中式英语之鉴

中式英语之鉴中式英语之鉴中式英语之鉴资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月中式英语之鉴版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：PartOne:UnnecessaryWordsAllauthoritiesonthestyleofEnglishproseagreethatgoodwritingisconcise.Carefulwriterssaywhattheymeaninasfewwordsaspossible.Vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords,aparagraphnounnecessarysentences,forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavenounnecessarylinesandamachinenounnecessaryparts.Itfollowsthatanywordswhichperformnousefulfunctioninthesentence—thatis,whichaddnothingtothemeaning—shouldbeeditedout.AlmosteverytextthathasbeentranslatedintoEnglishfromChinese(orthathasbeenwrittendirectlyinEnglishbyanativespeakerofChinese)containsunnecessarywords.Drafttranslationsarecommonlyfullofthem,andevenpolishedfinalversionsareseldomfreeofthem.ReadanythingthathasbeenpublishedinEnglishforforeignreaders—amagazinearticle,anewsstory,anadvertisement,agovernmentreport—andyouarelikelytofindsuperfluouswords.ReadeventheshortestofEnglishtexts—thelabelonafoodproduct,abillboardonChang’an,thecompanynameonthefrontofabuilding—and,ifyouareonthealerttorecognizethem,chancesarethatyouwillfindwordsthatcouldandshouldhavebeenomitted.UnnecessarywordsarethehallmarkofChinglish.Unnecessarywordscanbeanypartofspeech—nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,articles,andsoon.Inthefollowingchaptersweshallconsiderthemostimportanttypes,startingwithunnecessarynounsandverbs,whichoftengohandinhand.I.UnnecessaryNounsandVerbsNounsMostunnecessarynounsinChinglishappearnotalonebutinshortphrases,combinedwitharticlesandprepositions.Whenyoueliminatethenouns,youeliminatethearticlesandprepositionsaswell.Manyofthesenounsareeasytorecognize.Theyareplainlyredundantbecausetheirsenseisalreadyincludedorimpliedinsomeotherelementofthesentence.Hereareafewexamples(A)withsuggestedrevisions(B)andcommentsinbrackets.加快经济改革步伐A:toacceleratethepaceofeconomicreformB:toaccelerateeconomicreform(Toaccelerate=toincreasethepaceof)农业获得大丰收A:Therehavebeengoodharvestsinagriculture.B:Therehavebeengoodharvests.[“Harvest”impliesagriculture:therearenoharvestsinindustry.]城乡人民生活水平持续上升。A:Livingstandardsforthepeopleinbothurbanandruralareascontinuedtorise.B:Livingstandardsinbothurbanandruralareascontinuedtorise.【Thenotionoflivingstandardsappliesonlytopeople.】这些困难从本质上说是暂时的。A：Thesehardshipsaretemporaryinnature.B:Thesehardshipsaretemporary.[Anyadjectivesdescribesthe“nature”or“character”ofthenounitmodifies.Tosaythathardshipsare“temporaryinnature”islikesayingthattheChineseflagisredincolor”orthatpandasarefewinnumber.”]我国未来的经济发展在很大程度上有赖于……A：Thedevelopmentofoureconomyinthefuturewill,toalargeextent,dependon…B:Thedevelopmentofoureconomywill,toalargeextent,dependon…[Thefuturetenseoftheverb(willdepend)issufficienttoexpressfuturity.]我们应采取一系列措施来保证……A:weshouldadoptaseriesofmeasurestoensurethat….B:weshouldadoptmeasurestoensurethat….[Herethepluralformof“measures”coversthesenseofa“series”]Otherunnecessarynouns(orgerunds)maybelesseasytoidentify.Nevertheless,alittlethoughtwillrevealthattheyaddnothingtothemeaningofthesentence.Whentheyaredeleted,thesenseisnotdiminished,onlyclarified.Someexamples:在实现农业机械化和电气化后……A：followingtherealizationofmechanizationandelectrificationofagricultureB：followingtheofmechanizationandelectrificationofagriculture必须加强国防建设。A:Itisessentialtostrengthenthebuildingofnationaldefense.B:Itisessentialtostrengthennationaldefense.这些构成了努力实现过渡时期的伟大任务的重要条件。A:Theseconstituteimportantconditionsinstrivingforthefulfillmentofthegeneraltaskinthetransitionalperiod.B:Theseareimportantconditionsforfulfillingthegeneraltaskinthetransitionperiod.当时，东北的形势仍然是敌强我弱。A:AtthattimethesituationinnortheastChinawasstillonewheretheenemywasstrongerthanthepeople'sforces.B:Atthattimetheenemywasstillstrongerthanthepeople'sforcesinnortheastChina.["Situation"isaparticularlydangerousnoun.Notonlyisitgenerallyunnecessary,butitdragsotherunnecessaryelementsafterit(inthisinstance,"onewhere").解决问题的关键在于削减开支。A:Thekeytothesolutionliesinthecurtailmentofexpenditure.B:Thesolutionistocurtail(or.cutbackon)expenditure.["Key"issometimesuseful,butusuallyittoocanbedispensedwith.Andlike"situation,"itoftenleadstofurtherunnecessarycomplications(here,"liesin").]党内民主是已详细讨论过的问题。A:Inner-Partydemocracyisasubjectthathasbeendiscussedindetail.B:Inner-Partydemocracyhasbeendiscussedindetail.CategorynounsThereisonetypeofnounthatdeservesspecialmention,becauseitisthecommonestunnecessarywordinChinglish.Thisisthegeneralnounthatservesonlytointroduceaspecificnoun(orgerund)tofollow:“aseriousmistakeintheworkofplanning.计划工作中的错误。Insuchconstructions,thefirstnounannouncesthecategoryofthesecond;inthiscase,ittellsreadersthat“planning”fallsintothecategoryof“work”.Thatissomethingtheyalreadyknow.Accordingly,thefirstnounsshouldbedeletedaseriousmistakeinplanning.Otherexamples:促进和平统一事业A:promotingthecauseofpeacefulreunificationB:promotingpeacefulreunification经济领域的改革A:reformsinthesphereoftheeconomyB:reformsintheeconomy(oreconomicreforms)保证双方之间的亲密合作关系Atoensurearelationshipofclosecooperationbetween….Btoensureclosecooperationbetween…我们必须反对铺张浪费的行为。A:WemustopposethepracticeofextravaganceB:Wemustopposeextravagance.这些原则适应于处理中外关系中的所有情况A:TheseprinciplesapplytoallcasesofrelationsbetweenChinaandothercountries.B:TheseprinciplesapplytorelationsbetweenChinaandallothercountries.这种情况，加上价格不稳定的因素，引起….A:This,coupledwiththefactorofpriceinstability,caused….B:This,coupledwithpriceinstability,caused….WhateverfunctionthecategorynounservesinChinese,inEnglishitisgenerallyuseless.Allitaddstothesentenceisweightwithoutsubstance.VerbsLikeunnecessarynouns,mostunnecessaryverbsinChinglishoccurinphrases.Usuallytheyarecombinedwithnouns(plustheinevitablearticlesandprepositionsthatnounsbringwiththem).Thesephrasesareoftwoprincipaltypes:1.Unnecessaryverbsplusnoun2.Unnecessaryverbplusunnecessarynounplusthirdwordweshalllookatfirstoneandthentheother.Unnec.verb+nounThecommonesttypeisaphraselike“wemustmakeanimprovementinourwork.”Heretheverb(make)isaweak,colorless,all-purposewordhavingnoveryspecificmeaningofitsown,whiletherealactionisexpressedinthenoun(improvement).Sincetheverbisnotcontributinganythingtothesense,itcanbeeditedout.“Wemustimproveourwork.”Thebasicpatternisunnec.verb+noun.Bothtranslatorsandpolisherstendtooverlookconstructionsofthissort,becausetheyaregrammaticallycorrectandbecause—precisely—everyoneissoaccustomedtothem.Onceyoubecamealerttothepattern,however,itiseasyenoughtoeliminatetheunnecessarywordsbysubstitutingplainverbs.我们想在一夜之间完成整个社会的变革是不可能的。A：Itisimpossibleforustoaccomplishthetransformationofthewholesocietyovernight.B：Itisimpossibleforustotransformthewholesocietyovernight.他们应该对….进行仔细的检查。A:Theyshouldconductacarefulexaminationof…..B:Theyshouldcarefullyexamine….试图诱使朝鲜军队对他们发动一场攻击。A：tryingtoenticetheKoreanarmytolaunchanattackagainstthemB：tryingtoenticetheKoreanarmytoattackthem改变这种局面A:tobringaboutachangeinthisstateofaffairsB:tochangethisstateofaffairs他们必须下决心对现存体制进行改革。A:Theymustmakeuptheirmindstoimplementthereformofthecurrentsystem.B:Theymustmakeuptheirmindstoreformthecurrentsystem.直到中国实现工业现代化。A:untilChinarealizesindustrialmodernizationB:untilChinamodernizesitsindustryTheconstructionmayalsoappearinpassivevoice.Thatis,insteadof“wemustmakeimprovementinourwork,”wefind“animprovementmustbemadeinourwork.”Butthisisonlyavariationofthesamepattern,andthesolutionisthesametoo:substitutionaplainverb.Theresultisourworkmustbeimproved.(because“tomakeanimprovementin”=“toimprove”)Moreexamplesinpassivevoice:应当批准所有这些项目。A:Approvalshouldbegiventoalltheseprojects.B:Alltheseprojectsshouldbeapproved.[because“togiveapprovalto”=“toapprove”]只有通过….才能找出解决这些问题的办法。A:Solutionstotheseproblemscanbefoundonlythrough…B:Theseproblemscanbesolvedonlythrough…[because“tofindsolutionto”=“tosolve”]实行粮食配给A:GrainrationingwasimplementedB:Grainwasrationed.[Because“toimplementrationing”=“toration”]Theverbmostfrequentlyfoundinthesecombinationswithnounsistomake:Tomakeaninvestigationof=toinvestigateTomakeacarefulstudyof=tostudycarefullyTomakeadecisionto=todecidetoTomakeaproposalthat=toproposethatTomakeeffortsto=totry(attempt)toTomakeananalysisof=toanalyzeTherunner-upisdoubtlesstohaveTohaveadislikefor=todislikeTohaveaninfluenceon=toinfluenceTohaveadequateknowledgeof=toknowenoughaboutTohavetheneedof=toneedTohaverequestfor=torespectButmanyotherscanbeseenoneverypagesaswell:Togiveguidanceto=toguideToprovideassistanceto=toassistTocarryoutthestruggleagainst=tostruggleagainstToconductreformof=toreformToengageinfreediscussionof=todiscuss(it)freelyToachievesuccessin=tosucceedinToaccomplishthemodernizationof=tomodernizeTorealizethetransformationof=totransformTobringaboutanimprovementin=toimproveToplacestresson=tostressToexercisecontrolover=tocontrolToregisteranincrease=toincreaseYoushouldbeonwatchforallofthem.Unnec.verb+unnec.noun+thirdwordAswehaveseeninthefirsttypeofphraseavagueandgeneralverb,incapableofexpressingspecificaction,shiftstheresponsibilityforthattaskontoanoun.Inthesecondtype,however,thenouncannotperformthetaskeither.Consider“oureffortstoreachthegoalofmodernization”.Herethenoun(goal)isnomoreprecisethantheverb(reach).(Indeed,“thegoalof”isanotherexampleofthesuperfluouscategorynoun.)Thismeansthattheworkoftheverbhastobedonebystillanotherword,asecondnoun(“modernization”).Sincenowthefirstnounisnotdoinganythingusefulinthesentence,ittoocanbeeliminated,alongwiththeall-purposeverb.Theresultis,“oureffortstomodernize”Inthephrasesofthistype,thebasicpatternunnec.verb+nounhasbeenexpandedtounnec.Verb+unnec.Noun+thirdword.Asintheexampleabove,thethirdwordisusuallyanothernoun(orgerund).Sincethisnewnounisperformingthefunctionofaverb,itshouldbegiventheformofaverb.我军缓慢前进A:Ourtroopsusedthemethodofslowadvance.B:Ourtroopsadvancedslowly.需要三个师的驻军来执行守卫仓库的任务。A:Threegarrisondivisionswerenecessarytoperformthetaskofguardingwarehouses.B:Threegarrisondivisionswerenecessarytoguardwarehouses.我们决定后撤。A:Weadoptedthepolicyofwithdrawal.B:Wewithdrew.(ordecidedtowithdraw.)[Thiswasaparticulartacticalretreat,notageneralmilitarypolicy.]在所有问题上我们都要采取“知之为知之，不知为不知”的态度。A:Inallmatterswemustassumetheattitudeofadmittingwhatwedoanddonotknow.B: