历年专业八级真题及答案汇总免费

2000年英语专业八级考试全真试卷听力PartIListeningComprehension(40min)SECTIONATALKQuestions1to5refertothetalkinthissection.Attheendofthetalkyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.TherulesforthefirstprivatelibraryintheUSweredrawnupby.thelegislatureB.thelibrarianC.JohnHarvardD.thefacultymembersTheearliestpubliclibrarywasalsocalledasubscriptionlibrarybecausebooks.couldbelenttoeveryonecouldbelentbybookstoreswerelenttostudentsandthefacultywerelentonamembershipbasisWhichofthefollowingisNOTstatedasoneofthepurposesoffreepubliclibraries?Toprovidereaderswithcomfortablereadingrooms.Toprovideadultswithopportunitiesoffurthereducation.Toservethecommunity'sculturalandrecreationalneeds.Tosupplytechnicalliteratureonspecializedsubjects.Themajordifferencebetweenmodemprivateandpubliclibrariesliesin.readershipB.contentC.serviceD.functionThemainpurposeofthetalkis.tointroducecategoriesofbooksinUSlibrariestodemonstratetheimportanceofUSlibrariestoexplaintherolesofdifferentUSlibrariestodefinethecirculationsystemofUSlibrariesSECTIONBINTERVIEWQuestions6to10arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.Nancybecameataxidriverbecause.sheownedacarshedrovewellshelikeddrivers'uniformsitwasherchildhooddreamAccordingtoher,whatwasthemostdifficultaboutbecomingataxidriver?Therightsenseofdirection.Thesenseofjudgment.Theskillofmaneuvering.Thesizeofvehicles.WhatdoesNancylikebestaboutherjob?Seeinginterestingbuildingsinthecity.Beingabletoenjoytheworldofnature.Drivinginunsettledweather.Takinglongdrivesoutsidethecity.ItcanbeinferredfromtheinterviewthatNancyina(n)mother.uncaringB.strictC.affectionateD.permissiveThepeopleNancymeetsareratherdifficulttopleaserudetowomendriverstalkativeandgenerouswithtipsdifferentinpersonalitySECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTQuestion11isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.TheprimarypurposeoftheUSanti-smokinglegislationis.totightencontrolontobaccoadvertisingtoimposepenaltiesontobaccocompaniestostartanationalanti-smokingcampaigntoensurethehealthofAmericanchildrenQuestions12and13arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.TheFrenchPresident'svisittoJapanaimsatmakingmoreinvestmentsinJapanstimulatingJapanesebusinessesinFrancehelpingboosttheJapaneseeconomylaunchingafilmfestivalinJapanThisisJacquesChirac'svisittoJapan.A.secondB.fourteenthC.fortiethD.forty-firstQuestions14and15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.Afghanpeoplearesufferingfromstarvationbecause.meltingsnowbeginstoblockthemountainpathstheTalibanhavedestroyedexistingfoodstockstheTalibanarehinderingfooddeliveriesanemergencyair-liftoffoodwascancelledpeopleinAfghanistanarefacingstarvation.160,000B.16,000C.1,000,000D.100,000SECTIONDNOTE-TAKINGANDGAP-FILLINGFilleachofgapswithONEword.Youmayrefertoyournotes.Makesurethewordyoufillinisbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.OnPublicSpeakingWhenpeopleareaskedtogiveaspeechinpublicforthefirsttime,theyusuallyfeelterrifiednomatterhowwelltheyspeakininformalsituations.Infact,publicspeakingisthesameasanyotherformof(1)1.thatpeopleareusuallyengagedin.Publicspeakingisawayforaspeakerto(2)histhoughtswiththeaudience.Moreover,thespeakerisfree2.todecideonthe(3)ofhisspeech.3.Twokeypointstoachievesuccessinpublicspeaking:—(4)ofthesubjectmatter.4.—goodpreparationofthespeech.Tofacilitatetheirunderstanding,informyouraudiencebeforehandofthe(5)ofyourspeech,andenditwithasummary.5.Otherkeypointstobearinmind:——beawareofyouraudiencethrougheyecontact.—varythespeedof(6)6.—usethemicrophoneskillfullyto(7)yourselfinspeech.7.—bebriefinspeech;alwaystrytomakeyourmessage(8)8.Example:thebestrememberedinauguralspeechesoftheUSpresidentsarethe(9)ones.9.Therefore,brevityisessentialtothe(10)ofaspeech.10.改错PartnProofreadingandErrorCorrection(15min)ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.EachlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway.Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwithaAsignandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessarywordcrossouttheunnecessarywordwithaslash"/'andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.ExampleWhenAartmuseumwantsanewexhibit,(1)anitnever/buysthingsinfinishedformandhangs(2)neverthemonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseumwantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.(3)exhibitThegrammaticalwordswhichplaysolargeapartinEnglishgrammarareforthemostpartsharplyandobviouslydifferent1.fromthelexicalwords.Aroughandreadydifferencewhichmayseemthemostobviousisthatgrammaticalwordshave"less

meaning”,butinfactsomegrammarianshavecalledthem2."empty"wordsasopposedinthe"full"words3Ofvocabulary.Butthisisarathermisledwayofexpressingthedistinction.4.Althoughawordliketheisnotthenameofsomethingasmanis,itisveryfarawayfrombeingmeaningless;thereisasharp5.differenceinmeaningbetween"manisvileand""themanisvile",yettheisthesinglevehicleofthisdifferenceinmeaning.6.Moreover,grammaticalwordsdifferconsiderablyamongthemselvesastheamountofmeaningtheyhave,eveninthe7.lexicalsense.Anothernameforthegrammaticalwordshasbeen"littlewords”.Butsizeisbynomeanagoodcriterion,fordistinguishingthegrammaticalwordsofEnglish,whenweconsiderthatwehavelexicalwordsasgo,man,say,car.Apart9.fromthis,however,thereisagooddealoftruthinwhatsomepeoplesay:wecertainlydocreateagreatnumberofobscurity10.whenweomitthem.ThisisillustratednotonlyinthepoetryofRobertBrowningbutintheproseoftelegramsandnewspaperheadlines.阅读理解APartinReadingComprehension(40min)SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30min)Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteenmultiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourColouredAnswerSheet.TEXTADespiteDenmark'smanifestvirtues,DanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretbeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmark,theyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininess,itsunimportance,thedifficultyofitslanguage,thegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldyourself.lookyouinthelookyouintheeyeandsay,Denmarkisagreatcountry.sedtofigoue'thisouppiHooItisthelandofthesilksafetynet,wherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife'sinequalities,andthereisplentyofmoneyforschools,daycare,retrainingprogrammes,jobseminars-Danesloveseminars:threedaysatastudycentrehearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglish,inadvertising,popmusic,theInternet,anddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs—thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit—olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.Itisthelandwhere,asthesayinggoes,havetoomuchFamwfewerhavetoolittle,"andaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegantsmthatprevails,wherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgaze,whereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusage,evenMr.andMrs.Itsanationofrecyclersabout55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew—andnonuclearpowerplants.It'sanationoftirelessplanner.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.Suchanationofoverachievers—abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysays,"Denmarkisoneoftheworld'cteanestandmostorganizedcountries,withvirtuallynopollution,crime,orpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernHemisphere."So,ofcourse,onel徂sdrtearrysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildings("ForeignsOutofDenmark!"),brokenbeerbottlesinthegutters,drunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonetheless,itisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtown,itcomestoanendatastonewall,andontheothersideisafieldofbarley,anicecleanline:townhere,countrythere.Itisnotanationofjay-walkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochange,evenifit's2a.m.andthere'snotacarinsight.However,Danesdon'tthinkofthemselvesas;nting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-lightpeoplethat'showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.Danesseethemselvesasjazzypeople,improvisers,morefreespiritedthanSwedes,butthetruthis(thoughoneshouldnotsayit)thatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresources,limitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabroker,banker,anddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagen,andthesebright,young,English-speaking,utterlyhonest,highlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinavia,theBalticStates,andRussia.Airports,seaports,highways,andraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn'tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormine,andnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenship,andyoushouldn'feelbadfortakingwhatyou'rentitledto,you'reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryone,thebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjob,thestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.TheauthorthinksthatDanesadoptaattitudetowardstheircountry.boastfulB.modestC.deprecatingD.mysteriousWhichofthefollowingisNOTaDanishcharacteristiccitedinthepassage?Fondnessofforeignculture.B.Equalityinsociety.C.Linguistictolerance.D.Persistentplanning.Theauthor'sreactiontothestatementbytheMinistryofBusinessanddstryis.disapprovingB.approvingC.noncommittalD.doubtfulAccordingtothepassage,Danishorderliness.setsthepeopleapartfromGermansandSwedessparesDanessocialtroublesbesettingotherpeopleisconsideredeconomicallyessentialtothecountrypreventsDanesfromacknowledgingexistingtroublesAttheendofthepassagetheauthorstatesallthefollowingEXCEPTthat.DanesareclearlyinformedoftheirsocialbenefitsDanestakeforgrantedwhatisgiventothemtheopensystemhelpstotidethecountryoverorderlinesshasalleviatedunemploymentTEXTBButiflanguagehabitsdonotrepresentclasses,asocialstratificationintosomethingasbygoneas"aristocracy"and"commons",theydostillofcourseservetoidentifysocialgroups.Thisissomethingthatseemsfundamentalintheuseoflanguage.Asweseeinrelationtopoliticalandnationalmovements,languageisusedasabadgeorabarrierdependingonwhichwaywelookatit.Thenewboyatschoolfeelsoutofitatfirstbecausehedoesnotknowthefightwordsforthings,andawe-inspiringpunditsofsixorsevenlookdownonhimfornotbeingawarethatracksymeans"dilapidatedhairy)r"outfirstball".Theminertakesacertainprideinbeing"oneuponthevisitorornovicewhocallsthecagea"lift"orwhothinksthatmenworkingiiwarmseamareintheir"underpants"whenanyoneoughttoknowthatthegarmeiedarecalhoggers.The"insider"isseldomdispleasedthathislanguagedistinguisheshimfromtheder".Quiteapartfromspecializedtermsofthiskindingroups,tradesandprofessions,thereareallkindsofstandardsofcorrectnessatwhichmastofusfeelmoreorlessobligedtoaim,becauseweknowthatcertainkindsofEnglishinviteirritationordownrightcondemnation.Ontheotherhand,weknowthatotherkindsconveysomekindofprestigeandbearawelcomecachet.Inrelationtothesocialaspectsoflanguage,itmaywellbesuggestedthatEnglishspeakersfallintothreecategories:theassured,theanxiousandtheindifferent.Atoneendofthisscale,wehavethepeoplewhohave"position"and"status",orraowfeelthheyfoeedworrymuchabouttheiruseofEnglish.TheireducationandoccupationmakethemconfidentofspeakinganunimpeachableformofEnglish:nofearofbeingcriticizedorcorrectedislikelytocrosstheirminds,andthisgivestheirspeechthatcharacteristicallyunselfconsciousandeasyflowwhichisoftenenvied.Attheotherendofthescale,wehaveanequallyimperturbableband,speakingwithasimilardegreeofcarelessease,becauseeveniftheyareawarethattheirEnglishiscondemnedbyothers,theyaresupremelyindifferenttothefact.TheMrsMopsofthisworldhaveactiveandefficienttonguesintheirheads,andifwehappenednottolikethe/rwaysofsayingthings,well,welumpit".ThatistheirtOte.Curiouslyenough,writersareinclinedtorepresentthespeechofboththeseextremepartieswith-in'foring.Ontheonehand,"we'regoin'huntin',mydearsiiontheother,"we'regoin'racin',mate.”Inbetween,accordingtothisview,wehaveafarlessfortunategroup,theanxious.TheseactivelytrytosuppresswhattheybelievetobebadEnglishandassiduouslycultivatewhattheyhopetobegoodEnglish.Theylivetheirlivesinsomedegreeofnervousnessovertheirgrammar,theirpronunciation,andtheirchoiceofwords:sensitive,andfearfulofbetrayingthemselves.KeepingupwiththeJonesesismeasurednotonlyinhouses,furniture,refrigerators,cars,andclothes,butalsoinspeech.Andthemisfortuneofthe"anxious"doesnotendwiththeirinneranxiety.Theirlotisalsotheopenorveiledcontemptofthe"assured"ononesideofthemandofthe"indifferentother.Itisalltooeasytoraiseanunworthylaughattheanxious.Thepeoplethusuncomfortablystiltedonlinguistichighheelssooftenformpartofwhatis,inmanyways,themostadmirablesectionofanysociety:theambitious,tense,inner-drivenpeople,whoarebenton"goingplacesanddoingthings".Thegreaterthephtyn,ifadisproportionateamountoftheirenergygoes

meintowhatMrSharplesscalled"thisshabbyobsession"withvariantfospsgoiEnglishifthenetresultis(assooften)merelytosoundaffectedandridiculous."Here"accordingtoBacon,"isthefirstdistemperoflearning,whenmenstudywordsandnotmatter••-.ItseemstomethatPygmalion'sfrenzyisagoodemblem••-ofthisvanity:forwordsaxebuttheimagesofmatter;andexcepttheyhavelifeofreasonandinvention,tofallinlovewiththemistofallinlovewithapicture."D.nonchalantTheattitudeheldbytheassuredtowardslanguageiscriticalB.anxiousC.self-consciousTheanxiousareconsideredalessfortunategroupbecause.meD.nonchalanttheyfeeltheyaresociallylookeddownupontheysufferfrominternalanxietyandexternalattacktheyareinherentlynervousandanxiouspeopletheyareunabletomeetstandardsofcorrectnessTheauthorthinksthattheeffortsmadebytheanxioustocultivatewhattheybelieveisgoodEnglishare.A.worthwhileB.meaninglessC.praiseworthyD.irrationalTEXTCFredCookeofSalfordturned90twodaysagoandtheworldhasbeenbeatingapathtohisdoor.Ifyouhaven'tnoticed,thebackstreetboyeducatedatBlackpoolgrammarstyleshimselfmoregrandlyasAlastairCooke,broadcasterextraordinaire.AnhonorableKBE,hewouldbeSirAlastairifhehadnottakenAmericancitizenshipmorethanhalfacenturyago.Ifitsoundssnobbishtodrawattentiontohishumbleorigins,itshouldbereflectedthattherealsnobisCookehimself,whohasspentalifetimedisguisingthem.ButthefactthatheoptedtorenouncehisBritishpassportin1941—justwhenhiscountryneededallthewartimehelpitcouldget-ishardlyamatterforcongratulation.CookehasmadeafortuneoutofhisloveaffairwithAmerica,entrancinglistenerswithaweeklymonologuethathaswonRadio4manydevotedadherents.Partofthepullisthedevelopeddrawl.Thisisthemanwhogavetheworld"midatlanticthe,languageofthediscjockeyandpublicrelationsman.HesoundsAmericantousandEnglishtothem,whileinrealityhehasfordecadesbelongedtoneither.Cooke'worldisanAmericathatexistslargelyintheimagination.HetookagestoacknowledgethedisasterthatwasVietnamandevenlongertowakeuptoWatergate.Hispoliticshavedriftedtotherightwithage,andmostofhisopinionshavebeenacquiredonthegolfcoursewithfellowcelebrities.HechasedafterstarsonarrivalinAmerica,FixingupaninterviewwithCharlieChaplinandbrieflybecominghisfriend.HetoldCookehecouldturnhimintoafinelightcomedian;insteadheisanimpressionist'sdream.Cookelikedthesoundofhisfirstwife'snamealmostasmuchasheoadrioioesdhergButhefoundbringingupbabydifficultandleftherforthewifeofhislandlord.Womenlistenerswereunimpressedwhen,in1996,hedeclaredonairthatthefactthat4%ofwomenintheAmericanarmedforceswererapedshowedremarkableself-restraintonthepartofUncleSam'ssoldiers.HisarroganceinnotallowingBBCeditorstoseehisscriptinadvanceworked,notforthefirsttime,tohisdetriment.Hisdefenderssaidhecouldnothelplivingwiththe1930svalueshehadacquiredandsomewhatdubiouslywentontocite"gallantryaschiefamongthem.Cooke'saconteurstyleencouragedawholegenerationofBBCmentothinkofthemselvesasmoreimportantthanthestory.HistreaclytoneswerethemodelfortheregularWorldServicereportsFromOurOwnCorrespondent,knownasFOOCsinthebusiness.Theymayyetbehisepitaph.Atthebeginningofthepassagethewritersoundscriticalof.Cooke'sobscureoriginsCooke'sbroadcastingstyleCooke'sAmeahcitizenshipCooke'sfondnessofAmericaThefollowingadjectivescanbesuitablyappliedtoCookeEXCEPT.A.old-fashionedB.sincereC.arrogantD.popular26.ThewritercommentsonCooke'slifeandcareerinaslightlytone.A.ironicB.detachedC.scathingD.indifferentTEXTDMrDuffyraisedhiseyesfromthepaperandgazedoutofhiswindowonthecheerlesseveninglandscape.TheriverlayquietbesidetheemptydistilleryandfromtimetotimealightappearedinsomehouseonLucanRoad.Whatanend!Thewholenarrativeofherdeathrevoltedhimanditrevoltedhimtothinkthathehadeverspokentoherofwhatheheldsacred.Thecautiouswordsofareporterwonovertoconcealthedetailsofacommonplacevulgardeathattackedhisstomach.Notmerelyhadshedegradedherself,shehaddegradedhim.Hissoul'scompanion!Hethoughtofthehobblingwretcheswhomhehadseencarryingcansandbottlestobefilledbythebarman.JustGod,whatanend!Evidentlyshehadbeenunfittolive,withoutanystrengthofpurpose,aneasypreytohabits,oneofthewrecksonwhichcivilizationhasbeenreared.Butthatshecouldhavesunksolow!Wasitpossiblehehaddeceivedhimselfsoutterlyabouther?Herememberedheroutburstofthatnightandinterpreteditinaharshersensethanhehadeverdone.Hehadnodifficultynowinapprovingofthecoursehehadtaken.Asthelightfailedandhismemorybegantowanderhethoughtherhandtouchedhis.Theshockwhichhadfirstattackedhisstomachwasnowattackinghisnerves.Heputonhisovercoatandhatquicklyandwentout.Thecoldairmethimonthethreshold;itcreptintothesleevesofhiscoat.WhenhecametothepublichouseatChapelBridgehewentinandorderedahotpunch.Theproprietorservedhimobsequiouslybutdidnotventuretotalk.Therewerefiveorsixworking-menintheshopdiscussingthevalueofagentlemantateinC6unJysKildare.Theydrankatintervalsfromtheirhugepinttumblers,andsmoked,spittingoftenonthefloorandsometimesdraggingthesawdustovertheirheavyboots.MrDuffysatonhisstoolandgazedatthem,withoutseeingorhearingthem.Afterawhiletheywentoutandhecalledforanotherpunch.Hesatalongtimeoverit.Theshopwasveryquiet.Theproprietorsprawledonthecounterreadingthenewspaperandyawning.Nowandagainatramwasheardswishingalongthelonelyroadoutside.Ashesatthere,livingoverhislifewithherandevokingalternatelythetwoimagesonwhichhenowconceivedher,herealizedthatshewasdead,thatshehadceasedtoexist,thatshehadbecomeamemory.Hebegantofeelillatease.Heaskedhimselfwhatelsecouldhehavedone.Hecouldnothavelivedwithheropenly.Hehaddonewhatseemedtohimbest.Howwashetoblame?Nowthatshewasgoneheunderstoodhowlonelyherlifemusthavebeen,sittingnightafternightaloneinthatroom.Hislifewouldbelonelytoountilhe,too,died,ceasedtoexist,becameamemory-ifanyonerememberedhim.MrDuffy'simmediatereactiontothereportofthewoman'sdeathwasthatof.A.disgustB.guiltC.griefD.compassionItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthereporterwroteaboutthewoman'sdeathinamanner.A.detailedB.provocativeC.discreetD.sensationalWecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatMrDuffywasina(n)mood.A.angryB.fretfulC.irritableD.remorsefulAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?MrDuffyonceconfidedinthewoman.MrDuffyfeltanintensesenseofshame.Thewomanwantedtoendtherelationship.Theybecameestrangedprobablyafteraquarrel.阅读理解BSECTIONBSKIMMINGANDSCANNING(10min)Inthissectiontherearesevenpassagesfollowedbytenmultiple-choicequestions.SkimorscanthemasrequiredandthenmarkyouranswersontheColouredAnswerSheet.TEXTEFirstreadthefollowingquestion.InthepassageBillGatesmainlydiscusses.aperson'sopportunityofalifetimethesuccessofthecomputerindustrytheimportanceofeducationhighschooleducationintheUSNowgothroughTEXTEquicklyandanswerquestion31.Hundredsofstudentssendmee-maileachyearaskingforadviceabouteducation.Theywanttoknowwhattostudy,orwhetherit'sOKtodropoutofcollegesincethat'swhatIdid.Mybasicadviceissimpleandheartfelt.thebesteGetationyoucan.Takeadvantageofhighschoolandcollege.Learnhowtolearn.”It'struethatIdroppedoutofcollegetostartMicrosoft,butIwasatHarvardforthreeyearsbeforedroppingout-andI'dlovetohavethetimetogobck.AsI'vesaidbefore,nobodyshoulddropoutofcollegeunlesstheybelievetheyfacetheopportunityofalifetime.Andeventhentheyshouldreconsider.Thecomputerindustryhaslotsofpeoplewhodidn'tfinishcollegettawtaIrenofanysuccessstoriesthatbeganwithsomebodydroppingoutofhighschool.Iactuallydon'tknchighschooldropouts,letaloneanysuccessfulones.Inmycompany'searlyyearswehadabrightpa-timeprogrammerwhothreatenedtodropoutofhighschooltoworkfull-time.Wetoldhimno.Quiteafewofourpeopledidn'tfinishcollege,butwediscouragedroppingout.Collegeisn'ttheonlyplacewhereinformationexist.Youcanlearninalibrary.Butsomebodyhandingyouabookdoesn'tautomaticallyfosterlearning.Youwanttolearnwithotherpeople,askquestions,tryoutideasandhaveawaytotestyourability.Itusuallytakesmorethanjustabook.Educationshouldbebroad,althoughit'sfinetohavs,cteepinterestInhighschooltherewereperiodswhenIwashighlyfocusedonwritingsoftware,butformostofmyhighschoolyearsIhadwide-rangingacademicinterests.Myparentsencouragedthis,andI'mgratefulthattheydid.Oneparentwrotemethather15-yearoldson"losthimselfintheholeofthecomputer."HgotanAinWebsitedesign,butothergradesweresinking,shesaid.Thisboyismakingamistake.Highschoolandcollegeofferyouthebestchancetolearnbroadly-math,history,varioussciences-andtodoprojectswithotherkidsthatteachyoufirsthandaboutgroupdynamics.It'finetotakeadeepinterestincomputers,dance,languageoranyotherdiscipline,butnotifitjeopardizesbreadth.Incollegeitappropriatetothinkaboutspecialization.Gettingrealexpertiseinanareaofinterestcanleadtosuccess.Graduateschoolisonewaytogetspecializedknowledge.Choosingaspecialtyisn'somethinghighschoolstudentsshouldworryabout.Theyshouldworryaboutgettingastrongacademicstart.There'snotaperfectcorrelationbetweenattitudesinhighschoolandsuccessinlaterlife,ofcourse.Butit'sarealmistakenottotaketheopportunitytolearnahugerangeofsubjects,tolearntoworkwithpeopleinhighschool,andtogetthegradesthatwillhelpyougetintoagoodcollege.TEXTFFirstreadthefollowingquestion.Thepassagefocuseson.thehistoryandfutureofLondonLondon'smanufacturinlgillsLondon'sstatusasafinancialcentrerthepastandpresentrolesofLondonNowgothroughTextFquicklyandanswerquestion32.WhatisLondonfor?Toputthequestionanotherway,whywasLondon,by1900,incomparablythelargestcityintheworld,whichitremaineduntilthebombardmentsoftheLuftwaffe?Therecouldbemanyanswerstothisquestion,butanyhistoryofLondonwillrehearsethreebroadexplanations.Oneistheimportanceofitslifeasaport.WhentheThamesturnedtoiceinFebruary1855,50,000menwereputoutofwork,andtherewerebreadriotsfromthosewhoseliveliboodshadbeenfrozenwiththeriver.Today,theThamescouldbefrozenforayearwithoutendangeringthelivelihoodsofanybutafewpleasure-boatmen.ThesecondmajorcauseofLondon'swealthandsuccesswasthatitwaseasilythebiggestmanufacturingcentreinEurope.AtthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution,DutchloomsandthestockingknittingframewerefirstpioneeredinLondon.ThevastrangeofLondon'smanufacturingskillsisanotherfact;almostanyitemyoucannamewasmanufacturedinLondonduringthedaysofitsprosperity.In1851,13.75percentofthemanufacturingwork-forceofGreatBritainwasbasedinLondon.By1961,thishaddramaticallyreduced.By1993,therewereamere328,000Londonersengagedinmanufacturing.Inotherwords,byourowntimes,twoofthechiefreasonsforLondon'veryexistence-itslifeasapertandasacentreofmanufacture-haddwindledoutofexistence.London'thirdgreatfunction,sincetheseventeenthcentury,hasbeenthatofnationalandinternationalbourse:theexchangeofstocksandshares,banking,commerceand,increasingly,insurance.BothInwoodandFrancisSheppard,inLondon:Ahistory,managetomakethesepotentiallydrymattersvividtothegeneralreader,andbothauthorsassureusthat"Tthefinancialsenseisstillasimportantaseveritwas.Both,however,recordthediminutionoftheCityasanarchitecturalanddemographicentity,withtheemptyingofmanycityoffices(sincetheadventofthecomputermuchoftheworkcanbedoneanywhere)andtheremovalofmanydistinctivelandmarks.TEXTGFirstreadthefollowingquestion.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto.discusstheimpactoftheinternetforecastthefuturerolesofthebookstorecomparethepublisherwiththeeditorevaluatethelimitationsoftheprintedpageNowgothroughTEXTGquicklyandanswerquestion33.Sincetheadventoftelevisionpeoplehavebeenprophesyingthedeathofthebook.NowtheriseoftheWorldWideWebseemstohaverevivedthissmolderingcontroversyfromtheashes.Theveryexistenceofpapercopyhasbeenbroughtintoquestiononcemore.Itmightbethebookstore,ratherthanthebookitself,thatisonthebrinkofextinction.Manyofyouwillhavenotedtomofbooksellerwebsitespoppingup.Theyprovidelistsofbooksandletyoureadsamplechapters,reviewsfromothercustomersandinterviewswithauthors.Whatdoesallthismean?Browsingavirtualbookstoremaynotaffordyouthesamedustypleasureasbrowsingroundarealshop,butasfarasservice,priceandconvenienceareconcernedthereisreallynocompetition.Thismaychangebeforelong,aspublishers'websitesbegintdirectaccesstonewpublications.PerhapsitisactuallythepublisherwhoisendangeredbytherelentlessadvanceoftheInternet.Therearearemarkablenumberofsitesrepublishingtextsonline--anextensivevirtuallibraryofmaterialsthatusedtobehandledprimarilybypublishingcompanies.Fromtheprofusionofelectronic-textsitesavailable,itlooksasifthisvirtuallibraryisheretostayunlessaproposedrevisiontocopyrightlawtakesmanypublicationsoutofthepublicdomain.However,canelectronictextsstillbeconsideredbooks?Thenagain,itmightbetheeditoratrisk,indangerofbeingcutoutofthepublishingprocess.TheWebnotonlymakesitpossibleforjustaboutanyonetopublishwhatevertheylikewhenevertheylike-therearevirtuallynocostsinvolved.TheeditorswouldthenbethemillionsofInternetusers.Andthereislittlecensorship,either.Sopossiblyitistheprintedpage,withitsmanylimitations,thatisperishingastheimplicationsofnewtechnologiesbegintobefullyrealized.LastyearStanfordUniversitypublishedtheequivalentofa6,000pageBusinessEnglishdictionary,online.Thereseemtobe

quiteobviousbenefitstohousingthesemulti-volumereferencesetsontheWeb.Theperceivedbenefitsforotherbooks,suchasthenovel,areperhapslessobvious.TEXTHFirstreadthefollowingquestion.Thereviewer'sattitudetowardsthebooksisambiguousB.objectiveC.doubtfulD.hostileNowgothroughTEXTHquicklyandanswerquestion34.The1990shavewitnessedastrikingrevivaloftheideathatliberaldemocraticpoliticalsystemarethebestbasisforinternationalpeace.Westernstatesmenandscholarshavewitnessedworldwideprocessofdemocratization,andtendtoseeitasasounderbasisforpeacethananythingwehavehadinthepast.Centraltothevisionofapeacefuldemocraticworldbasbeenthepropositionthatliberaldemocraciesdonotfighteachother;thattheymayandfrequentlydogetintofightswithilliberalstates,butnotwithothercountriesthatarebasicallysimilarintheirpoliticalsystems.Thepropositionappealstopoliticalleadersandscholarsaswell.Yetitisdoubtfulwhetherthepropositionisstrongenoughtobearthevastweightofgeneralizationthathasbeenplacedonit.Amongthemanydifficultiesitposes,twostandout:firsttherearemanypossibleexceptionstotherulethatdemocraciesdonotfighteachother;andsecond,thereismuchuncertaintyaboutwhydemocracieshave,forthemostpart,notfoughteachother.LiberalPeace,LiberalWar:AmericanpoliticsandinternationalsecuritybyJohnM.Owenisanattempttoexplainthetwinphenomenaofliberalpeace(whydemocraciesdon