现代语言学自考历年真题

现代语言学自考历年真题现代语言学自考历年真题现代语言学自考历年真题xxx公司现代语言学自考历年真题文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.ThepurposeofChomsky’sdefinitionistofocusattentiononthepurely______propertiesoflanguage,andthesepropertiescanbestudiedfromamathematicallyprecisepointofview.A.lexicalB.grammaticalC.semanticD.structural2.Werefertothelimitedrangeofsoundsasthephonicmediumoflanguageandindividualsoundswithinthatrangeas______.A.vowelsB.consonantsC.soundsD.speechsounds3.A(n)______referstotheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.A.rootB.stemC.affixD.morpheme4.Allsentencesinalllanguagescanberepresentedbyconstituentstructuretrees,andallhavesyntacticrulesthatdeterminethelinearorderofwordsandtheir______structure.A.linearB.hierarchicalC.constituentD.syntactic5.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,a(n)______isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementinasentence.（）A.argumentB.subjectC.objectD.predicate6.SpeakerA:Canyouanswerthetelephone

SpeakerB:I’minthebath.SpeakerBisviolatingthemaximof______.（）A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.manner7.Newwordsmaybeformedfromexistingwordsbytheremovalofasuffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.Suchaprocessiscalled______,e.g.,caretakefromcaretaker.A.back-formationB.clippingC.blendingD.abbreviating8.Itisinsultingtoawomantobecalledaspinster,butitisnotinsultingtoamantobecalledabachelor.Thereisnothinginherently______aboutthewordspinster.Theconnotationsreflectthesexistviewssocietyhasaboutanunmarriedwomanasopposedtoanunmarriedman.A.importantB.unusualC.pejorativeD.commendatory9.Humanlinguisticabilitydependsprimarilyonhuman______.（）A.brainB.vocalcordsC.tongueD.articulatoryorgans10.Inthe______stage,childrenbegintoproducelongerutteranceswithmorecomplexgrammaticalstructures.（）A.prelinguisticB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multi-wordⅡ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11.Dlinguisticsisthesystematicdescriptionandelucidationofalllinguisticchangesthroughtime.Itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.Forexample,astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesincethetimeofShakespearewouldbeadiachronicstudy.12.Thephonemesofalanguagecannotbestrungtogetherinanyrandomordertoformwords.Thephonologicalsystemdetermineswhichphonemescanbeginaword,endaword,andfolloweachother,inotherwords,therearesrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.13.14.Syntaxconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.Itisuniversallyfoundthatsyntacticrulescompriseaspeaker’ssystemofilinguisticknowledgeknownaslinguisticcompetence.15.Pairsofwordswhichexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthelexicalitemsarecalledropposites.16.Pragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudiesofm,butwhatdistinguishesthemiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsidered.17.InOldEnglishthewordorderisdifferentfromthatofModernEnglish,andtherearetwonegatives,“ne”(“not”)and“næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”).SodruleisoneofthegrammaticalrulesinOldEnglish.18.Whenapidgincomestobeadoptedbyacommunityasitsnativetongueandislearnedbychildrenastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesc.19.Thecagefortheacquisitionofthefirstlanguagecoincideswiththeperiodofbrainlateralization.20.Insecondlanguagelearning,instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisf,andintegrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.（2%×10=20%）21.（）Languageisarbitrarybynature.Anditisentirelyarbitrary.22.（）Inproducingstopsorplosives,theobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,withtheobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagain,suchasEnglishstops[p]and[t]inpit.Inproducing[p]and[t]theflowofairisblockedthroughthemouthonly.23.（）Fromthesemanticpointofview,themeaningofacompoundisalwaysperceivedfromthemeaningsofitscomponents.24.（）Accordingtothe“principles-and-parameters”theory,“principles”refertohighlyabstractpropertiesofgrammarwhichareappliedtolanguageingeneralandwhichgeneratephrasesandatthesametimerestrainthepowerofMovea,while“parameters”allowgeneralprinciplestooperateincertainrestrictedways,accordingtowhichparticulargrammarsofnaturallanguagesvary.25.（）Indiscussingthesenserelationsbetweensentences,YisaprerequisiteofX.SoifYistrue,Xmustbetrue.26.（）AccordingtoAustin’sclassificationofperlocutionaryacts,speechactsfallintofivegeneralcategories,whicharerepresentatives,directives,commissives,expressivesanddecalrations.27.（）ForsomespeakersofAmericanEnglish,thewordaskispronounced[æks],butthewordaskingispronounced[æskIŋ].ItisinterestingthatinOldEnglishtheverbaskwasaksian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.Thismeansthatahistoricalmetathesisruleswitchedthesetwoconsonants,producingaskinmostdialectsofEnglish.Metathesisisthephonologicalprocessthatreorderssegments,oftenbytransposingtwoadjoiningsoundsegments.28.（）Languagevarietiesmaybestandardandnonstandard.Nonstandardvarietiesareregardedassubstandardlanguages.Onlystandardvarietiesareregardedastheonlycorrect,logicalandpure,andareeffectiveinexpressingideasincommunication.29.（）Languageistheonlymeansofexpressingthought.30.（）TheErrorAnalysisapproachshowsthattherearestrikingsimilaritiesinthewaysinwhichdifferentL2learnersacquireanewlanguage.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingtermsandgiveexamplesforillustrationwhereappropriate.(3%×10=30%)31.descriptivelinguistics32.diphthong33.morphologicalrules34.casecondition35.collocationalsynonyms36.declarations37.Grimm’sLaw38.registers39.languagecenters40.formalinstructionV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explainsyntacticmovement,NP-movementandWH-movementwithexamples.42.Explaintheterm“euphemism”withexamples.Describetheuseofeuphemismsinsocialcommunication.Whatwillresultineuphemisticclichés?

全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Thelanguagebehaviorofparticularpersonsonparticularoccasionsisdeterminedbymanyotherfactorsoverandabovetheirlinguistic______.()A.systemB.structureC.competenceD.performance2.Whenwepronouncethelongvowels[i:]or[u:],our______,whichisabonystructureattheendofthewindpipe,isinastateoftension.()A.larynxB.hardpalateC.glottisD.vocalcords3.Theword“manuscript”isatwo-morphemeclusterwhichcontains______.()A.tworootsB.arootandaprefixC.arootandasuffixD.arootandafreemorpheme4.ThegrammaticalknowledgeisrepresentedthroughPhraseStructureRules,whichstateexplicitlyallandonlythepossiblecombinationsofthe______ofalanguage,forexample,inEnglish,NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).()A.phrasesB.clausesC.sentencesD.constituents5.Theviewthatthemeaningofalinguisticformisdefinedasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”wasproposedby______.A.PlatoB.OgdenandRichardsC.JohnFirthD.Bloomfield6.AccordingtoJohnAustin'stheoryofspeechact,a(n)______actisthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.()A.prelocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.perlocutionary7.In1786,SirWilliamJonessuggestedthat______boretoGreekandLatinastrongeraffinitythancouldpossiblyhavebeenproducedbyaccident.（）A.GermanicB.PersianC.SanskritD.Lithuanian8.Theexistenceoftaboowordsandtabooideasstimulatesthecreationofeuphemism,whichshowsthatawordorphrasenotonlyhasalinguisticdenotativemeaningbutalsohasa______.()A.conceptualmeaningB.connotativemeaningC.culturalmeaningD.socialmeaning9.Dichoticlisteningresearchtellsusasignalcomingintheleftearwillfirstgotothe______hemisphere,fromwhereitistransferredtotheleftsideofthebrainforprocessing.A.rightB.leftC.frontD.back10.Studiesoftheeffectsofformalinstructiononsecondlanguageacquisitionsuggestthatformalinstructionmayhelplearnersperformsomeofthefollowingtypesoftasksexcept______.A.plannedspeechB.writingC.casualandspontaneousconversationD.career-orientedexaminationII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11.Doubleareferstothepropertyoflanguagewhichmeanslanguageiscomposedofdiscreteunitsattwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.Atthehigherleveltherearemorphemesandwords,whicharemeaningful.12.Intheproductionofv,thebackofthetongueisbroughtintocontactwiththesoftpalate,orvelum,e.g.,[k]incat,[g]ingetand[η]insting.13.Morphologicalrulesaretherulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstoformanewword.14.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwords.Aphrasestructuretreediagramassignsahstructuretosentences.15.Thewordssuchas“pop”meaningacertainsoundand“pop”meaningpopularareinrelationshipofchomonyms.16.Thecviewinthediscussionofsemanticsisoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.17.ExtensivechangesinrulesofmorphologyhaveoccurredinthehistoryofEnglish.Englishhaslostmostofitsiendings,bywhichitisnolongerpossibletoidentifythefunctionalrolesofnouns.18.Diglossiadescribesanystablelinguisticsituation,inwhichthereexistsastrictfdifferentiationbetweenalow-varietyorL-varietyandahighvarietyorH-variety.19.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledl.20.Iisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofsecondlanguageacquisition.III.Directions:Judgewhethereach,ofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.（2%×10=20%)21.（）AccordingtoHall(1968),languageis"theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols."Mostlinguiststodayaccepttheviewoflanguageasasetof"habituallyusedsymbols."22.（）Intonationreferstoadistinctivepatternoftonesoverstretchofspeechinprinciplelongerthanaword,inotherwords,whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.23.（）Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,duringtheprocessofwhichtheymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordbutusuallydonotchangeitspartofspeech.24.（）Whenwesayasentencehastwolevelsofstructure,D-structureandS-structure,wedonotmeanthatthesyntacticrepresentationsofthesetwolevelsmustbedifferent.Sincesyntacticmovementoccurstoallsentences,sotherepresentationsofthetwolevelslookdifferent.25.（）“HehasbeentoNewYork”presupposes“HehasbeentoAmerica”.26.（）JohnSearlemadeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled“constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularizationofexceptionalpluralformsofnounsconstantlyoccurs.Byanalogytofoe/foes,anddog/dogs,Englishspeakersstartedsayingcowsasthepluralofcowinsteadoftheearlierpluralkine.Thisanalogicalchangedoesnotoccurwhenwordsareborrowedfromforeignlanguages.28.（）ThecommonEnglishaddresstermsareFirstName(e.g.,John),LastName(e.g.,Smith),Title+LastName(e.g.,Dr.Green),Title+Title(e.g.,Mr.President),Titlealone(e.g.,Sir)andKinterm(e.g.,Dad).Andoutsideofmarkedsettings,betweenfriends,neighboursandcolleagues,firstnamesarealwayspreferred.29.（）Thankstocerebralplasticity,peoplesufferingdamagetothelefthemisphereareabletotransfertheirlanguagecenterstotherighthemisphereandtoreacquirethelostlinguisticskillswithrelativelylittledisruption.30.（）TheearliestsoundsproducedbyinfantscanbeconsideredasearlylanguageIV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration,ifnecessary.(3%×10=30%)31.designfeatures32.narrowtranscription33.boundmorphemes34.deepstructure35.missives37.soundassimilation38.idiolect39.Wernicke'erferenceV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)41.PleaseillustratethesyntacticandsemanticfeaturesofcompoundsinEnglishlanguagewithexamples.42.Pleaseexplicatehowlanguageandthoughtdevelopandblendeachotherinordertounderstandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Saussureused______torefertotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.()A.performanceB.paroleC.langueD.competence2.InEnglish,aphonememayberepresentedbytwoormoreallophones.Thechoiceoftheallophoneis______.()A.randomB.rule-governedC.haphazardD.unpredictable3.Inword-formation,a______isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.()A.phonemeB.wordC.compoundD.morpheme4.A______categoryusuallyreferstoawordorphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectorpredicateinasentence.()A.lexicalB.phrasalC.syntacticD.phonetic5.Inthefollowingpairsofwords,______areapairofrelationalopposites.()A.“buy”and“sell”B.“male”and“female”C.“hot”and“cold”D.“alive”and“dead”6.Theillocutionarypointof______hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthiskindbringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.A.directivesB.declarationsC.commissivesD.representatives7.OldEnglishhadarichcase-endingsystem,e.g.,OldEnglishnounhadfourcases,i.e.,nominative,genetive,dativeand______.()A.possessiveB.vocativeC.accusativeD.locative8.______dialectsarecharacteristicofaparticulartypeoflinguisticactivityandappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations.()A.SocialB.EthnicC.RegionalD.Situational9.Lyingundertheskull,thehumanbraincontainsanaverageoftenbillionnervecellscalled______.()A.nervefibersB.nervesC.neuronsD.cerebralcortex10.Bythetimechildrenaregoingbeyondthe______stage,theybegintoincorporatesomeoftheinflectionalmorphemes.()A.telegraphicB.multiwordC.two-wordD.one-wordII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnot,itissaidtobep.12.Languagesthatusethepitchofindividualsyllablestocontrastmeaningsarecalledtlanguages.Pitchvariationscanbeusedtodistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.13.Imorphemesarethosemorphemesthatshowvariousgrammaticalrelationsorcategoriessuchasnumber,tenseandcase.14.Acsentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.15.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledp,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.16.ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPrincipleliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterallysaid.17.Themethodofrofaparentlanguagefromacomparisonofitsdaughterlanguagesiscalledthecomparativemethod.18.Theavoidanceofusingtlanguagemirrorssocialattitude,emotionsandvaluejudgements.19.Genie’scasenotonlyconfirmsthecriticalperiodhypothesis,butalsotheviewthathuman’slanguageadeviceisindependentofotherintellectualabilities.20.Ifthetargetlanguagefunctionsasaforeignlanguage,thelearnerislikelytobenefitfromanimotivation.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinkso.(2%×10=20%)21.()Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisabsolute,i.e.,therearenowordsinworldlanguagesthatmaintainacorrespondencebetweenformandsound.22.()Certainstringsofphonemesarepermissibleandothersarenot.Ifawordbeginswithan/1/or/r/,thenextsegmentmustbeavowel.Thatiswhy/1bIk/doesnotsoundlikeanEnglishword.Itviolatestherestrictiononthesequencingofphonemes.23.()Thedifferentstressesusedinacompounddonotusuallyaffectthemeaningofthecompound.24.()Therecursivepropertiesofphrasestructurerulesenabletheserulestogenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength.25.()26.()Performativesaresentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.27.()Anotherkindofchangethatcanbethoughtofas“economyofmemory”resultsinareductionofthenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.Forexample,childrenandadultsarepresentlysayingIdreamedlastnight(insteadofdreamt).Thiskindofchangehasbeencalledrulesimplification.28.()Onestrikingfactabouttheasymmetrybetweenmaleandfemaletermsinmanylanguagesisthatwhentherearemale/femalepairs,themaleformforthemostpartisunmarkedandthefemaletermisproducedbyaddingaboundmorphemeorbycompounding.29.()Researchfindingshaveshownthatlanguageprocessingcentersaresituatedinasingleareaofthelefthemisphere.30.()Thegrammaticalerrorsthatoccurinsecondlanguageacquisitioncanallbeexplainedbymothertongueinterference.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration,ifnecessary.(3%×10=30%)31.petence33.sentencestress34.freemorpheme35.majorlexicalcategory36.behaviourismasasemanticview37.stylisticsynonyms38.expressives39.euphemism40.Broca’sareaⅤ.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)41.InsomedialectsofEnglish,theword“ask”ispronounced[æks],andchildren’sspeechshowsanumberofcasesofsoundmovement,forexample,“aminal”for“animal”.Nowexplainsoundmovementbygivingexamples.Statethedifferencebetweensoundmovementandsoundadditionbyexamples.42.DescribethedistinctivefeaturesofBlackEnglishinitssyntacticsystembyusingexamples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I.Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，C，orDinthebrackets.(2%×10=-20％)1.Phoneticsprovidesthemeanstodescribethespeechsounds，showinghowtheydiffer；phonologytellsusthattheyfunctionas______，actingtocontrastwords.A.soundsunits B.soundfeaturesC.phonemes D.allophones2.Alphabeticspellingrepresentsthepronunciationofwords；butitisoftenthecasethatthesoundsofthewordsinalanguageareratherunsystematicallyrepresentedby______·()A.writing B.orthographyC.transcription D.phonology3.______morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes，eitherfreeorbound，toformaword.()A.Bound B.FreeC.Inflectional D.Derivational4._______categoriesrefertocombinationofwordsofdifferentcategories，suchasnounphrases(NP)，verbphrases(VP)inEnglish.()A.Lexical B.PhrasalC.Semantic D.Logical5.Insemanticanalysisofasentence，a(n)______isalogicalparticipantinapredication，largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.()A.argument B.subjectC.object D.attribute6.Ofthethreespeechactsaspeakermightbeperformingsimultaneouslywhenspeaking，linguistsaremostinterestedinthe______actbecauseitisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.()A.performative B.constativeC.illocutionary D.perlocutionary7.MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglandunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.ForaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest，MiddleEnglishwasheavilyinfluencedbyFrench，mostnoticeablyinlargeandcentralareasof______.()A.vocabulary B.pronunciationC.morphology D.syntax8.Dependingonthedemandsofaparticularcommunicativesituation，bilingualormultilingualspeakersmaychangebetweenlanguagevarietiesinthemiddleofspeechoreveninthemiddleofasentence.Suchasituationisknownas______.()A.bilingualism B.multilingualismC.diglossia D.code-switching9.Languagedisorderresultingfromadamageto______areainthebrainrevealsword-findingdifficultiesandproblemswithsyntax.()A.Wernicke’s B.Broca’sC.Gage’s D.Genie’s10.StudiesontheeffectsofformalinstructiononsecondlanguageacquisitionshowthatformalinstructionmayhelplearnersperformsometypesoftasksEXCEPT______.()A.plannedspeechB.writingC.career-orientedexam D.casualandspontaneousconversationII.Directions：Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword，thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)l1.Mlinguistics，unlikethelinguisticstudynormallyknownas“grammar”whichsetsmodelsandrulesforlanguageuserstofollow，ismostlydescriptive，i.e.，itattemptstodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse，beit“correct”ornot.12.Manylanguages，includingEnglish，havevowelscalledd，whichcouldalsobedescribedasasequenceoftwovowels.13.Arisoftenseenaspartofaword；itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning；itmustbecombinedwithanothersimilarformoranaffixtoformaword.14.Inacomplexsentence，theincorporated，orsubordinate，clauseisnormallycalledaneclause.15.IntheEnglishvocabularytherearetwocategoriesofwords：nwordsandborrowedwords.16.“Yourmoneyoryourlife!”aimstothreaten，anditisaspecificinstanceofd·17.Backformationreferstoaprocessbywhichnewwordsarecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsbytakingawayanathoughttobepartoftheoldword，forexample，editderivedfromeditoronthemistakenassumptionthat“-or”wastheagentivesuffix.18.Inthe1969editionoftheAmericanHeritageDictionary，examplesusedtoillustratethemeaningofwordsinclude“manlycourage’’and“masculinecharm.’’Womendonotfareaswell.asexemplifiedby“womanishtears’’and“femininewiles.’’Thisindicatesthatlanguagereflectssinsociety.19.Thecperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty,duringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguage.20.Althoughtheylackgrammaticalmorphemes，tsentencesinthemultiwordstagearenotsimplywordsrandomlystrungtogether,butfollowtheprinciplesofsentenceformation.III.Directions：Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse，youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20％)21.()Animalcommunicationsystemalsopossessesthefeatureofdisplacement.Inotherwords，itcanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituations.22.()Vowelsusuallyconstitutethenucleusofsyllable，sotheyaretypicallysyllabic.Consonantscannotbesyllabic.ThesameistrueofEnglishconsonants.23.()X-bartheoryandphrasestructurerulesaresimilar,andtheyplaythesamerolesinexplainingtheinternalstructuresoflanguage.24.()Transformationalrulesaretherulesthatweusetogeneralizethesyntacticmovementthatoccurswhenaconstituentinasentencemovesoutofitsoriginalplacetoanewposition.25.()Agrammaticallywell-formedsentencemaybeasemanticallyill-formedsentence.26.()WhileconversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCooperativePrinciple，theydonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.27.()TheGreatVowelShiftdidnotleadtothediscrepanciesbetweenthepronunciationandthespellingsystemofModenEnglish.28.()Diglossiadescribesanystablelinguisticsituation，inwhichthere