主旨大意题型阅读解题技巧知识梳理

主旨大意题型阅读解题技巧题型介绍命题特点：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对锻炼大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占3—4个。♦主旨大意题的分类从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或结尾几段主题的综段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。♦常考问题：中心思想类：考查文章或段落的主旨大意；TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThemainpoint/ideaofthepassageis…Thepassageismainlyabout…Thepassagemainlydiscusses…Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith•••?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?标题类：考查文章或段落的写作目的；Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe…目的类：考查文章或段落的写作目的；Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…Thepassageismeantto•••.Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto…干扰项的特点：.以偏概全：答案只阐述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，概括不够。.主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章要讨论的东西。.断章取义，概括错误：常常以次要的事实、细节冒充全文主要观点。解题技巧先看问题，是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文章主旨。抓住段落或文章主题的捷径之一就是在段落或文章中寻找主题句。主题句是指能表达或概况段落主题或文章主要内容的句子，通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概况性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，而其他句子则围绕着主题句展开进行说明解释或扩展。主题句在文中的位置：1）开门见山：提出主题----细节支撑阐明主题（读首句抓大意）2）段末点睛：细节描述----归纳要点---概括主题（读尾句抓大意）3）段中点旨：细节描述---归纳主题---进一步解释4）无主题句：考生需根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意2.捕捉关键词：略读是概括和归纳文章或段落大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。注意出现频率高的词可能是蕴涵中心思想的关键词，分析归纳筛选出最能表达主旨或者意图的关键词，继而确定文章的主旨大意。主旨大意题的正确选项特征：①含有抽象名词和概括性词语的选项往往是正确答案；②较全更、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案项。特别提示：不管主题句出现在文章的什么位置，我们都要把这类题作为该篇文章的最后一道题去做，因为做完其它题以后会对文章的主旨理解有帮助。真题再现Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.CulturalDifferencesB.SmilesandRelationshipsC.FacialExpressivenessD.HabitsandEmotionsThisarticleismainlyabout.thelivesofschoolchildrenthecauseofargumentsinschoolshowtoanalyzeyouthviolencehowtodealwithschoolconflictsWhatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?MoneyIsRaisedbytheNewspaperNewspaperDistributesMoneytotheNeedyUnknownHeroSpreadsLoveinEnvelopesRobinHoodReturnstotheCityTechnologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesthatarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenfor_achangeinattitudes.Anexampleathandis…Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,we….Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?TechnologyorAttitudeDependenceorIndependenceFamilyInfluencesorSocialChangesD.CollegeManagementorCommunicationAdvancementIfhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,we••节tit'stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe'vedonetothenight:We'veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfijttngwithlight.Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences——calledlightpollution—whoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign,whichallowsartificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky.in-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcompletelychangesthelightlevels—andlightrhythms—towhichmanyformsoflife,includingourselves,haveadapted.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectorlifeisaffected.…，Wevelitupthenightasifitwereanunoccupiedcountry,whennothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Amongmammalsalone,thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing.Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnet（磁铁）.…Frogslivingnearbrightlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchas…Livinginaglareofourmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.…Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagiclight.B.TheOrangeHaze.C.TheDisappearingNight.D.TheRhythmsofNature.6.Lifecanbesowonderful,fullofadventureandjoy.Itcanalsobefullofchallenges,setbacksandheartbreaks.Whateverourcircumstances,wegenerallystillhavedreams,hopesanddesires—thatlittlesomethingmorewewantforourselvesandourlovedones.Yetknowingwecanhavemorecanalsocreateaproblem,becausewhenwegotochangethewaywedothings,upcometheoldpatternsandpitfalls（陷阱）thatstoppedusfromseekingwhatwewantedinthefirstplace.…Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle,orlarge,releasefromthejailofyourmindandyou'llbeonyourway.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?It'seasierthanwethinktogetwhatwewant.It'simportanttolearntoacceptsufferingsinlife.It'simpracticaltochangeourwayofthinking.It'sharderthanweexpecttofollowanewcourse.OneofthegreatestcontributionstothefirstOxfordEnglishDictionarywasalsooneofitsmostunusual.In1879,OxfordUniversityinEnglandaskedProf.JamesMurraytoserveaseditorforwhatwastobethemostambitiousdictionaryinthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.ItwouldincludeeveryEnglishwordpossibleandwouldgivenotonlythedefinitionbutalsothehistoryofthewordandquotations（弓I文）showinghowitwasused.Thiswasahugetask.SoMurrayhadtofindvolunteersfromBritain,theUnitedStates,and...Minorjoinedthearmyofvolunteers...Buthewasalsoamystery.Inspiteofmanyinvitations,MurrayandMinorbecamefriends,sharingtheirloveofwords....In1910,MinorleftBroadmoorforanasyluminhisnativeAmerica.Murraywas...Minordiedin1920,sevenyearsbeforethefirsteditionoftheOxfordEnglishDictionarywascompleted....66.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.ThefriendshipbetweenMurrayandMinorC.MinorandthefirstOxfordEnglishDictionaryD.BroadmoorAsylumandispatients8.Forthosewhomakejourneysacrosstheworld,thespeedoftraveltodayhasturnedthecountriesintoaseriesofvillages.Distancesbetweenthemappearnogreatertoamoderntravelerthanthosewhichoncefacedmenastheywalkedfromvillagetovillage.Jetplaneflypeoplefromoneendoftheearthtotheother,allowingthemafreedomofmovementundreamtofahundredyearsago.Yetsomepeoplewonderiftherevolutionintravelhasgonetoofar.Apricehasbeenpaid,theysay,fortheconquest（征服）0ftimeanddistance.Travelissomethingtobeenjoyed,notendured（忍受）.Theboatoffersleisureandtimeenoughtoappreciatetheever-changingsightsandsoundsofajourney.Ajourneybytrainalsohasaspecialcharmaboutit.Lakesandforestsandwild,openplainssweepingpastyourcarriagewindowcreateagrandviewinwhichtimeanddistancemeannothing.Onboardaplane,however,thereisjusttheblankblueoftheskyfillingthenarrowwindowoftheairplane.Thesoftlighting,in-flightfilmsandgentlemusicmakeuptheonlyworldyouknow,andthehoursprogressslowly.Thenthereisthetimespentbeing“processed"atamodernairport.Peopleareconveyedlikerobotsalongwalkways;baggageisweighed,ticketsproduced,examinedandproducedyetagainbeforethepassengermoveagaintoanotherwaitingarea.Journeysbyrailandseatakelonger,yes,butthehoursdevotedtobeing“processed“atdepartureandarrivalinairportsareluckilyabsent.Nowonder,then,thatthemodernhigh-speedtrainsarewinningbackpassengersfromtheairlines.Man,however,isnowaworldtravelerandcannotturnhisbackontheairplane.Theworkinglivesoftoomanypeopledependuponit;wholenewindustrieshavebeenbuiltarounditsdesignandoperation.Theholidaymaker,too,withlimitedtimetospend,patientlyenduresthebusyairportsandlimitedspaceoftheflighttogainthoseextrahoursandevendays,relaxinginthesun.Speedcontrolspeople'slives;timesaved,inworkorplay,istheimportantthingorsoweare一told.Perhapsthosefirsthorsemen,ridingfreeacrossthewild,openplains,wereenjoyingabetterworldthantheoneweknowtoday.Theycouldtravelatwill,andtheclockwasnottheirmaster.75.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Airtravelbenefitspeopleandindustries.TrainTravelhassomeadvantagesoverairtravel.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmoderntravel.D.Thehighspeedofairtravelisgainedatacost.9.Springiscoming,anditistimeforthoseabouttograduatetolookforjobs.Competitionistough,sojobseekersmustcarefullyconsidertheirpersonalchoices.Whateverwearewearing,ourfamilyandfriendsmayacceptus,buttheworkplacemaynot.Ahighschoolnewspapereditorsaiditisunfairforcompaniestodiscouragevisibletattoos（纹身）noserings,orcertaindressstyles.Itistrueyoucan'tjudgeabookbyitscover,yetpeopdo“coverthemselvesinordertoconvey（传递）certainmessages.Whatwewear,includingtattoosandnoserings,isanexpressionofwhoweare.Justaspeopleconveymessagesaboutthemselveswiththeirappearances,sodocompanies.Dressstandardsexistinthebusinessworldforanumberofreasons,butthemainconcernisoftenaboutwhatcustomersaccept.Othersmaysayhowtodressisamatterofpersonalfreedom,butforbusinessesitismoreaboutwhethertomakeorlosemoney.Mostemployersdocareaboutthepersonalappearancesoftheiremployees（雇员）,becausethosepeoplerepresentthecompaniestotheircustomers.AsahiringmanagerIampaidtochoosethepeoplewhowouldmakethebestimpressiononourcustomers.Thereareplentyofwell-qualifiedcandidates,soitisnotwrongtorejectsomeonewhomightdisappointmycustomers.EventhoughIamopen-minded,Ican'expectallourcustomersare.Thereisnobodytoblamebutyourselfifyoursetofchoicesdoesnotmatchthatofyourpreferredemployer.Nocompanyshouldhavetochangetosatisfyacandidatesimplybecauseheorsheisunwillingtorespectitsstandards,aslongasitsstandardsarelegal.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.EmployeesMatterB.PersonalChoicesMatterC.AppearancesMatterD.HiringManagersMatterC.中心句为每段首句频繁出现的中心词句。快速扫视全文能发现如下中心词：Facialexpressionscarrymeaningthatisdeterminedbysituationsandrelationships.Ourfacesshowemotions,butweshouldnotattemptto"read"peoplefromanothercultureaswewould"read"someonefromourownculture.ItisdifficulttogeneralizeaboutAmericansandfacialexpressivenessbecauseofpersonalandculturaldifferencesintheUS.Do每段首句如下，通过搜索每句的中心词Twofriendshaveanargumentthatbreaksuptheirfriendshipforever…Firstofall,studentsneedtorealizethatconflictisunavoidable.Oncestudentsrecognizethatconflictisunavoidable…Afterbothsideshavecalmeddown,theycanuseanotherkeystrategyforconflictresolution:listen