长宁区2018高中英语二模卷

长宁区2018高中英语二模卷长宁区2018高中英语二模卷长宁区2018高中英语二模卷资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月长宁区2018高中英语二模卷版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：2017学年第二学期高三英语教学质量检测试卷（满分140分，考试时间120分钟）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Heisangry. B.Heisexhausted.C.Heishungry. D.Heisdisappointed.2.A.Gooverhislessons. B.Attendtheparty. C.Eatoutwithfriends. D.Takethefinalexam.3.A.Sheismostlikelytobearrested. B.Shehasforgottentocallthepolice.C.Shemayhavelostherdrivinglicense. D.Sheislyingtothepoliceofficer.4.A.Billbrokehispromise. B.MumwillprobablyrewardBill.C.Billfailedinthetest. D.MumisworriedaboutBill’swork.5.A.Makearecoveryplan. B.Gobacktowork.C.Dropoutofschool. D.Quitherpresentjob.6.A.Shegavehimalifthomeagain. B.Sheofferedhimanextraroom.C.Shetreatedhimwellatherhome. D.Shesparedmuchtimeforhim.7.A.Shedoesn’thavetimetofindanewflat. B.Shehasnotpaidenoughrentinadvance. C.Sheisunlikelytogiveuptheniceflat.D.Shewantstodecoratetheflatduringtheholiday.8.A.Extremesports. B.Travelinsurance.C.Bungeejumping. D.Divingsafety.9.A.ShelikesPhillips’singingverymuch. B.Sheappreciatesotherkindsofmusicals.C.Sheenjoysthechangesofhismusicals. D.SheadmiresothersingersmorethanPhillips.10.A.Americanstudentsaretootalkativeinclass.B.ItishardtolearnalotinanAmericanschool.C.Onecanjoininschoolingindifferentways.D.Activeparticipationisgreatlyencouraged.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillhearseverallongerconversation(s)andshortpassage(s),andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachoftheconversation(s)andthepassage(s).Theconversation(s)andthepassage(s)willbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Oneshouldwaitforthingstohappenbeforeleaving.B.Oneshouldremainsilentwhenthingsaregettinghard.C.Oneshouldtrytotakecontrolofthedifficultsituation.D.Oneshouldturntootherpeopleforinstanthelp.12.A.Bymotivatinghimselftotakeaction. B.Byseekinghelpfromhisfriends.C.Bythinkingofthemeaningoflife. D.Bytakinggoodcareofhimself.13.A.Lifeisnotalwayspeacefulanditisfullofterribleaccidents. B.Keepapositiveattitudeandfocusonsurvivalwhateverhappens.C.Advancedequipmentistheessentialfactorinsurvivingcrises.D.Bereadytogetimmediateassistancewhenlostinthejungle.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.In1969. B.In2012.C.In1976. D.In2016.15.A.SuggestedcreatingauniversityofscienceandtechnologyinEgypt.B.HelpedmanyEgyptianscientiststobeawardedtheNobelPrize.C.DevelopedcooperationwiththeUniversityofCaliforniaintheU.S.D.ProvidedexcellentEgyptianstudentswithmorefinancialsupport.16.A.ForhisrelationshipwithEgyptianPresident.B.Forhisacademicperformanceintechnology.C.ForhisgoodserviceintheEgyptianArmy.D.ForhisoutstandingcontributionstoEgypt.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Itoffersdifferentopinionsonoldage. B.Itisabouthowtokeephealthyinoldage.C.Itinvestigatesthecausesoftheagingproblem. D.Itrevealsthesecretsoflivinglonger.18.A.Theoldarethoughttobehealthybutlonely. B.Theoldarereportedtobepoorbuthappy. C.Theoldareregardedasanunattractivegroup.D.Theoldareconsidereddangeroustothesociety.19.A.Theyareeasytofalldownwithseriousillness.B.Theyenjoytravelingandgettingnewexperiences. C.Theyaredifficulttoberecognizedduetothechanges.D.Theyhavenomorementalproblemsthanthemiddle-aged.20.A.Raisepeople’sawarenessofcaringfortheold. B.Helppeopletaketheirresponsibilitiesfortheold.C.Changepeople’sattitudetowardstheagedgroup.D.Easepeople’sfearandanxietyaboutgrowingold.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,

useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.AGreatFriendshipThomasJeffersonandJamesMadisonmetin1776.Couldithavebeenanyotheryear

TheyworkedtogetherandstartedtofurtherAmericanRevolutionandlatertoshapetheofficialnewplanofthegovernment,21(develop)aclosefriendship,whichlastedfor50years.Therewere22(share)purposesandacommonendonbothsides.Fourandahalfmonths23hedied,whenhewasillandworriedabouthisfamily,Jeffersonwrotetohislongtimefriend.HiswordsandMadison’sreplyremindusthatfriendsarefriendstilldeath.“Thefriendshipwhich24(exist)betweenusforhalfacentury,theharmonyofourpoliticalprinciplesandpursuitshavebeensourcesofconstanthappinesstomethroughthatlongperiod.It’salsobeenagreatcomforttome25(believe)thatyouareengagedinvindicating(证实)totheyoungergenerationthecoursethatwe’vepursuedforpreservingtothem.Ifevertheearthhasnoticedasystemofadministrationconductedwith26singleandkeeneyetothegeneralinterestandhappinessofthosecommittedto,itmustbethesystemprotectedbytruth,to27ourliveshavebeendevoted.Tomyself,youhavebeenagreatsupporterthroughoutlife.TakecareofmewhendeadandbeassuredthatIshouldleavewithyoumylastaffections.”Aweeklater,Madisonreplied.“Youcannotlookback28thelongperiodofourprivatefriendshipandpoliticalharmonywithmoreaffectingrecollectionsthanIdo.29theyareasourceofpleasuretoyou,theyarethesametome.Wecannotbedeprived(失去)ofthehappyconsciousnessofthepuredevotiontothepublicgoodandIhaveconfidence30sufficientevidencewillfinditswaytoanothergenerationtoensure,afterwearegone,whateverofjusticemaybewithheldwhilewearehere.”SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.analysisB.usuallyC.assuresD.poursE.developmentF.necessaryG.cloudyH.absentI.cultivateJ.allowK.extremelyHeIsKindlyTheothereveningatadancingclubayoungmanintroducedmetoMr.andMrs.F.ScottFitzgerald,andScottseemednottohavechangedfromthefirsttimeImethimatPrinceton,whenhewasaneagerundergraduatetryinghisbestto31himselfintoagreatauthor.Heisstilltryinghardtobeagreatauthor.Heisatworknowonanovelwhichhiswife32meisfarbetterthanThisSideofParadise,butlikemostofouryoungernovelists,hefindsit33toproduceacertainnumberofshortstoriestomakethewheelsgoaround.ThatTheVegetable,hisplay,didnotreceiveaManhattanpresentationseemstohavedisappointedratherthandiscouragedhim.Heisstill34light-hearted.Ihavealwaysconsideredhimthemostbrilliantofouryoungernovelists.Nooneelsecantouchhisstyle,northesuperbqualityofhissatire(讽刺).Hehasyettoputtheminanovelwithcarefulnessofconceptionand35ofcharacter.Hecanbecomealmostanykindofwriterthathispeculiarlyrestlesscharacterwill36.BorninSt.Paul,heattendedPrinceton,servedintheArmy,wrotehisfirstnovelinatrainingcamp,achievedfameandfortune,marriedaSoutherngirl,hasachildandlivesinNewYork.Atheart,heisoneofthekindliestoftheyoungerwriters.ArtistrymeansagreatdealtoF.ScottFizgerald,andintohisownbestworkhe37greatefforts.Hedemandsthisintheworkofothers,andwhenhedoesnotfindit,hecriticizeswithpassionateearnestness.Ihaveknownhim,afterreadingayoungfellow-novelist’sbook,totakewhatmusthavebeenhoursoftimetowritehimalengthy,careful38.Justwhathewillwriteinthefutureremains39.Withafirmerreputationthanthatoftheotheryoungpeople,heyetseemstometohaveachievedratherlessthanRobertNathanandrathermorethanStephenVincentBenet,CyrilHume.Hiscomingnovelshouldmeanadefinitepredictionforfuturework.Itistobehopedthatfromitwillbe40theseeminglyunavoidablemoderngirls.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.StandardsforSchools:DevelopingOrganizationalAccountability(绩效)Qualityteachingdependsonnotjustteachers’knowledgeandskillsbutontheenvironmentinwhichtheywork.Schoolsneedtoofferacoherentcurriculumfocusedonhigher-orderthinkingandperformanceacrosssubjectareasandgrades,timeforteacherstowork41withstudentstoaccomplishchallenginggoals,opportunitiesforteacherstoplanwithandlearnfromoneanother,andregularoccasionstoevaluatetheoutcomesoftheir42.Ifschoolsaretobecomemoreresponsible,theymust,likeotherprofessionalorganizations,makeevaluationandassessmentpartoftheireverydaylives.Justashospitalshavestandingcommitteesofstaffthatmeetregularlytolookatevaluationdataanddiscussthe43ofeachaspectoftheirwork—apracticereinforcedbytheiraccreditation(评定)requirements,—schoolsmusthavesuchregularoccasionstoexaminetheirpracticeandeffectiveness.AsRichardRothsteinandhiscolleaguesdescribeinGradingEducation:GettingAccountabilityRight,school-levelaccountabilitycanbesupportedbyschool44,likethosecommoninmanyothernations,inwhichtrainedexpertsevaluateschoolsbyspendingseveraldaysvisitingclassrooms,45samplesofstudentwork,andinterviewingstudentsabouttheirunderstandingandtheirexperiences,46lookingatobjectivedatasuchastestscores,graduationrates,andsoon.Insomecases,principalsaccompanytheinspectorsintoclassroomsandareaskedfortheirownevaluationsofthelessons.Inthisway,theinspectorsareabletomake47abouttheinstructionalandsupervisorycompetence(能力)ofprincipals.Asdescribedearlier,inspectorsmayalsoplayaroleinensuringthe48andcomparabilityofschool-basedassessments(asinEnglandandAustralia),aswellasschool’sinternalassessmentandevaluationprocess(asinHongKong).Inmostcountries’inspectionsystems,schoolsareratedonthequalityofinstructionandotherservicesandsupports,aswellasstudents’49andprogressinawiderangeofaspects,includingandgoingbeyondacademicsubjectareas,suchasextra-curricular,personalandsocial50,theacquisitionofworkplaceskillsandthe51towhichstudentsareencouragedtoadoptsafepracticesanda52lifestyle.Schoolsareratedastowhethertheypassinspection,needmodestimprovements,orrequireseriousintervention(介入),andtheyreceiveextensivefeedbackonwhattheinspectorsbothsawand53.Reportsarepubliclyposted.Schoolsrequiringinterventionarethengivenmoreexpert54andsupport,andareplacedonamorefrequentscheduleofvisits.Thosethatpersistentlyfailtopassmaybeplacedunderlocalgovernmentcontrolandcouldbe55iftheyarenotimproved.41.A.occasionallyB.closely C.strictly D.peacefully42.A.challenges B.competence C.curriculum D.practices43.A.effectiveness B.faults C.progress D.requirements44.A.instruction B.protection C.inspection D.consideration45.A.taking B.improving C.examining D.copying46.A.asfaras B.ratherthan C.otherthan D.aswellas47.A.judgments B.decisions C.inquiries D.suggestions48.A.quantity B.quality C.instruction D.support49.A.educationB.performance C.attention D.interest50.A.responsibilityB.structure C.resources D.benefits51.A.frequency B.consistence C.satisfaction D.extent52.A.comparable B.healthy C.different D.unique53.A.appreciated B.criticized C.recommended D.rewarded54.A.attention B.programs C.evaluation D.explanations55.A.setdown B.putdown C.closeddown D.pulleddownSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)NATIONALGEOGRAPHICNEWSHumanAnimalNewsAncientWorldSpace/TechCultureWarningfromExpertsAgrowingamountofhuman-madeorbitaldebris(太空轨道残骸)—fromrocketstagesandout-of-datesatellites—iscirclingtheEarth.Scientistssaytheorbitaldebris,betterknownasspacejunk,posesanincreasingthreattospaceactivities.“Thisisagrowingenvironmentalproblem,”saidNicholasJohnson,thechiefscientistandprogrammanagerfororbitaldebrisatNASA(美国航空航天局)inHouston,Texas.Johnsonandhisteamhavedevelopedacomputermodelcapableofsimulatingpastandfutureamountsofspacejunk.Themodelpredictsthatevenwithoutfuturerocketorsatellitelaunches,theamountofdebrisinloworbitaroundEarthwillremainsteadythrough2055,afterwhichitwillincrease.Whilecurrenteffortshavefocusedonlimitingfuturespacejunk,thesescientistssayremovinglargepiecesofoldspacejunkwillsoonbenecessary.Sincethefirstlaunchofsatellitein1957,humanshavebeengeneratingspacejunk.TheU.S.SpaceSurveillanceNetworkiscurrentlytrackingover13,000human-madeobjectslargerthantencentimetersindiameterorbitingtheEarth.“Ofthe13,000objects,over40percentcamefrombreakupsofbothspacecraftandrocketbodies,”Johnsonsaid.Inaddition,therearehundredsofthousandsofsmallerobjectsinspace.Theseincludeeverythingfrompiecesofplastictobitsofpaint.Muchofthissmallerjunkhascomefromexplodingrocketstages.Stagesaresectionsofarocketthathavetheirownfuelorengines.Theseobjectstravelatspeedsover35,000kilometersanhour.Atsuchhighspeed,evensmalljunkcantearholesinaspacecraftordisableasatellitebycausingelectricalshortsthatresultfromcloudsofsuperheatedgas.Johnsonbelievesitmaybetimetothinkabouthowtoremovejunkfromspace.Previousproposalsrangefromsendingupspacecraftstograbjunkandbringitdowntousinglaserstoslowanobject’sorbittocauseittofallbacktoEarthmorequickly.Givencurrenttechnology,thoseproposalsappearneithertechnicallynoreconomicallypractical,“Spacejunkislikeanyenvironmentalproblem,”Johnsonadmits.“It’sgrowing.Ifyoudon’tdealwithitnow,itwillonlybecomeworse,andthesolutionsinthefuturearegoingtobeevenmorecostly.”56.Whatisthispassagemainlytalkingabout?

A.Advancedtechnologyisusedtoremovespacejunk. B.NASAisresponsiblefortheenvironmentalproblem.C.Cleaningupthespacejunkisgreatlyneeded. D.Humanactivitiesgeneratemuchorbitaldebris.57.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage

A.Rocketlaunchesproducemoredebristhansatellitelaunches.B.Spacejunkisendangeringhumanbeings’spaceactivities.C.It’snecessarytocleanupthelargepiecesofoldspacejunk. D.Evenatinypieceofspacejunkcandestroyaspacecraft.58.WhatdoesJohnthinkofthepreviousproposalstograbspacejunkandbringitdowntotheearth?

A.Reasonable. B.Unbelievable.C.Reliable. D.Impractical.(B)ABCnews:ParentswhowanttopickuptheirkidsatschoolinoneNewJerseydistrictnowcansubmittoiris(虹膜)scans,asthetechnologythathelpskeepournation’sairportsandhotelssafebeginstomakeitswayfurtherintoAmericanlives.Whenpickingupachild,theadultprovidesadriver’slicenseandthensubmitstoaneyescan.Iftheirisimagecamerarecognizeshisorhereyes,thedoorclicksopen.TheFreeholdBoroughSchoolDistrictlaunchedthishigh-techsecuritysystemonMondaywithfundingfromtheDepartmentofJusticeaspartofastudyonthesystem’seffectiveness.Asmanyasfouradultscanbeauthorizedtopickupeachchildinthedistrict,butinordertobeauthorizedtocomeintoschool,theywillbeaskedtoregisterwiththedistrict’sirisrecognitionsecurityandvisitormanagementsystem.Atthispoint,theNewJerseyprogramisnotamust.Ifsomeonetriestoslipinbehindanauthorizedperson,thesystemcausesanalarmandredflashinglightsinthefrontoffice.Theentireprocesstakesjustseconds.ThiskindoftechnologyisalreadyatworkinairportsaroundthecountrylikeOrlandoInternationalAirport,wheretheprogramhasbeeninoperationsinceJuly.Ithas12,000subscriberswhopay$79.95fortheconvenienceofsubmittingtoirisscansratherthangoingthroughlengthysecuritychecks.Anirisscanissaidtobemoreaccuratethanafingerprintbecauseitrecords240uniquedetails—farmorethantheseventotwenty-fourdetailsthatareanalyzedinfingerprints.Thechancesofbeingmisidentifiedbyanirisscanareaboutonein1.2millionandjustonein1.44trillionifyouscanbotheyes.PhilMeara,theFreeholdDistrictofficial,saidthatalthoughitwasexpensive,theprogramwouldhelpschoolsacrossthecountrymoveintoanewfrontierinchildprotection.“Thisisallpartofalargeremphasis,hereinNewJersey,onschoolsafety,”hesaid.“Wechosethisschoolbecausewewerelookingforatypicalslightlyurbanschooltolaunchthesystem.”Mearaappliedfora$369,000grantonbehalfoftheschooldistrictandhadtheeyescannersinstalledintwogrammarschoolsandonemiddleschool.Sofar,300ofthenearly1,500individualsavailabletopickupastudentfromschoolhaveregisteredfortheeyescansystem.59.WhydoestheFreeholdBoroughSchoolDistrictadopttheirissecuritysystem

A.Toensuretheschoolsafetyandefficiencyofpickingupchildren. B.ToencouragemorestudentstoregisterinNewJerseyurbanschools.C.Totesttheeffectivenessofschoolsecurityandmanagementsystem. D.Tocollecttheinformationofthechildrenandtheirbelovedparents.60.What’stheadvantageoftheeyescansystemoverfingerprints

A.Havingmanymoresubscribersthroughoutthecountry. B.Authorizingtheadultstopickupchildrenmoreflexibly.C.Attractingparentsinalargerproportiontoregisterforit.D.Makingalmostnomistakesinidentifyingtheauthorized.61.HowdoesPhilMearahelptoensurethesafetyofchildren

A.Bypersuadingpeopletoregisterwiththesecuritysystem.B.Byapplyingforgranttoinstalleyescannersinschools.C.Byaskingthedepartmentofjusticetofundtheprogram.D.ByturningtoOrlandoInternationalAirportforhelp.62.Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?

A.ParentsFavortheEyeScanSystem. B.SecurityManagementNeedsImproving.C.HighTechnologyComestoSchool. D.IrisScannersAreInventedintheCountry.(C)DustyNash,anangelic-lookingblondchildofseven,awokeat5onerecentmorninginhisChicagohomeandbegantothrowafit.Hecriedandkicked.Everymuscleinhis50-lb.bodyflewinviolentmotion.Finally,afterabout30minutes,Dustypulledhimselftogethersufficientlytoheaddownstairsforbreakfast.Whilehismotherwasbusyinthekitchen,theextremelyexcitedchildpulledaboxofKixcerealfromthecupboardandsatonachair.Butsittingstillwasnoteasythismorning.Aftergrabbingsomecerealwithhishands,hebegankickingthebox,scatteringlittleroundcornpuffsacrosstheroom.NextheturnedhisattentiontotheTVset,orrather,thetablesupportingit.Thetablewascoveredwithacheck-boardCon-Tactpaper,andDustybeganpeelingitoff.Thenhebecameinterestedinthespilledcerealandstartedsmashingitintobits.Itwasonly7:30,andhismotherKyleNash,whoteachesamedical-schoolcourseondeathanddying,wasalreadyfeelinghalfdeadfromexhaustion.Dustywastoseehisdoctorsthatdayat4,andtheyhadaskedhernottogivetheboythedrugheusuallytakestocontrolhisextremeexcitementandattentionproblems,aconditionknownasattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD).ItwasgoingtobeaverylongdaywithouthelpfromRitain,apowerfuldrugwhichsomepeopletakeforpleasure,butwhichtheycanbecomeaddictedto.KarenneBloomgardenrememberssuchdaysalltoowell.Thespirited,43-year-oldbossandgymteacherwasadisasterasachildgrowingupinNewJersey.“Ididverypoorlyinschool,”sherecalls.Herteachersandparentswereconstantlyonhercasefortoughbehavior.“TheyjustfeltIwasbeingbad---tooloud,toophysical,tooeverything.”Anaughtytomboywithfewfriends,shesawapsychologistatage10.“butnobodycameupwithadiagnosis”.Asateenagershebeganprescribingherownmedication:marijuana,andlatercocaine.TheathleticBloomgardenmanagedtogetintocollege,butsheadmitsthatshecheatedherwaytoadiploma.“Iwouldstudyandstudy,andIwouldn’trememberathing.Ireallyfeltitwasmyfault.”Aftergraduating,shedidfineinphysicallyactivejobsbutwasanxiousaboutadministrativework.Then,fouryearsago,adoctorputalabelonhertroubles:ADHD.“It’sbeensuchaweighoffmyshoulders”saysBloomgarden,whotakesbothstimulantRitalinandtheantidepressantZolofttoimproveherconcentration.“Ihad38yearsofthinkingIwasabadperson.NowI’mrewritingthetapesofwhoIthoughtIwastowhoIreallyam.”63.Whatdoesthephrase“throwafit”inthe1stparagraphprobablymean?

A.turnoneselfaroundcasually. B.falldowntothegroundcarelessly.C.loseone’stempersuddenly. D.shoutandcomplainloudly. 64.WhydidDustyNashmesstheroom?

A.Hewasreluctanttolistentohismother.B.Hecouldn’tfocusonanythingforawhile.C.Heforgottotakethemedicineheusuallytook.D.Hewasafraidtoseethedoctorwithhismother.65.Thepassageischieflyconcernedwith_______________________.A.thevisiblesymptomsofthediseaseADHDB.theprecisedefinitionofthediseaseADHDC.Dusty’sexperiencesinhischildhoodandcollegeD.Karenne’sconfessingofcheatingtogetadiploma66.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Dustywenttoseehisprivatedoctoreveryweekinthepastyears.B.Dusty’smothertookcareofhimtillhewasadmittedtoacollege.C.ApsychologistexaminedKarenneandcuredherseriousdisease.D.Karennedidn’tknowherselfwelluntilshewasdiagnosedwithADHD.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Someexpertsthinkthatthewealthgainedfromtradeallowedforsuchleisureinsportsandthearts.B.Expertsbelievethatakingandmostlyafemalepriestruledthegovernmentandcontrolledtrade.C.InancientGreekmyths,Minoansocietywasquiteprosperousandhighlycivilized.D.ThepalacethatEvansunearthedacenturyagowasthefirstproofofMinoanculture.E.Minoanculturedidn’texistbeforeArthurEvansdiscoveredthepalaceundertheearth.F.Althoughnotyetdecoded,writtenscriptonclaytabletsappearstolisttradeaccounts.TheMinoans:AForgottenPeopleThefirstadvancedcultureinancientGreecewastheMinoanculture.Forthousandsofyears,knowledgeofthesepeoplesurvivedonlyinGreekmyths.Inthelate19thcentury,archaeologistsbegantounearthruins.ThisinspiredArthurEvanstobegindiggingontheislandofCretenearmainlandGreece.OnadiginKbossos,Evansfoundanancientpalace.ExpertsthinkthatitwasthepalaceofKingMinos,acentralfigureinmanyGreekmyths.67Withhisteam,heuncoveredavaststructure,variedworksofart,andmanyhieroglyphicrecords.Thesefinds,togetherwithlaterfinds,compriseallthatexpertsknowaboutMinoanculture.Fromtheevidenceexpertsgathered,itisclearthattheMinoanswereaheadoftheirtime.ThepalaceatKnossoswasfivefloorshighwithhundredsofrooms.Buildingsthroughouttheancientcityhadplumbingandflushtoilets.Stonepavementlinedthesurfacesoftheroads.Inaddition,theMinoanspossessedahighlydevelopednavalfleetforlong-distancetrade.68Theserecordsconfirmthecentralroleofcommerceinculture.TheiranalysisoftheevidencealsooffersinsightintosomeaspectsofMinoansociety.69Ruinsandartworksuggestthatpeopleofallclassesenjoyedahighdegreeofsocialandgenderequality.Religiousicons(图符)showthatMinoansworshipedbulls,thenaturalworld,andmanyfemalegods.AnunusualfeatureofMinoansculturewasthepursuitofleisureinterests.SportandvisualartswerecentraltoMinoanlife.Boxingandbulljumping,asportinwhichplayersjumpedoverlivebulls,werepopular.Althoughbull