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1Oncology:BasicConceptsStudent’sStudyGuide1Oncology:BasicConceptsStude2WhatisONCOLOGY?Anarea/branchofmedicinethatdealswiththestudyandtreatmentofcancer.

Onco=onkos(Greek)=tumor-logy=studyofONCOLOGIST=specialistinOncology2WhatisONCOLOGY?3WhatisCANCER?Itreferstoagroupofdiseasescharacterizedbyuncontrolledgrowthandspreadofabnormalcells(AmericanCancerSociety–ACS).1.Theystopgrowingwhentheycomeincontactwitheachother.2.Theystayinthesameorgan.Normalcellbehavior3WhatisCANCER?Itreferstoa4CANCERCELLSCancercellskeepsondividingandgrowing.Theyproducemassesoftissueknownastumorsorneoplasms.(Uncontrolledgrowth)Finally,theyalsospreadtootherorgans(metastasis)NEOPLASIA:

Theprocessofabnormalanduncontrolledgrowthofcells(NEOPLASTIC=adj)4CANCERCELLSCancercellskeep5EXAMPLESOFCANCERbreastcancerprostatecancerlungcanceresophagealcancergastriccancercolorectalcancer5EXAMPLESOFCANCERbreastcanc6WHATCAUSESCANCER?CARCINOGEN(CARCINOGENIC-Adj)asubstanceoragentthatcausescancerHOW?BycausingPERMANENTandIRREPARABLE(cannotberepaired)damageinthegeneticmaterial.GENETICMUTATION(mutation=change)6WHATCAUSESCANCER?CARCINOGEN7aONCOGENES–genesthatcancausecancerSUPPRESSORGENES-genesthatcanstopcancer7aONCOGENES–genesthatcan8CANCERCELLS1.Mayberepaired2.Celldies3.CelliskilledIfnot…PERMANENT

continuetogrowinvadeothertissuesororgansthen…8CANCERCELLS1.Mayberepaire9TYPESOFTUMORSBenignMalignant(cancerormalignancy)11223.haveacapsule(encapsulated)3.nocapsule(that’swhytheyspread)4.cellsareanaplastic(immature)anaplasia–hasnotundergoneG&D4.cellsareusuallydiffentiated(mature)differentiation–G&D9TYPESOFTUMORSBenignMalignan10TypesofMalignantTumors/CancerCARCINOMACELLSTHATCOVEREXTERNALANDINTERNALSURFACES(EPITHELIALCELLS)LUNGBREASTCOLONSARCOMASUPPORTINGANDSOFTTISSUESOFTHEBODYBONE,CARTILAGEMUSCLEFATLYPHOMASOLIDCANCERSOFTHETISSUESOFTHEIMMUNESYSTEM(DEFENSESYSTEM)LYMPHNODES(淋巴腺,)LEUKEMIACANCEROFTHEBLOODCELLSWHITEBLOODCELLS10TypesofMalignantTumors/C11NAMINGTUMORSORGANAFFECTEDBENIGNMALIGNANTAddthesuffix-OMADependsontheclassificationSecretoryepithelium(gland)ADENOMAADENOCARCINOMABONESKELETALMUSCLESMOOTHMUSCLEOSTEOMARHABDOMYOMALEIOMYOMAOSTEOGENICSARCOMARHABDOMYOSARCOMALEIOMYOSARCOMALYMPHNODESHODGKIN’SLYMPHOMABLOODGRANULARNONGRANULAR-MYELOGENOUSLEUKEMIA-LYMPHOBLASTICLEUKEMIA11NAMINGTUMORSORGANAFFECTEDB12EFFECTSOFTUMORS/CANCER1213EFFECTSOFBENIGNTUMOR

CompressionObstructionDeformityTheyddonotspread.Effectsareusuallynotfatal.cystichygroma13EFFECTSOFBENIGNTUMORComp14EffectsOfMalignantTumors(1)PhysicaleffectsCompressionObstructionDeformity14EffectsOfMalignantTumors15EffectsOfMalignantTumors(2)poornutrition(cancercellsstealthenutrientsfromthebody)wasting(cachexia)getssickeasily15EffectsOfMalignantTumors16EffectsOfMalignantTumors(3)DamagetootherorgansDifferentsymptomswillappeardependingontheorganaffected.hematogenous(blood)lymphatic(lymphnodes)Malignanttumorsareusuallyfatal.16EffectsOfMalignantTumors17DETECTINGTUMORS

17DETECTINGTUMORS

18Cancer’sSevenWarningSignals(ACS)C

ChangeinbowelorbladderhabitsA

AsorethatdoesnothealU

UnusualbleedingordischargeT

Thickeningorlumpinthebreastor

elsewhereI

IndigestionordifficultyinswallowingO

ObviouschangeinawartormoleN

NaggingcoughorhoarsenessNote:highlyunspecific,diagnosisofabenigntumorismoreprobable18Cancer’sSevenWarningSigna19EXAMPLESOFHOWTODETECTTUMORSBYPHYSICALEXAMINATIONBreastExamDigitalRectalExam19EXAMPLESOFHOWTODETECTTU20LABORATORYPROCEDURESX-raycomputedtomography(CTscan)ultrasoundImagingstudiesmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)20LABORATORYPROCEDURESX-rayc21VISUALIZATIONPROCEDUREScoloncancerbronchial/lungcancerscopy–endoscopicexamscope–instrumentused21VISUALIZATIONPROCEDUREScolo22BiochemicalStudiesSometumorsreleasesubstances(enzymes)Intobodyfluids(blood,urine).Doctorsdeterminethelevelofthesesubstancestodetecttumors/statespecificantigen(prostatecancer)22BiochemicalStudiesSometumo23BiopsyandHistopathologicExaminationNOTE:ABIOSYwithHISTOPATHOLOGICSTUDIESisthegoldstandardfordiagnosingcancer/tumors.(Goldstandard=thebestorno.1)(determinestheGRADEofthetumor/cancer)HistopathologicexamTissuesampling23BiopsyandHistopathologicE24GRADINGOFTUMORSGRADE–howmaturethecellsareDIFFERENTATION–growthanddevelopmentofthecells

Differentiated(mature)goodprognosisundifferentiatedoranaplastic(immature)badprognosisGleason’scriteriaisusedtogradeprostatecancer.24GRADINGOFTUMORSGRADE–how25STAGINGOFTUMORSSTAGE–tellsushowfarthetumorhasgrownandspreadTNMClassificationT–TUMORgrowthN–involvementoflymphnodesM–metastasisSubscripts:IS–insitu(initsplace)1-4=growthorinvolvementT1NoMoT4N2M125STAGINGOFTUMORSSTAGE–tel26TREATMENTFORCANCERRadiotherapyChemotherapySurgeryMultimodality(Multi–many)(modes–methods/ways)26TREATMENTFORCANCERRadiothe27HospiceCare-endoflifecarefortheterminallyill27HospiceCare28THANKYOU!28THANKYOU!29Oncology:BasicConceptsStudent’sStudyGuide1Oncology:BasicConceptsStude30WhatisONCOLOGY?Anarea/branchofmedicinethatdealswiththestudyandtreatmentofcancer.

Onco=onkos(Greek)=tumor-logy=studyofONCOLOGIST=specialistinOncology2WhatisONCOLOGY?31WhatisCANCER?Itreferstoagroupofdiseasescharacterizedbyuncontrolledgrowthandspreadofabnormalcells(AmericanCancerSociety–ACS).1.Theystopgrowingwhentheycomeincontactwitheachother.2.Theystayinthesameorgan.Normalcellbehavior3WhatisCANCER?Itreferstoa32CANCERCELLSCancercellskeepsondividingandgrowing.Theyproducemassesoftissueknownastumorsorneoplasms.(Uncontrolledgrowth)Finally,theyalsospreadtootherorgans(metastasis)NEOPLASIA:

Theprocessofabnormalanduncontrolledgrowthofcells(NEOPLASTIC=adj)4CANCERCELLSCancercellskeep33EXAMPLESOFCANCERbreastcancerprostatecancerlungcanceresophagealcancergastriccancercolorectalcancer5EXAMPLESOFCANCERbreastcanc34WHATCAUSESCANCER?CARCINOGEN(CARCINOGENIC-Adj)asubstanceoragentthatcausescancerHOW?BycausingPERMANENTandIRREPARABLE(cannotberepaired)damageinthegeneticmaterial.GENETICMUTATION(mutation=change)6WHATCAUSESCANCER?CARCINOGEN35aONCOGENES–genesthatcancausecancerSUPPRESSORGENES-genesthatcanstopcancer7aONCOGENES–genesthatcan36CANCERCELLS1.Mayberepaired2.Celldies3.CelliskilledIfnot…PERMANENT

continuetogrowinvadeothertissuesororgansthen…8CANCERCELLS1.Mayberepaire37TYPESOFTUMORSBenignMalignant(cancerormalignancy)11223.haveacapsule(encapsulated)3.nocapsule(that’swhytheyspread)4.cellsareanaplastic(immature)anaplasia–hasnotundergoneG&D4.cellsareusuallydiffentiated(mature)differentiation–G&D9TYPESOFTUMORSBenignMalignan38TypesofMalignantTumors/CancerCARCINOMACELLSTHATCOVEREXTERNALANDINTERNALSURFACES(EPITHELIALCELLS)LUNGBREASTCOLONSARCOMASUPPORTINGANDSOFTTISSUESOFTHEBODYBONE,CARTILAGEMUSCLEFATLYPHOMASOLIDCANCERSOFTHETISSUESOFTHEIMMUNESYSTEM(DEFENSESYSTEM)LYMPHNODES(淋巴腺,)LEUKEMIACANCEROFTHEBLOODCELLSWHITEBLOODCELLS10TypesofMalignantTumors/C39NAMINGTUMORSORGANAFFECTEDBENIGNMALIGNANTAddthesuffix-OMADependsontheclassificationSecretoryepithelium(gland)ADENOMAADENOCARCINOMABONESKELETALMUSCLESMOOTHMUSCLEOSTEOMARHABDOMYOMALEIOMYOMAOSTEOGENICSARCOMARHABDOMYOSARCOMALEIOMYOSARCOMALYMPHNODESHODGKIN’SLYMPHOMABLOODGRANULARNONGRANULAR-MYELOGENOUSLEUKEMIA-LYMPHOBLASTICLEUKEMIA11NAMINGTUMORSORGANAFFECTEDB40EFFECTSOFTUMORS/CANCER1241EFFECTSOFBENIGNTUMOR

CompressionObstructionDeformityTheyddonotspread.Effectsareusuallynotfatal.cystichygroma13EFFECTSOFBENIGNTUMORComp42EffectsOfMalignantTumors(1)PhysicaleffectsCompressionObstructionDeformity14EffectsOfMalignantTumors43EffectsOfMalignantTumors(2)poornutrition(cancercellsstealthenutrientsfromthebody)wasting(cachexia)getssickeasily15EffectsOfMalignantTumors44EffectsOfMalignantTumors(3)DamagetootherorgansDifferentsymptomswillappeardependingontheorganaffected.hematogenous(blood)lymphatic(lymphnodes)Malignanttumorsareusuallyfatal.16EffectsOfMalignantTumors45DETECTINGTUMORS

17DETECTINGTUMORS

46Cancer’sSevenWarningSignals(ACS)C

ChangeinbowelorbladderhabitsA

AsorethatdoesnothealU

UnusualbleedingordischargeT

Thickeningorlumpinthebreastor

elsewhereI

IndigestionordifficultyinswallowingO

ObviouschangeinawartormoleN

NaggingcoughorhoarsenessNote:highlyunspecific,diagnosisofabenigntumorismoreprobable18Cancer’sSevenWarningSigna47EXAMPLESOFHOWTODETECTTUMORSBYPHYSICALEXAMINATIONBreastExamDigitalRectalExam19EXAMPLESOFHOWTODETECTTU48LABORATORYPROCEDURESX-raycomputedtomography(CTscan)ultrasoundImagingstudiesmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)20LABORATORYPROCEDURESX-rayc49VISUALIZATIONPROCEDUREScoloncancerbronchial/lungcancerscopy–endoscopicexamscope–instrumentused21VISUALIZATIONPROCEDUREScolo50BiochemicalStudiesSometumorsreleasesubstances(enzymes)Intobodyfluids(blood,urine).Doctorsdeterminethelevelofthesesubstancestodetecttumors/statespecificantigen(prostatecancer)22BiochemicalS

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