专外复习终极版

Lesson3internalcombustionengines内/外燃机internal/externalcombustionengines曲轴crankshaft化油器曲轴crankshaft凸轮车由camshaft凸轮车由camshaft火花塞asparkplug汽油gasoline/benzene水冷liquid-cooled汽油gasoline/benzene水冷liquid-cooled空冷air-cooled点火系统ignitionsystems冷去卩系统coolingsystems冷去卩系统coolingsystemsSuction/intakestroke吸气冲程Compressionstroke压缩冲程Compressionstroke压缩冲程Expansion/powerstroke作功冲程Exhauststroke排气冲程.Experimentswithinternalcombustiongobacktotheseventeenthcentury.Thefirstfueltriedwasgunpowder,withapredictablyexplosivelycombustible」twasnotuntilthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturythatthedevelopmentofpetroleumproductsmadepossibletoday'sinternalcombustionengine.Keroseneforlampsandstoveswastheproductfirstsoughtfrompetroleumwhilegasolineseemednothingmorethanadangerousby-product.Butafterotherfuelhadbeentrieditwasgasolinethatemergedasthemostpracticalforinternalcombustion.Thefirstgenuinelymarketableinternalcombustionenginewastheworkofagermaninventor,NicholsAugustOtto.TheOttodevicewasafourstrokeengineinwhicheachpistonmadefour-movements(twoupandtwodown)foreachcombustioninthecylinderusinggasolinevaporizedandmixedwithairinacarburetor.Itutilizedacycleinwhichthecombustiblemixtureisdrawnintothecylinderofaninternalcombustionengineonasuctionstrokejscompressedandignitedbyasparkplugonacompressionstroke,burnsandperformsonaexpansionstroke,expelscombustionproductsonaexhauststroke.Sineeonlythethirdstrokeproductswork,thepistonneedhelpovertheotherstroke.Thisisgivenbyaflywheelattachedtothecrankshaft.Theflywheelineffectstoresenergyfromthepowerstroke.thisenergythencarriesthepistonthroughthethreestrokeuntilthenextpowerstrokecausedbythecombustionisrepeated.内燃机的实验可以追溯到17世纪。第一种使用的燃料是具有可控爆炸结果的火药。另一些实验是用不同的含氢气体进行的，氢具有爆燃性。知道19世纪后半叶，石油产品的发展才使现代的内燃机得以实现。用于照明和锅炉的煤油是从石油中得到的第一种产品， 而汽油只是一种危险的副产品。当其他燃料被试过之后，只有汽油最适用于内燃。最初真正进入市场的内燃机是一个德国发明家，尼古拉斯 奥格斯特奥托的作品。奥拓的装置是一个4冲程的发动机，每一个活塞的每一次缸内燃烧要做4次运动（2次向上，2次向下），使用蒸发的空气和汽油在汽化器中混合。这种内燃机利用可燃混合气在吸气冲程被吸入内燃机气缸，在压缩冲程被压缩并被火花塞点火，在膨胀冲程燃烧并做功，在排气冲程排除燃烧废气这样一个循环做功。因为只有第三冲程做功，活塞在其他冲程需要帮助。由安装在曲轴端部的飞轮提供这种帮助。实际上，飞轮在做功冲程吸收能量，这些能量可以带动活塞通过3个冲程知道下一次燃烧产生的做功冲程。Lesson4dieselengines柴油机dieselengines压缩比柴油机dieselengines燃烧室thecombustionchamber热效率thermalefficiency燃料喷射系统 afuel-injectionsystemDieselengineisaninternalcombustionengineoperatingonathermodynamiccycle.Identifyingalternativefeaturesofdieseltypeinelude(1)two-cycleorfour-cycleoperation(2)honzontalorverticalpistonmovement(3)singleormultiplecylinder(4)large(5000hp)orsmall(50hp)(5)cylindersinline、opposed、Vorradial(6)singleactingordoubleacting(7)high(1000-2000rpm)、low(100-300rpm)、mediumspeed(8)constantspeedorvariablespeed(9)reversibleornonreversible(10)airinjectionorsolidinjection(11)superchargedorunsupercharged(12)singleormultiplefuel.柴油机是靠热力循环运转的一种内燃机。识别柴油机可供选择的一些特征有：（1）2冲程或4冲程循环工作（2）活塞水平运动或垂直运动 （3）单缸或多缸（4）大功率（5000马力）或小功率（50马力）（5）气缸排列方式：直列式、对置式、V行或星形（6）单动式或双动式 （7）高速（1000-2000转/分）、低速（100-300转/分）或中速（8）恒速或变速 （9）可逆的或不可逆的（10）气体燃料喷射或固体燃料喷射 （11）增压式或非增压式

(12)—种燃料或多种燃料。Lesson5 distributor分电器Lesson6 clutches离合器clutches离合器clutches变速箱gearbox飞轮flywheel摩擦系数飞轮flywheel推进器impellerAclutchisadeviceforquicklyandeasilyconnectingordisconnectingarotatingshaftandarotatingcoaxialshaft,whichallowstwocomponents,usuallydriveshaft,tobeengagedordisengagedbyitsoperation.分类：Electromagnetic,dryfrictionplate,multi-oilimmersedplate,centrifugalandvanearejustsomeofthevarioustypesofclutchavailable.离合器式一种是从动轴和同轴的主动轴快速连接和脱开的装置。 通过它的运转，通常是传动轴，啮合和分离。分类：电磁式、干摩擦盘式、多片油浸式、离心式和叶片式。Lesson7Automobilestransmissions汽车传动器front/rearaxle前/后桥(hydraulic)torqueconverterfront/rearaxle前/后桥Planetarygeartrains行星齿轮系Automobiles,trucks,buses,andtractorsalldependontransmissionstodeliverpowerfromtheenginetothewheels.Thegasolineanddieselenginesthatpowerthesevehiclescannotbeconnecteddirectlytothewheels,becausetheenginesmustkeepturningatacertainspeedtokeepfromstalling.Also,differentamountoftorque(turningforce)mustbedeliveredtothewheelsatdifferenttimes.Alargeamountofforceisneededtogetacarmovingfromastandstill.Lessforceisneededtokeepthecarmovingonceitisrolling.Goingupahillofdrivingathighspeedrequiresstillotheramountofforce」tisthejobofthetransmissiontodelivertheparticularamountofforcethatisneeded.Thetransmissionalsoallowsamotorvehicletobackup--gasolineanddieselenginescanruninonlyonedirection,butthetransmissioncanreversethedirectionoftheforce.Andwhenacarstops,thetransmissionletstheenginekeeprunningwithoutmovingthewheels.轿车，卡车，公交车以及拖拉机都靠汽车传动系将动力从发动机输送到车轮上。为机动车辆提供动力的汽油或柴油发动机不能直接与车轮相连，因为发动机必须以一定的速度运转以防熄火停车。而且，在不同的时刻，需要有不同大小的力矩（旋转力）传递到车轮上。当车辆从静止开始运动的时候需要有较大的力矩，而一旦启动后要维持车辆行走则需要较小的力矩。当车辆以比较高的速度爬坡的时候，还需要额外的驱动力。传动系的作用就是在需要的时候传递特定大小的力矩。传动系统也能够使机动车辆后退一一虽然汽油或者柴油发动机只能够按一个方向旋转，但是传动系统可以改变力矩的方向。当车辆停止运动时，传动系统能够发动机保持运转而车轮不运动。Theheartofanytransmission-evenanautomaticone-isasetofgears.Gearsdonotchangethepowerofanengine,buttheycanincreasethe

torquebydecreasingthespeed.Theycanalsoincreasethespeedbydecreasingthetorque.即使是自动的，任何一个汽车传动系统的核心都是一系列齿轮装置。齿轮不改变发动机的功率大小，但它可以通过降低转速来增大转矩；也可以减小转矩来提咼转速。Lesson8Differentials差速器Differential 差动齿轮、分速器cabbageDifferential 差动齿轮、分速器cabbage甘蓝卷心菜Bulbous球根的 Bulbous球根的 pinion 小齿轮spline用花键bevel斜角斜面Crown顶beveledcrowngear伞齿轮slippery滑的likelihood可能性Crown顶beveledcrowngear伞齿轮slippery滑的likelihood可能性Undue不适当的lap抛光研磨duplicate复制shim薄垫片用垫片填Inflate充气膨胀drivewheel主动轮traction牵引力Thedifferentialsisagearassemblyinamotorvehiclewhichallowsthepropellershaftordriveshaft,toturnthedrivewheelsatdifferentialspeedswhenthevehicleisgoingaroundacurve.Whenavehiclegoesaroundacurve,thewheelontheinsideofthecurvetravelslessdistaneethantheother,andsoturnmoreslowly.forsafetyinhandingandtokeeptyreweartoaminimum.Afourwheeldrive,suchasajeeporaLandRover,hastwodifferentials.Formaximumtraction,afourwheeldrivevehiclehasbeendesignedwiththreedifferentials,separatingthefrontwheel,therearwheelsandthefrontfromtherear,allowingeachwheeltoturnatitsownspeedunderpower.Theonlycarwhichdoesnothaveadifferentialisthe

Dafcar,builtinHolland,whichhasabeltdrivesystemallowingslippageofthebeltonthepulleys.差速器是装在机动车辆上的一套齿轮传动装置。 当车辆转弯时，差速器使转动轴以不同的速度驱动各驱动轮。当车转弯时，弯道内侧的车轮行走的距离要比另一侧车轮行走的距离短些。因此，为了驾驶安全和最大限度的减少轮胎的磨损，内侧车轮必须转的慢些。一台四轮驱动的车辆，像吉普车或越野车，都装有两套差速器。为了得到最大的牵引力，四轮驱动车已设计成装有三套差速器，分别装在两个前轮间、两个后轮间及后轮与前轮间，容许每个轮在动力作用下以各自的速度转动。唯一不装差速器的是荷兰的“达夫”小汽车，该车有一套皮带传动装置，容许皮带在皮带轮上打滑。Lesson9Powersteering动力转向装置;steeringwheel方向盘;actuatorPowersteering动力转向装置;steeringwheel方向盘;actuator启动装置；controlvavle控制阀cylinder缸体;Steeringcolumn驾驶杆； Steeringcolumn驾驶杆； optional可选择的随意的；servomechanism自动驾驶装置;servoloop伺服环路;ram公羊，活塞，猛击;actuate开动，促使;Atspeed飞快地； servomechanism自动驾驶装置;servoloop伺服环路;ram公羊，活塞，猛击;actuate开动，促使;Atspeed飞快地； motor马达;dispensewith免除;Hose软管、水龙带，长筒袜;reservoir水库，蓄水池;integral完整的;axialspoolvalve轴向柱塞阀Lesson10Brakebrake制动器rotarybrake制动器rotary旋转的hoists升降机selflock自锁asbestos石棉locomotive机车/运动的moisture潮湿caliper测径器/用卡钳测量 sustain支撑mattress床垫panel仪表板pedal踏板dispense删除curvature弯曲/曲率elliptic椭圆形的cantilever悬臂laminated叠层梁dissipate5区散Brakeisadeviceusedtosloworstopthemotionofavehicleormachine.Brakearemostcommoniyusedtocontrolorstopmotorvehicles,trains,bicycles,androtatingdevicessuchasshaftsandmotors.Somebrakesalsoactaslockingdevice.Thebandbrakeisasimplebuteffectivebrakethatisusedonmachineryforhoistsandelevators,inconstructionequipment,andtocontrolthemovementsofgearsinautomatictransmissions.制动器是一种用于车辆或机器降低运行速度或使其停止的装置。制动器最常用来停止机动车辆、火车、自行车以及像转轴和马达之类的旋转装置。有些制动器也起到了锁定装置的作用。带式制动器简单而有效，通常用于像起重机、提升机等建筑设备,在自动变速中控制齿轮的转速。制动器包括：blockbrake块式制动bandbrake带式制动drumbrake制动器包括：blockbrake块式制动bandbrake带式制动drumbrake鼓形或内膨胀制动器diskbrake盘形制动器diskbrake盘形制动器Lesson1ScraperLesson1ScraperShovel铲功能：Aseraperremovesoilbyslice,transportsandplacesitinanearthenstructure,orpushesittoadumpandthenlevelsit.Whenmovingoverfreshlydugsoilthescraperalsopartiallycompactsit.铲运机在土方施工中一层一层铲除，运输并堆放土壤，即将土壤推到卸土场并进行刮平。当在新开挖的土壤行驶时，铲运机还可对其进行部分压实。分类：Scraperscanbeclassifiedasfollows:Bythegeometricalcapacityofthebowl:1.5,3.0,6.0,10.0,15.0,25m3etc.Bythemodeoflocomotion:trailer,semi-trailerandself-powered.Bythemethodofdischarge:withfree,half-forcedandforceddischarge.Bythesystemofcontrol:scraperswithahydraulicorcablecontrol.按铲斗的容量分为：1.5,3.0,6.0,10.0,15.0,25m等等按行走方式分为：拖式，半拖式和自行式三种按卸载方式分为：自由式，半强制式和强制式按控制系统分为：液压控制和缆绳控制。Lesson2Loadingmachineshydraulicexcavator液压挖掘机，vibratoryroller振动压路机，augerbox螺旋分料仓，augerconveyer螺旋运输机，asphaltpaver沥青摊铺机,screed熨平板passability通过,性 manoeuvrability可操纵性

steeringwheel方向盘excavators挖掘机loaders装载机3.forkliftloaders叉式装载机4.scoopingloaders铲斗式装载机5.single-bucketloaders单斗装载机6.multi-bucketloaders多斗装载机7.crawlerandwheeledloaders履带式和轮胎式装载机8.truckloaders卡车装载机unloader卸载机powerunloaders机动卸载机pneumaticunloaders气动卸载机general-purposemachine通用机械runninggear行走装置ahighpassability良好的通过性ahighmanoeuvrability机动性好agreatthrusteffort很大的推进力flatcars平板货车gondolacars敞篷货车sand沙子cement水泥gravel砾石crushedstone碎石19.bucket铲斗19.bucket铲斗grabs抓斗2O.torgueconvertertransmission液力变矩传动系统21.storagebatteries蓄电池Bythekindofloadshandled,loadersareclassifiedasforkliftloadersforpieceloadsandscoopingloadersforloosematerials.Scoopingloadersaredividedintosingle-bucketandcontinuous-actionmulti-bucketloaders.Dependingonthekindofrunninggear,crawlerandwheeledloadersareavailable.Lesson3Hydraulicexcavators（液压挖掘机）工作装置：thebucket（铲斗）thedipperstick斗杆theboom动臂Lesson4 Vibratoryrollers 振动压路机Emergencybrake紧急制动器振动压路机翻译部分： Compactorarealsoempioyedwhenbuildingroadsbythesoilstabilizationmethod.Compactorareclassifiedbytheprincipleofoperation:rollers,whichcompactsoilbyrollingtamper,whichoperateonthepercussionprinciple;vibratorsandmachinescombiningrollingwithtampingorvibration;bymodeofmovement:trailer,semi-trailer,self-powered,pendant;bythekindofenergyused:internalcombustionengines,electricmotors,explosion-actingmachines.压实机械还被用于筑路当中，作为土层结构的稳定方法。按照工作原理的不同，压实机械可分为：压路机（以滚轮压实土壤），夯实机（以冲击压实土壤），以及振动器与动力机器组合而成的依靠冲击或振动工作的压路机。按照行走的方式可分为：拖式，半拖式，自行式以及悬挂式，按照驱动种类的不同可分为：内燃机驱动，电动机驱动，爆燃驱动。Compactingbyvibrationisachievedbythereciprocatingmovementsofavibrator,whichshiftthesoilparticlesandcompactthesoil.振动压实使通过振子的往复运动迫使土壤颗粒重新位移而得到压实Lesson6 AsphaltpaversScreed熨平板glowplugignition火花塞点火Automaticlevelcontrol自动找平控制系统沥青摊铺机翻译部分：asphaltpaversorbituminousfinishersarespecialmachinesforpavingasphaltmixturewhicharemixedbyasphaltplant.Pavercanpavemixedasphaltmixturerapidlyanduniformlyontheroadbase,andcanbeclassifiedbythelocomotion:trailerandself-powered;bytherunninggear:wheel-mountedandcrawler-mounted.沥青摊铺机即沥青成型机，是摊铺沥青拌和设备搅拌的沥青混合料的专用机械。它可以快速、均匀地将混合好的沥青摊铺料摊铺在路基上。根据运动方式分为：牵引式和半机动式。根据行走装置分为：轮式和履带式。TheProductionprocessofanasphaltpaverisasfollows:therearwheelsofreversingdumpercontactthepushrolleroftheasphaltpaveranddumptheasphaltmixturetothehopperofthepaver.Asphaltmixtureisdeliveredtotheaugerconveyerbythedragconveyerwhichhasbothleftandrightindividuallydriven.Asphaltmaterialsarefurtherspreadtotwosidesoftheroad.Tempercompactthemprimarily.Screedunitonwhichtherearevibrator,bearingunit,crowingdevice,andscreedplatemakesthe

asphaltmixtureformpositiveshapeandthicknessofmat.沥青摊铺机的生产过程如下：倒退中的自卸车的后轮接触沥青摊铺机的推滚，并将沥青混合料倾倒在摊铺机料斗中，沥青混合料由独立驱动的左右两个链板输送器输送到螺旋输送器。沥青材料进一步向路的两侧摊铺。振捣夯锤首先进行压实。熨平板使沥青混合料形成确定的形状和铺层厚度，熨平板上有振动器、轴承装置、调拱装置和熨平底板。Lesson3graders平地机Zeroelevation零高程maneuverable机动性BladeZeroelevation零高程propshaft 传动车由Tandempropshaft 传动车由Tandem串联chassis底盘Self-poweredgradersareusedinroadconstructiontoexcavatesideSelf-poweredgradersareditches,chapthesurfaceandsidesoffillsandcutsandgivethemtherequiredgradients.自行式平地机在道路施工中被用于挖边沟，填补或切削刮平边坡表面，并使其具有一定坡度。Powerfulself-propelledgraderscanalsobeutilizedforlayingearthbedsatzeroelevation,forlevelingandauxiliaryjobs,andforbuildingplatformsandmakingprofilecutsandbanks,Inwintertime,self-poweredgradersareusedtocleanroadsofcompactedsnow.功能强大的自行式平地机还可以用来以水平面为基准整平路基和做其他辅助工作、构建平台以及修整纵切面和边坡等。在冬季，自行式平地机还被用来清除道路上结冰的雪。Lesson4Oilpumps油泵hydraulicpumps 液压油泵Compressors压缩机generators发电机Motor马达Lesson5concretepumps混凝土泵Dispel消除驱除skepticism怀疑论Oilpumps油泵hydraulicpumps 液压油泵Compressors压缩机generators发电机Motor马达Lesson5concretepumps混凝土泵Dispel消除驱除skepticism怀疑论decisive决定性的Modestoutput较小的输出intheconstructiontrade建筑领域Innovation改革革新breaknewground开拓新天地Reservecapacity储备能力Reservecapacity储备能力proverbial/precept谚语格言规贝卩Hydraulichoses液压软管Hydraulichoses液压软管performaneevalue性价比towercranes塔式起重机Truck-mountedpumpstowercranes塔式起重机Generally,theconcretepumpcanbeclassifiedintothreemaintypes:boomtrucks,linepumps,andseparateplacingbooms.通常，混凝土泵可以分为三大类：泵送卡车、拖泵，以及独立布料臂。Lesson6 bulldozers推土机Lay严整dumptrucksLay严整Hydro-mechanicalequipment水利设备Municipal市政的expedient有效地有利的TiltTilt倾斜adversesituations恶劣的情形Discharged卸料derivation 派生Coupledwith与什么结合outperforming超额完成分类Bythemountingoftheblade:straightbulldozers anglingoruniversalbulldozers直铲推土机、斜铲或通用推土机hydraulicbulldozersBythecontrolsystem:cablebulldozershydraulicbulldozers钢缆式推土机，液压推土机Bythetypeofcarryingvehicle:crawlerwheeltractors specialair-tyredtractors.履带轮拖拉机式和专用轮胎拖拉机式推土机段落Bulldozersisanearthmovingmachine,whichconsistsoftractorandabladeinstalledatthefrontofthetractor.Thetermbulldozermaybeusedinabroadsensetoincludebothabulldozerandanangledozer.Bulldozersaremountedwithbladesperpendiculartothedirectionoftravel,whichangledozersaremountedwiththebladesetatananglewiththedirectionoftravel.Theformerpushtheearthforward,whilethelatterpushitforwardandtooneside,somebladesmaybeadjustedtheirusetobulldozersorangledozers.推土机是一种用来推移土壤的机器，它是由拖拉机和安装在前面的铲刀组成。我们所说的推土机是就广义而言的，包括直铲推土机和斜铲推土机。直铲推土机的铲刀与其行进方向 垂直,斜铲推土机的铲刀与其行进方向有一定角度。前者是将土壤向前推，而后者是将土壤推向前面和一侧，有些推土机的铲刀可以调节，以完成直铲或斜铲的功能。Lesson7 truckmixers搅拌车chassis底盘ETO(enginetake-off)发动机取力truckmixer搅拌车Lesson7 truckmixers搅拌车chassis底盘ETO(enginetake-off)发动机取力truckmixer搅拌车transitmixer自动搅拌机Lesson8conveyersandcranesConveyer运输机screwconveyer螺旋输送机chainconveyer链式输送机 hopper斗仓，布料器vibratingconveyer振动输送机 gravityconveyor重力输送器crane起重机Conveyersconveyersareextremelyusefuldevicesfortransportingawidevarietyofobjects.输送装置是输送各种物料的极为有用的机械装置Craneswecandefineacraneasamachinewhichlift