,andwe’velookedat sculpture,orsculptingon .Andtodaywe’lllookatyetanothercategoryofsculpture- ,Romansculptorsoftenmade offamousGreeksculptures.? forsure.Yousee,inthelate4thcenturyB.C.,theRomansbeganantoexpandtheRomanEmpire,andin300yearstheyhadconqueredmostoftheMediterraneanareaandpartsofEurope.Youknowthesaying,copies.Romansculptorsoften“Tothevictorbelongthespoils”?Well,theRomanarmyreturnedtoRomewithmanyworksofGreekart.It’sprobablyfairtosaythattheRomanswere byGreekartandcultureandtheybeganmakingcopiesoftheGreekstatues.Nowthedominantviewin thatRomanartists andskillespeciallycomparedtotheGreekartistswhocamebeforethem. ,the view,aviewthat’sbeenprevalentforover250years,isthattheRomanscopiedGreeksculpturesbecause sculptureoftheirown.Butfinallysomecontemporaryarthistorians thisview.OneisElaine saysthattheremight thatRomansmade thatitwasbecause CananyonethinkofanotherpossibleWellmaybethey thesesculptures.Youknow,theylikedthewaytheyYes.That’soneofGazda’spoints. isthatwhilenowadaysreproductioniseasy,itwasnotSoeasyinRomantimes.Copyingstatuesrequiredalotof ,timeandeffort.SoGazdaHypothesizesthatcopying orskillonthepartofRomanartists,ButrathertheRomansmadecopiesbecausethey Greeksculpture.ClassicalGreekStatuesrepresentedanidealizationofthehumanbodyandwereconsideredquite atthetime.Gazdaalsobelievesthatit’sbeen todismisstheRomancopiesas,andnottoconsidertheRomanfunctionandmeaningoftheWhatdoyoumean ?Weren’ttheyjustforWell,notnecessarily.UndertheEmperorAugustusattheheightoftheRomanEmpire,portraitstatuesweresent theempire.Theyweresupposedtocommunicateabouttheemperorandthe andtohelpinhabitantsoftheconqueredareasefamiliarwiththeRomanwayoflife.Youknow, werealsothroughouttheempire.Anybodycaretoguesswhatwasonthem?Theemperor’s That’sright!Thecoinswere leasthislikesandservedasanadditionalreminder Andtheimageshelpedpeople rolesweresentallovertheempire.

theemperor.StatuesofhiminNow,actuallysomeRomansculptureswere butotherswere ofGreekstatuesandsomeRomansculptureswere ofsomesort.Somecombinedmorethan montocreatestatuesthathadmadeplastercastsfrommoldsofthesculptures.Thentheyshippedthese workshopsallovertheempire,wheretheywerereplicatedinmarbleorbronze.Andonsomestatuesthe .Theycouldputanemperor’sheadondifferentbodies,showinghim ngdifferentthings.Andthenlaterwhenthentimecametheycouldevenusetheheadofthe 【策略技巧.文章要点简答】传统观点和Gazda对于罗马人制作品的原因各是怎么看的【篇章理解.结构简析】分层提示（类别分层提示（提示词【词汇.翻译练习】plaster2.8【课后习题.TPO22L2MusicHistory【文章重难点填空】Professor:So,uh,ifyouarea intheUnitedStatesintheearlytwentiethcentury,wherecouldyou?Student:Sameasnow,Isuppose.Inan ,mainly.Professor:Ok.Andwherewouldthe Student:Uh,ina ora Professor:That’sright.Andsmallergroupsofmusicianswereneededintheatersas ,likecabaretsandvarietyshows.Butthe thenwasthefilmindustry,especiallyduringthesilent-filmera.Student:Really?Youmeanbeinga playerorsomething?Ithoughtmovietheaterswouldhaveused Professor:Well,no.Notduringthe .Wearetalkingaperiodofmaybethirtyyearswhereworkinginmovietheaterswasthebestjobformusicians.Itwasvery .Therapidgrowthofthefilmindustrymeantmovietheaterswerepopupeverywhere. was formusicians.Infact, jobsformusiciansattheendofthesilent-filmera,20,000.Ok.Sofromthebeginning,musicwasabigpartoffilm,evenatthefirst…ofthe Professor:Yeah.That’sgoodstory,isn’tit? itkeepsgettingprintedasifitwere musicwasused.Well,thinkaboutit.Evenifthatwerethecase,wereseparatedfromthemainhouseprettyquickly,yetmusiccontinued pany ,eventhevery projectionofafilmhadpiano paniment.Somusicwasprettymuchalwaysthere. tomethough,isthatatfilmmusicdidn’tnecessarily towhatwasonthescreen.Youknow,eh,a fora ,deepbassnotesfordanger,somethinglightand .Andthat’sinstantlyrecognizablenow,even.Butintheverydaysoffilm, wasplayed.Atheaterownerwouldjustbuyapileofsheetmusicandmusicianswillplayit,nomatterwhatitwas.Prettyquicklythough,thankfully,everybodyrealizedthe Soeventually,filmmakerstriedtogetmore overthemusical panimentoftheir ,andspecifywhattypeofmusictouse，andhowfastorslowtoplayit.Student:Areyousayingthere Professor: weren’tcommon originalscorecomposedespeciallyforafilm,butusuallywouldbeused.Yeah,thatwasagoodtimeforalotof

ofmusicButthatallchangedwiththeintroductionof .Actually,even starting liveorchestrasinsomemovietheaters,and toplayanStudent:Ok.Butevenafterthatsomeonestillhadtoplaythemusicforthesoundfor.Professor:Yeah.Butthinkofallthemovietheaterstherewere,mostemployingaboutsixtoeightmusicians,someevenhadfull Butintheearly1930s,mosttheaterownersinstallednew .Sosuddenlyalotofmusicianswerelookingfor .Oncerecordingtechnologytookoff,workingexclusivelyforonefilmcompany,eh, eavailable.Butthethingis,eachmajormoviecompanyprettymuchhad foralltheirproductions,a ,sincetheproducerswereveryconsciousofhow theywerespending.Theydidn’twanttowasteany.Soamusicianwasexpectedtoplay piecesofmusicprettymuch .Ifonecouldn’tdoit,therewereplentyofotherswaitingtotry.So 【题目WhatdoestheprofessormainlyThechangingopportunitiesformusiciansintheearlytwentiethThehistoryoffilmmusicfromtheearlytwentiethcenturytotheThetypesofmusic paniedsilentfiintheearlytwentiethTheinfluenceofnewsoundtechnologyonthefilthWhydoestheprofessorpointoutthat20,000jobsformusiciansdisappearedattheendofthesilent-filmera?Toexplainthatmanymovietheatersclosedattheendofthesilent-filmToexplainthatlivemusichadlostToillustratethehugedemandformusiciansduringthesilent-filmToemphasizethenumberofjobscreatedbytheproductionofsoundWhatistheprofessor'sattitudeabouttheviewthatmusicwasusedinmovietheaterstocoverupthenoiseofthefilmprojector?HeissurprisedthatanyonewouldhavethatHedoubtsthatfilmprojectorswereveryHeisconvincedthatitwastrueformostofthesilent-filmHedoubtsthatitcanfullyexplainwhymusicwasWhatdoestheprofessorfindunusualaboutthemusic earlysilentfi ItwasverydifficulttoItdidnotrelatetotheactionontheItwasusuallyimprovisedbypianoItwasselectedbytheWhatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttheuseoforgansto silentfi?TheaudiencepreferredorganmusicoverothertypesofOrgansweretooexpensiveformanytheaterItdelayedtheintroductionofrecordedmusicinItledtoalossofemploymentformanyAccordingtotheprofessor,whywasitdifficultformusicianstogetajobatoneofthefilmstudios? Clickon2answers.MusicianswhohadplayedinmovietheaterswerenotusuallyhiredbythefilmThereweremoremusicianslookingforjobsthantherewerejobsavailableatthefilmstudios.MusicianshadtobeverytalentedtomeetthedemandsofthefilmThefilmstudiospreferredmusicianswhohadsomeacting【策略技巧.文章要点简答】【篇章理解.结构简析】分层提示（类别分层提示（提示词【词汇.翻译练习】drowncutoutSession3第三课LIFESCIENCE生命科学类讲座【生命场景必备词汇shrubsoakprosanddominant【场景要点】.3汇3.2 中的术语处理术语的形式：提示词：处理步骤：3.3【练习 Biology【文章重难点填空】OK.Let’s aboutanimalbehaviorbytalkingabout animalsface, ones.Animals,eveninsects,carryoutwhatlooklikevery.Thequestion .Imeannoonereallythinksthat,saygoesthroughweighingthe thisflowerorthatflower.Butthenhow solvecomplexquestions, thatseemtorequiredecisionmaking.Theanswerwe’llproposeofcourseisthattheirbehaviorislargelyamatterof Asanexample,let’slookatforagingbehavioramong ,mostlytrees.Andtheyalsousetreesandtreebranchestoconstructtheirhomesinstreamsandlakes.Sowhentheydo forfoodandforsheltermaterials,theyhavetoleavetheirhomesandgouponlandwheretheir are.Sothereareanumberof thathavetobemadeaboutforaging. ,um...theyneedtodecidewhat oftreetheyshouldcutdown.Sometreeshavehigher valuethanothers,andsomearebetterfor material,andsomearegoodfor ...um...aspentrees.Beaverspeeloffthebarkto andtheyalsousethebranchesfor theirshelters.So .But beaversuseashtree toforageforfood.Shouldtheygooutduringthe outsideandtheyhavetoexpendmore ,orat whentheweatheris aremoreOk,butthereare ,reallythemost ,themostimportant,OK?First,let’ssayabeavercouldgetthesameamountofwoodfroma treewhenithaslotsofbranchesasitcouldgetfrom .Whichshoulditchoose?Ifitchoosesonelarge50yardsishardwork,takesalotofenergy.Ofcourseit’llhavetomakeonlyonetriptogettheenergypertreetogetthewoodbackhome，butit’llhavetomakethreetripsbackandforthforthethreetrees.Andpresumably,themoreoftenit ,themoreit’slikelytobe.Sowhichisbetter, andit’srelatedtothefirst,to issue,.Shoulditbewillingtotravelagreaterdistanceforalargetree,sinceit’llgetsomuchwoodfromit?Beaverscertainlygofartherfromthewatertoget treethanfortree.ThatreflectstheirrelativeButwhatabout?Willittravelfarther thanitwillfor Iwouldhavethoughtthe thetree,the thebeaverwouldbewillingtotravelforit.Thatwouldmakesense,right?Ifyou’regoingtotravelfar,makethetripworthitbuybringingbackmostwoodpossible.Butactually,the istrue.Beaverswillcutdown.Theywilltravelfaronlytocut ,the theygofromthewater,the thetreetheywillcutdown.They’rewillingtomakemoretripstohaulbacklesswood,whichcarriesa.Soitlooksasthoughbeaversare when which also.OK,sowhydoestheirbehaviorindicatemoreofaconcernwith withbeingexposedtopredators?Noonebelievesabeaver eachoftheseelements,theanswerthatsomegiveisthattheirbehavior .It’sbeenshapedbyconstraintsovervaststretchesoftime,allofwhichcomesdowntothefactthatthebestforagingstrategyforbeavers.It’stheonethatresultsinthe ,the. 【题目WhatisthelecturemainlyDifferentforagingstrategiesamongMethodsbeaversusetogatherbuildingDecisionsbeaversmakeaboutwheretoChoicesbeaversfacewhenWhatdifferencesbetweenaspentreesandashtreesdoestheprofessorpointout?AspentreesareeasiertoAspentreesprovidebetterwoodforAspentreesprovidelessnutritionforAspentreeshavemoreoverallvaluetoWhatdoestheprofessoridentifyasthetwocentralissuesinvolvedbeavers’behavior?Clickon2HowfarfromhometoHowtocopewithWhatsizetreetocutWhattimeofyearmaterialforconstructionisWhatdoestheprofessorsayaboutthecuttingdownoflargeBeaversgenerallyprefercuttingdownlargetreestosmallBeaversgenerallydonottravellongdistancestocutdownlargeBeaverswillnotcutlargetreesofcertainBeaversuselargetreesmainlyforthepurposetobuildingAccordingtotheprofessor,whydobeaversgenerallyforageatBeaversaresafefrompredatorsiftheyforageatForagingatnightrequireslessenergythanforagingintheBeaversstaywiththeiroffspringduringtheBeaversfacelesscompetitionforfoodfromotheranimalsduringtheWhydoestheprofessorsayToexplainherToindicatewhyherbeliefwasTogiveanexampleofadecisionbeaversToexplainthereasonbeaverstravelfarfor【策略技巧.文章要点简答】【篇章理解.结构简析】分层提示（类别分层提示（提示词【词汇.翻译练习】prosandBackcut3.4【真题练习 Botany【文章重难点填空】Ok,Ihaveaninterestingspeciestodiscusswith