全国高考短文改错知识点总结

xxx公司文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度短文改错考情分析:1.词类用法：考查不同词类的不同用法,与语法填空中的词性转换考点相同。2.辨析：只考many与much,here与there,some与any,ago与before等十分常见的词之间的混用,这些词是稍有语感、不讲自会的,千万别走入过去凡遇近义词必辨的误区。3.其他：指不便归于某一语法项目的考点。2014课标卷I——somewhere→everywhere2014课标卷II——They→There(therebe句型写成theybe)2014大纲卷——shouldableto→shouldbeableto(漏掉be，因able是形容词,不能作谓语,加be)聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。2013课标卷I——remember…much→remember…well/clearly(习惯修饰语，记得清楚，而非记得非常。)残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。2013课标卷II——wasdrank→wasdrunk(过去分词拼写错误)2013大纲卷——stand→standup(漏掉up)2012课标卷——dowrong→gowrong(可列到辨析类)2012大纲卷I——cutoff→cutdown(语境意义)2011大纲卷I——thinkover→thinkof(语境意义)2011大纲卷II——so+adj.+that…写成somuch+adj.+that…(如此……以致……)；morethanhappy写成了betterthanhappy(非常高兴)酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。命题特点⑴用来命题的短文内容与学生的学习生活非常贴近，好像就是学生的习作。⑵长度均在100词左右。⑶这些材料都是记叙文。⑷新课标卷的设题通常是：1处多1个词，1处少1个词，8处错1个词。5.要求考生添加或删除的词通常是虚词。⑴少了一个词，要求添加的词有：①冠词：incountryside→inthecountryside(2015课标I)Asresult→Asaresult(2014课标I)②介词：listeningmusic→listeningtomusic(2014课标II)③连词：Hehad…,hewas…→Hehad…,andhewas(2013课标I)④不定式符号：cameseeme→cametoseeme(2007课标)⑤物主代词：Tomsawparents→Tomsawhisparents(2015课标II)彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。⑵多了一个词，要求删除的词有：介词、冠词、连词、助动词、不定式符号to。①冠词：Inafact→Infact(2013课标I)allkindsoftheflowers→allkindsofflowers(2014课标II)謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。②介词：helenttomelotsofclothes→helentmelotsofclothes(2011课标)厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。③连词：Although…but→Although(2014课标I)④不定式符号：hadbettertostop→hadbetterstop(2009课标)⑤助动词：hasbrought→brought(2010课标)Lotsofstudieshavebeenshown→Lotsofstudieshaveshown(2015课标I)茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。⑥副词：soverymuchthat→somuchthat(2015课标II)⑹需要变形的词通常是名词、动词、形容词、副词。⑺所有考点都是最基本的语法知识、最常用的单词和短语的意义与用法，以及逻辑意义的连贯。没有超出中学课本中讲的语法内容。即只要掌握课本中讲的语法就足以应对考试了。鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。短文改错与语法填空的异同：相同：主要考点基本相同。⑴名词、代词、冠词、介词、连词。⑵时态一致、主谓一致、非谓语动词、词类用法、比较等级。以上两个方面分别对应语法填空的纯空格题和给词题。备考内容：主要从以下十个方面入手。考点1：名词的数与格⑴在several,few,many,oneof,acoupleof,three,oneandahalf,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等词语后，或虽没有这些词但语境提示我们，本应接复数可数名词的，但文中却用了单数。如：籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。Forexample,wecandoreadingforoneandahalfhourand…(hour→hours)［2014课标II］預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。⑵像advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage,luggage,jewellery,clothing等绝对不可数名词是没有复数形式的，但在文中却用了复数。如：渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。Itfeltverystrangetotravelwithoutanyluggages.(luggages→luggage)［2011课标］铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。⑶本应用名词的所有格的，但文中没有用。如：WhenIfinallyarrivedatmyfriendhelentmelotsofclothes.(myfriend→myfriend’s)［2011课标］擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。考点2：指代一致⑴上下文的人称不一致。如：Thankyouverymuchforshowingthemaroundyourcityandprovidinguswiththewonderfulmeals.贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。(them→us)［2011大纲］⑵上下文的单复数不一致。如：…bothofthemhavesimilarideas…Otherwise,itisimpossibleforhimtohelpeachotherandtomaketheirfriendshiplastlong.(him→them)［2014大纲］坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。⑶上下文的性别不一致。如：Beforeherleaving,Ipreparedagifttoshowmybestwishestohim.Shesaid…(him→her)［2010大纲］蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。⑷人称代词格的误用。如：LiMing’sparentsinvitedItospendtwowonderfulweeksinQingdaowiththem…(I→me)［2007课标］買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。⑸人称代词、反身代词、疑问代词等的错用。如：Hehadadeepvoice,whichsethimselfapartfromothers…(从句主语which是指thevoice,这种声音使“他”与别人分离,故改himself为him)［2013课标I］綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。考点3：冠词⑴基本用法：单数可数名词前，表示“一个/段/座/本”等时要用a或an；表示特指时用the。如：Inotherwords,wewouldbeseparatedforlongtime.(longtime→alongtime)［2010大纲］驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。Manycountriesintheworldfindtheydon’thaveenoughwater.Todealwithaproblem,Ithink,weshould…猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。(a→the，特指上文提到缺少“这个”问题)［2012大纲］SowhenIhavetheproblem,Iwillturntoherforhelp.(the→a)［2013大纲］锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。⑵固定短语中多用或少用冠词。如：Inafact,heevenscaredmyclassmatesaway…(Inafact→Infact)［2013课标I］構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。Asresult,theplantsaregrowingeverywhere.(Asresult→Asaresult)［2014课标］輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。考点4：介词⑴常用介词的错用。如：Therefore,wehavemoretimewithafter-schoolactivities.(timeforsth.做某事的时间)［2014课标II］尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。⑵固定词组中的介词误用。如：…andwiththehelpbyourfather,mysisterandIplantedsomecherrytomatoes…(withthehelpof在……的帮助下)［2014课标I］识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。⑶固定词组中的介词漏用。如：（拓展）Wecanlieonthegrassforarest,orsitbythelakelisteningmusic.(listento听)［2014课标II］凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。考点5：连词⑴although/though/while不与but连用；since/as/because不与so连用。如：恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。Althoughweallowtomatoplantstogrowinthesameplaceyearafteryear,butwehaveneverhadanydisease…(去掉but或改为yet)［2014课标I］鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。⑵and与but用混。这是考得最多的微考点。如：Themorefriendswehave,themorewecanlearnfromoneanother,butthemorepleasurewecansharetogether.(but→and，前后没有转折关系)［2014大纲］硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹。⑶and与or。AllIhadtodowastowriteastoryorpresentit.(or→and)［2010大纲］阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖。What’smore,wecangotoworkbybikeonceandtwiceaweek…(and→or)［2012大纲］氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩。⑷so与or。Wewerewarnednottocheatagainsoshewouldneedtoseeourparents.(so因此→or否则)［2013四川］釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘。⑸after与before。Beforewaitingforabouthalfanhour,Iwasbeginningtogetimpatient.(Before→After逻辑)［2013陕西］怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉。⑹which与what。Thatiswhichotherteacherssay.(which→what所……的)［2013辽宁］谚辞調担鈧谄动禪泻類。⑺多用或少用连词。如：Withlittlesleepandhardlyanybreak,soheworksfrommorningtillnight.(去掉so)［2013辽宁］嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩。Soiftheyhadsaidwastrue,Iwouldhaveachanceofwinningtheprize.(if后加what)［2010大纲］熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库。⑻错用that引导非限制性定语从句。如：Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner,thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(that→which)［2013课标II］鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞。考点6：时态一致⑴上下文的谓语动词都是过去时，突然出现一个现在时。如：Sheusedtoholdme…Iwasonlyfourwhenshepassesaway.(passes→passed)［2013课标I］纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛。⑵上下文的谓语动词都是现在时，突然出现一个过去时。如：Sincethen,wehadbeenallowingtomatoestoself-seedwheretheyplease.Asaresult,theplantsaregrowingeverywhere.(had→has)［2014课标I］颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷。此外，无论是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，都要注意在平行结构中，动词形式的一致性，即“平行一致”。如在AandB或A,BandC中，A,B,C的形式要一致。如：濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻。…bothofthemhavesimilarideasandtrustingeachother(trusting→trust)［2014大纲］銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼。考点7：主谓一致⑴行为动词：主语是第三人称单数时，行为动词的一般现在时，其后加s。如：Mydreamschoollooklikeabiggarden.(look→looks，主语是Mydreamschool)［2014课标II］挤貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类。⑵have动词：主语是第三人称单数时，have的现在时(一般现在时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时)用has。主语不是第三人称单数时，现在时用have，过去时用had。赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈。LiMing,togetherwithhisparents,havegoneabroad.(have→has，主语是LiMing，注意：withsb.或togetherwithsb.等介词短语是不能作主语的)（简单复习主谓一致）塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫。⑶be动词：主语是第三人称单数时，be的现在时(一般现在时，现在进行时)用is，过去时(一般过去时，过去进行时)用was。主语是I，用am或was；主语是you或复数，用are或were。如：裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺。…theonlyclothesIhadwasthoseIhadon.(was→were，主语是theonlyclothes)［2011课标］仓嫗盤紲嘱珑詁鍬齊驁。考点8：非谓语动词一般说来，句中已有谓语动词，再出现动词，其前面又没有并列连词and,butor时，该动词应为非谓语动词。我们应根据该非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分，以及它与逻辑主语的关系，来确定用具体的形式。绽萬璉轆娛閬蛏鬮绾瀧。⑴作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，通常改为ing形式或不定式。如：Haveteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner…(Have→Having)［2013课标II］骁顾燁鶚巯瀆蕪領鲡赙。⑵熟记其后只能接ing或只能接todo作宾语的动词。如：Lastyear,shedecidedstudyabroad.(study→tostudy，因decidetodosth.)［2010大纲］瑣钋濺暧惲锟缟馭篩凉。⑶介词后要用动词的ing形式。注意区分to是介词还是不定式符号。如：Heisn’tgoodattalkbuthegetsonwellwithotherpeople.(talk→talking，在介词at后)［2013大纲］鎦诗涇艳损楼紲鯗餳類。Ilookforwardtoseeheragaininthenearfuture.(see→seeing，在介词to后)［2010大纲］栉缏歐锄棗鈕种鵑瑶锬。⑷一些固定短语或句式中的非谓语动词形式。如：Sheusedtoholdingmeonherknees…(holding→hold，因usedtodosth.)［2013课标I］辔烨棟剛殓攬瑤丽阄应。Well,Ihadbettertostopnow.(tostop→stop，因hadbetterdosth.)［2009课标］峴扬斕滾澗辐滠兴渙藺。…maketheirfriendshiptolastlong.(tolast→last，因makesb.dosth.)［2014大纲］詩叁撻訥烬忧毀厉鋨骜。⑸根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式。如：Wesatbythefire,haveourbarbecue.(have→having，因we与have是主动关系)［2014陕西］则鯤愜韋瘓賈晖园栋泷。Felthungry,webuiltafirebythelake…(Felt→Feeling，因we与feel是主动关系)［2013陕西］胀鏝彈奥秘孫戶孪钇賻。⑹别混淆谓语动词与非谓语动词。如：…butItriedhardtodoit.Suddenly,Mary,mybestfriend,askingmetolethercopymyanswers.(去掉同位语mybestfriend,显然，主语是Mary,谓语是ask,由前句谓语动词的时态可知,用一般过去时,故改asking为asked)［2013四川］鳃躋峽祷紉诵帮废掃減。考点9：词类的用法⑴形容词作定语、表语、补语,但短文中却用了副词或名词。如：Wearegrowingwonderfullytomatoesatnocost!(wonderfully→wonderful，作tomatoes的定语)［2014课标I］稟虛嬪赈维哜妝扩踴粜。Thefruitsaresmallinsize,butjuicyandtaste.(taste→tasty，作表语)［2014课标I］陽簍埡鲑罷規呜旧岿錟。Ifoundthetestdifficulty,butItriedhardtodoit.(difficulty→difficult作补语)［2013四川］沩氣嘮戇苌鑿鑿槠谔應。⑵副词作状语，修饰动词、形容词、全句，但短文中却用了形容词。如：Interesting,ithadaconnectionwiththeBritishporcelain(瓷器)industry.(Interesting→Interestingly，修饰全句)［2013课标II］钡嵐縣緱虜荣产涛團蔺。Itwasrealaniceexperience.(real→really，修饰动词was)［2011大纲II］懨俠劑鈍触乐鹇烬觶騮。⑶名词作主语、宾语,但短文中却用了形容词、动词等。如：Hehasruinedhishealthy.(healthy→health，作ruined的宾语)［2013辽宁］謾饱兗争詣繚鮐癞别瀘。Thismadeforthegrowintheporcelainindustry.(grow→growth，作介词for的宾语)［2013课标II］呙铉們欤谦鸪饺竞荡赚。冠词，介词，形容词性物主代词，形容词后用名词。⑷-ed与-ing形容词的用法区别：-ing令人……的(多为事)；-ed(人)感到……的。如：Iamawfullytiring(tiring→tired，因我感到累)［2013浙江］MyfriendNicktoldmeastoryabouthisexperiencebackintheUS,whichwasveryinterested.(interested→interesting，指他的故事是“令人有趣的”)［2010课标］莹谐龌蕲賞组靄绉嚴减。考点10：常用词辨析只考here与there,some与any,ago与before,many与much,verymuch与very或much,beside与besides,ever与never,either与neither,usedtodosth.与beusedto(doing)sth.等十分常见的词语之间的辨析。千万别遇到近义词就辨析，步入复习的岐途。如：麸肃鹏镟轿騍镣缚縟糶。Nearlyfiveyearsbefore,…mysisterandIplantedsomecherrytomatoes…(before→ago，相对说话时多久以前,用ago；相对过去的某个时间或动作在多久之前才用before)［2014课标I］納畴鳗吶鄖禎銣腻鰲锬。Wedon’tneedtodosomanyhomework.(many→much，修饰不可数名词homework,用much)［2014课标II］風撵鲔貓铁频钙蓟纠庙。Thefruitsaresmall…Therearesomuchthatweoftensharethemwithourneighbors.(much→many，替代可数名词fruits,用many)［2014课标I］灭嗳骇諗鋅猎輛觏馊藹。Beside,Cleotendstobarkanaverageofsixhoursaday.(Beside→Besides，因beside是介词,意为“在……的旁边”；而besides作介词时，意为“除……之外”，作副词,意为“此外,而且”。注意，凡是介词，其后一定有宾语。而此处没有宾语，一定是用副词)［2014辽宁］铹鸝饷飾镡閌赀诨癱骝。再次提醒：凡是用一两句话辨别不清的，或者说老师也要查资料才能弄清楚的，甚至去年查过资料，今年又得查资料才讲得清楚的那些所谓的同义词或近义词之间的辨析，是绝对不会考的。万万不可在这里浪费时间，用辨析的这几分钟去多读一遍英语短文或故事，享受其中的快乐吧。攙閿频嵘陣澇諗谴隴泸。此外，多用be或少用be是写作中常见的错误，因此短文改错中可能出现。记住：作谓语的是行为动词时，如果不是进行时态或被动语态，不用be；如果句中谓语没有动词，但汉语意思又完整了时，要用be。如：趕輾雏纨颗锊讨跃满賺。Suddenlythearrowswereflyingdownatusfromthesky—theywerelookedlikerain!(因lookedlike中looked本身就是系动词,were是多余的,应当去掉)［2014陕西］夹覡闾辁駁档驀迁锬減。Sorealfriendshipshouldabletostandallsortsoftests.(因情态动词后要接动词原形,而其后的able是形容词,虽然意义完整,还是要加be)［2014大纲］视絀镘鸸鲚鐘脑钧欖粝。又如，Iverybusy.(我很忙。)虽然汉语意思完整，但句中busy是形容词，无动词，要在I后加am。Atthattime,weintheclassroom.(那时我们在教室里。)虽然汉语意思完整，但句中无动词，要加be，即在we后加were。偽澀锟攢鴛擋緬铹鈞錠。解题指导解题前，须明确：⑴一个词：因只是多一词、少一词、错一词，因此，需要增加、减少、改动的都只是一个词。⑵四不改：不要求考生改标点符号、大小写、词序、纲外词，这四个方面不必考虑。解题中，可按以下步骤：⑴浏览全文，掌握大意。这一步非常重要，涉及单词和短语意思的题，以及上下文逻辑是否通顺的改连词的题，不明白上下文意思，是改不出来的。在这一步中，如遇到无需思考的明显错误，可以直接改过来。緦徑铫膾龋轿级镗挢廟。⑵分句阅读，认真纠错。逐句阅读，根据自己掌握的语法知识及上下文语义的衔接，结合上面提到的十个主要考点，认真纠错改错。具体思路可参考：騅憑钶銘侥张礫阵轸蔼。动词形，名格数，特别留意形和副；逻辑连词常常考，冠词介词常光顾；代词注意性数格，词组句式须关注。⑶检查核对，攻克难点。改完后，再从头至尾认真看一遍，个别没有找出来的，对照考点，在这步完成。真题再现假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。疠骐錾农剎貯狱颢幗騮。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧）,并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线（\）画掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:⑴每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；⑵只允许修改10处,多者（从第11处起）不计分。1.2015课标卷IWhenIwasachild,Ihopedtoliveinthecity.IthinkIwouldbehappythere.NowIamlivinginacity,butImissmyhomeincountryside.Theretheairiscleanorthemountainsaregreen.Unfortunately,onthedevelopmentofindustrialization,theenvironmenthasbeenpolluted.Lotsofstudieshavebeenshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybecomeaveryseriouslyproblem.Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.Muchrareanimalsaredyingout.Wemustfoundwaystoprotectyourenvironment.Ifwefailtodoso,we’lllivetoregretit.镞锊过润启婭澗骆讕瀘。本文谈到随着工业化的发展，环境受到了污染。1.think→thought指小时候“想”。2.在countryside前加the表示“在农村”习惯上说inthecountryside。榿贰轲誊壟该槛鲻垲赛。3.or→and因“空气新鲜”与“山绿”是并列关系。4.on→with表示“随着”用with。5.去掉shown前的been因“研究”与“表明”是主动关系。6.seriously→serious在名词前作定语要用形容词。7.airs→air因air是不可数名词，没有复数形式。8.Much→Many修饰可数名词复数要用many。9.found→find在情态动词(must)后用动词原形。10.your→our/the前后都是第一人次。2.2015课标卷IIOneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparent.Itwasverycrowded.Tonysawatoyonashopwindow.Helikeditsoverymuchthathequicklywalkedintotheshop.Afterlooksatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwherehisparentsweremissing.Tonywasscaredandbeguntocry.Awomansawhimcryingandtellinghimtowaitoutsideashop.Fiveminuteslater,Tonysawparents.Momsaid,“Hownicetoseeyouagain!DadandIwereterribleworried.”Tonypromisedherthatthiswouldneverhappenagain.邁茑赚陉宾呗擷鹪讼凑。作者叙述Tony跟父母去购物时走丢，后又找到父母的经历。1.parent→parents由下文的hisparentsweremissing可知用复数。嵝硖贪塒廩袞悯倉華糲。2.on→in据常识，玩具应在橱窗里面，故用in。3.去掉so后的very这是so…that…结构，不用very。4.looks→looking介词after后面接动名词，故用looking。5.where→that或者去掉where宾语从句，从句的结构与意思完整，用that引导或省略that。该栎谖碼戆沖巋鳧薩锭。6.begun→began因begin的过去式是began。7.telling→told与前面的saw是并列谓语，用told。8.a→the特指上文提到的那家商店，用the。9.saw后面加his指Tony的父母，故加his。10.terrible→terribly修饰形容词(worried)用副词。3.2013大纲卷Inmyfamily,therearethreepeoples.Myfatherishardworkingbutgoestoworkinthefieldeveryday.Heisn’tgoodattalkbuthegetsonwellwithotherpeople.Mymotherisverymuchkindandisfriendlytoeverybody.SowhenIhavetheproblem,Iwillturntoherforhelp.MyfriendssayIamclever.Whentheteacherasksusverydifficultyquestions,I’llthinkquicklyandstandtoanswer.Athome,myfatheroftenthinksI’msilly.HesaidifIdecidetodosomething,ittakeshimmuchtimestostopme.ThisishowIneedtoimproveinthefuture.劇妆诨貰攖苹埘呂仑庙。4.2012课标卷IlearnedearlyinlifethatIhadtobemorepatientandlittleaggressive.FromthetimeIwasaboutfouruntilIwasaboutsix,Idestroyedeachofmytoy.Iwashappywhenthetoysworked,butwhenthingsdidwrong,Igotangryandbrokeit.Forawhile,parentsboughtmenewtoys.Butbeforelong,theybegantoseewhichwashappening.WhenItearapartmyfifthbirthdaytoytrain,myfathersaid,“That’sit.Nomoretoystoyou.”Mypunishmentlastedayear.Meanwhile,Ifoundoutthatwithmorepatience,Imustmakemytoystolast.Myattitudechangedfromthenon.臠龍讹驄桠业變墊罗蘄。5.2012大纲卷IEveryoneofuscanmakeagreateffortstocutofftheuseofenergyinourcountry.Tobeginwith,allofuscanstartreducingtotheuseofoilbydrivingonlywhenwehavearealneed.Thatwon’tbeeasy,Iknow,butwehavetostartanywhere.What’smore,wecangotoworkbybikeonceandtwiceaweek,andwecanalsobuysmallercarsthatburnlittleoil.Otherwayistowatchoureverydayuseofwaterandelectricathome.Forexample,howmanytimeshaveyouwalkedoutofaroomandleavethelightsortelevisionwhennooneelsewasthere鰻順褛悦漚縫冁屜鸭骞。6.2012大纲卷IIDearEditor,I’mwritingtotellyouopinionaboutwatersaving.Waterisimportant.We,aswellasanimal,cannotlivewithoutwaterandneitheragricultureorindustrycangowithoutit.Yetitseemedwaterisbecominglessandless.Manycountriesintheworldfindwedon’thaveenoughwater.Todealwithaproblem,Ithink,weshouldfirstgoallouttoplanttreesthoughtreeswillhelpsavewater.Next,notdrinkingwatershouldbeleftrunning.Third,weshouldfindwaystoreusethewaterusinginwashing,especiallybathwater,forwhichisquitealot,andthatwillsavemuchwater.穑釓虚绺滟鳗絲懷紓泺。Sincerely,LiHua7.2011课标卷Mysummertravelstartedterribly.IwasattheShanghaiRailwayStationbuyatickettoHangzhou.Iwasgoingtovisitafriendhere,andafterthat,IwouldgotoXiamenforlongholiday.Iboughtmyticketbutturnedaroundtopickupmybagfromthefloor,andthenIrealizedthatsomeonehadstolenit.Luckily,Ihadallmymoneyonmypocket,buttheonlyclothesIhadwasthoseIhadon.Itfeltverystrangetotravelwithoutanyluggages.WhenIfinallyarrivedatmyfriendhelenttomelotsofclothes.IfeelveryhappythatIcouldchangemyclothesatlast.隶誆荧鉴獫纲鴣攣駘賽。记述作者一次旅行开始时被偷走了行李，后来朋友送了衣服给作者，他感到很开心。1.buy→buying因句中已有谓语(was…)，动词buy应为非谓语，因I与buy是主动关系，故用-ing形式作状语。浹繢腻叢着駕骠構砀湊。2.here→there习惯上说“去那里”“来这里”即gothere,comehere，而不说“去这里”“来那里”。鈀燭罚櫝箋礱颼畢韫粝。3.在for后加a因可数名词holiday是单数，前面应有限定词；表示“一个”长假，填a，与foralongtime类似。惬執缉蘿绅颀阳灣熗鍵。4.but→and因“买票”与“转身”是先后紧接着发生的两个动作，顺承关系，无转折意义，故用and。贞廈给鏌綞牵鎮獵鎦龐。5.on→in钱“在口袋里”，用in。6.was→were句中(that)Ihad是定语从句，主句主语是clothes，复数，故was改用were，才主谓一致。嚌鲭级厨胀鑲铟礦毁蕲。7.luggages→luggage因luggage或baggage(行李)是不可数名词，没有复数形式。表示几件行李，要借用piece，如“三件行李”说threepiecesofluggage。薊镔竖牍熒浹醬籬铃騫。8.friend→friend’s指到达“我朋友的家(myfriend’shome)”，其中home可省略。又如：abutcher’s(shop)肉铺，atailor’s(shop)裁缝店，abarber’s(shop)理发店，adoctor’s(office)诊所，mysister’s(home)我姐姐家，其中shop,office,home等表示处所的词都可以省略，直接用名词所有格表示。齡践砚语蜗铸转絹攤濼。9.去掉lent后的to由lendsb.sth.(借给某人某物)可知，不用to。但如果将sth.放到前面，则用to，即lendsth.tosb.。绅薮疮颧訝标販繯轅赛。10.feel→felt上文谓语动词都是用一般过去时，而feel却用一般现在时，时态不一致。饪箩狞屬诺釙诬苧径凛。8.2011大纲卷IOneofmyunforgettablememoryofmyschoolinXinjiangisthatofluncheswebroughtfromourhomes.Iholdmylunch-boxinmyhandwhenIwasgoingtoschool.Thesmellfromitwasverygood.Sincethelunchbellfinallyrang,myfriendsandImetunderatalltreeandhadourlunches.Mybestfriend,Aigulie,wasusedtoshareherNangtome.NangisaspeciallykindofcakeinXinjiang.Ilikethemverymuch.NowAigulieandIstudyatdifferentcollegesorwecanonlyseeeachotherduringthesummervacation.IthinkoverheralotandImissthefoodandthegoodtimewehadtogether.烴毙潜籬賢擔視蠶贲粵。作者对中学时光与当时从家带去的午餐的回忆与思念。1.memory→memories因oneof…后面的名词要用复数形式。2.lunches前加the因lunches后有定语从句修饰，特指从家里带到学校的午餐。3.hold→held讲述过去的事情。4.Since→When表示“当午餐的铃终于响起时”。5.去掉used前的was因表示“过去常常做某事”，是usedtodosth.。6.to→with因sharesth.withsb.(同某人分享某物)是固定搭配。7.specially→special因kind在这里是名词，意为“种类”，修饰名词应用形容词作定语。鋝岂涛軌跃轮莳講嫗键。8.them→it替代前句中的aspecialkindofcake，是单数。9.or→and前后不是选择关系。10.over→of表示常常“想起”用thinkof。而thinksth.over意为“慎重思考”。撷伪氢鱧轍幂聹諛詼庞。9.2011大纲卷IIDearGeorge,It’sbeenaweekafterweleftyourfamilyandwearenowbackhome.Thankyouverymuchforshowingthemaroundyourcityandprovidingusforthewonderfulmeals.Afterwesaidgoodbyetoyou,wewenttoWashingtonD.C.,wherewestayedforthreedays.Mybrotherwassomuchfondofthemuseumstherethathebeggedmyparentstostayinganothercoupleofday.However,myfatherhadtoreturntoworkonMondaysoweflybacklastSaturdayafternoon.Itwasrealaniceexperience.Ifyou’dliketomaketriptoourcitysomeday,Iwillbebetterthanhappytobeyourguide.踪飯梦掺钓貞绫賁发蘄。Yours,Mike这是作者去George所在市旅游回来后，给George的邮件。1.after→since表示“自从……有多长时间了”的句型是“It’sbeen＋时间段＋since…”。婭鑠机职銦夾簣軒蚀骞。2.them→us指代上文的we，即谢谢你带“我们”游览你们的城市。3.for→with由providesb.withsth.(＝providesth.forsb.给某人提供某物)可知。譽諶掺铒锭试监鄺儕泻。4.去掉fond前的much因“so+adj.+that…”句型可知，much多余。5.staying→stay由begsb.todosth.(恳求某人做某事)可知。俦聹执償閏号燴鈿膽賾。6.day→days表示再待“几天”couple，故day用复数。7.fly→flew前后谓语都使用一般过去时，时态应该保持一致。8.real→really修饰动词was用副词作状语。9.在trip前加a固定词组：makeatripto去旅行。10.better→more表示“非常高兴”是morethanhappy。10.2010课标卷MyfriendNicktoldmestoryabouthisexperiencebackintheUS,whichwasveryinterested.Onedayhewashavingayardsaleandtheoldmanlivingnextdoorcomebytohelp.Astheoldmanlookedoverthethingsontheyardthatweretobesold,hestoppedataboxofgoldenballforChristmastrees.Ontheboxwasacardsay:“25centseach.”“Youwillneverselltheseforthatmuch,”hetoldNick.Convinced,Nickhasbroughtthepriceupto10centsapiece.Withoutamoment’sdelay,myneighborpickeduptheboxbutannounced“I’lltakethem”.缜電怅淺靓蠐浅錒鵬凜。作者讲述其朋友Nick回美国后进行庭院旧货出售时发生的一件事。1.story前加a可数名词单数story前加不定冠词，表示“一个”故事。2.interested→interesting表示“有趣的”用-ing形容词。而interested表示人“感兴趣的”。3.come→came上下文都是用一般过去时，这里也改为过去时才一致。4.on→in表示“在庭院里”，说intheyard。5.ball→balls一箱金球，不止一个，用复数。6.say→saying已有谓语动词was，所以say(写有)是非谓语动词；又因acard与say是主动关系，用-ing形式，作定语。顺便提提，这是倒装句，主语acard的定语太长，为避免头重脚轻，才将表语onthebox提前，用倒装了，正常语序是Acardsaying…wasonthebox。骥擯帜褸饜兗椏長绛粤。7.去掉brought前的has因为上下文都是用一般过去时，这里却用了现在完成时，去掉has，时态才前后一致。癱噴导閽骋艳捣靨骢鍵。8.up→down由25元“降低”到10元一个，故将up改为down。9.my→his由上文可知是指我朋友Nick的邻居，即“他的”邻居。10.but→and因“拿起来”与“宣布”是顺承关系，不是转折关系。11.2010大纲卷IItwasachanceofalifetimetowinthefirstprizeontheStoryWritingShow.AllIhadtodowastowriteastoryorpresentit.Myteachershavebeentellingmehowgreatlymywritingwas.Soiftheyhadsaidwastrue,Iwouldhavea鑣鸽夺圆鯢齙慫餞離龐。chanceofwinningtheprize.Whatwerebetter,Ihadusefulhelp.TherewasUncleChen,gentlemanlivingnearmyhouse,whowasaverymuchfamouswriter.Heagreedtoreadingmystoryandgivemesomeadvicesonhowtowritelikearealwriter.榄阈团皱鹏緦寿驏頦蕴。本文作者讲述写故事比赛前的情况。1.on→in表示“在比赛中”。2.or→and因“写一个故事”与“将它交上去”是先后两个动作，顺承关系，而不是选择关系。3.have→had前后都是用过去时(一般过去时)，而这里却用现在时(现在完成进行时)。4.greatly→great在宾语从句中作was的表语，要用形容词。5.if后加what引导主语从句，作said的宾语，用连接代词what，意为“他们所说的”。6.were→was主谓一致，因主语what是单数，故改用was。7.gentleman前加a表示“一位”绅士。8.去掉very后的much修饰形容词作状语，用very；修饰动词才可能用verymuch。逊输吴贝义鲽國鳩犹騸。9.reading→read同意做某事是agreetodosth.。10.advices→advice因advice是不可数名词，没有复数形式。12.2010大纲卷IIChristiewasoneofmybestfriendathighschool.Atthattime,weoftenspendtimetogether.幘觇匮骇儺红卤齡镰瀉。Thanktoherhelp,Imadegreatprogressinmystudy.Lastyear,shedecidedstudyabroad.Inotherwords,wewouldbeseparatedforlongtime.Beforeherleavingoff,Ipreparedagifttoshowmybestwishestohim.Shesaiditwas誦终决懷区馱倆侧澩赜。thebestgiftshehaseverhad.Fromthenon,we’vekepttouchwitheachotherthroughe-mails.Ilookforwardtoseeheragaininthenearfuture.本文讲述中学时的一位好朋友去国外学习。1.friend→friends在oneof后必定用复数名词。2.spend→spent上下文谓语动词的时态都是一般过去时。3.Thank→Thanks固定词组：thanksto由于，多亏。4.在study前加to由decidetodosth.(决定做某事)可知。5.在longtime前加a表示分开很长“一段”时间。6.去掉leaving后的off因表示“离开”是leave，而leaveoff则表示“停止(stop)”。医涤侣綃噲睞齒办銩凛。7.him→her由上下文中的she可知朋友是女的，这里突然变成男的了。8.has→had上下文的谓语动词都是用过去时，而这里变成现在时了(现在完成时)。9.在kept后加in固定词组：keepintouchwithsb.与某人保持联系。10.see→seeing因lookforwardto(盼望)中的to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。舻当为遙头韪鳍哕晕糞。13.2009课标卷DearMrs.Winthorp,Somyfirstweekatcollegeisover！NolecturesthismorningsoIthinkI’demailyouandletyouknowwhatthingsaregoing.I’mgladtosaythat鸪凑鸛齏嶇烛罵奖选锯。anythinghasworkedoutfineinthedorm.Irememberaskingforaroomasfarawayfromtheliftsaspossibleandtheyfindmeacomfortable筧驪鴨栌怀鏇颐嵘悅废。oneonsecondfloor.TherearetwogirlsfrommycoursehereandIplantomakefriendwiththemsothatwecanhelp韋鋯鯖荣擬滄閡悬贖蘊。eachotheronthecoursework.Everyoneelseseemsveryniceandwarmlyhere.Well,Ihadbettertostopnow.I’mgoingtoattendminefirstlessonthisafternoon,forI’vegotsomepreparationstomake.Keepintouch.Best,Carol作者刚到一个新的学校学习，给MrsWinthorp写的一封信，告知近况。1.what→how宾语从句中的going是不及物动词，不能跟宾语，不用代词what，而要用副词；意思是告诉你“情况如何(how)”。涛貶騸锬晋铩锩揿宪骟。2.anything→everything因anything常用于否定疑问句中，这里不合适；作者是想说，很高兴告诉你，“一切(everything)”都很好。钿蘇饌華檻杩鐵样说泻。3.find→found由语境可知，是“找到”了。4.second前加the序数词前要用定冠词。5.friend→friends与他们交朋友，应用复数。6.on→with由helpsb.withsth.可知。7.warmly→warm与形容词nice并列，一起作表语，故都用形容词。8.去掉to因hadbetterdosth.固定句式。9.mine→my在名词前作定语要用形容词性物主代词，指“我的(my)”第一堂课。10.for→so前因后果，应用so表示“因此”。14.2009大纲卷IAfterfiveyearsawayinmyhometown,IfindthattheneighborhoodwhichIusedtolivinginhaschangedalot.TheSichuanRestaurantandtheolderfishshopacrossthestreetfromour戧礱風熗浇鄖适泞嚀贗。middleschoolweregone.Thereexistnowaparkthathasasmallriverrunningthrough.ThefactoryatthecornerofFriendshipStreetandZhongshanRoadhasbeenmovedoutthecity,andsportscenterhasbeenbuiltintheirplace.ThemarketatthecornerofFriendshipStreetandXinhuaRoadhasbeengivenwayto購櫛頁詩燦戶踐澜襯鳳。asupermarket.Besidesthebookstorenexttoourmiddleschoolisstillthere.本文作者描述的是家乡的变化。1.in→from离某处多久或多远，用awayfrom。2.living→live表示“过去常常做某事”是usedtodosth.。3.older→old没有比较对象。4.were→are由上下文中的find,haschanged等可知，用的是现在时，指现在已经变了，四川餐馆和老鱼店现在不见了。嗫奐闃頜瑷踯谫瓒兽粪。5.exist→exists因thereexists…是therebe变体，是倒装句式，主语是apark，第三人称单数，所以用exists。虚龉鐮宠確嵝誄祷舻鋸。6.在out后加ofmoveoutof…固定用法。7.在sportscenter前加a指建了“一座”体育中心。8.their→its指原来那家工厂所在的地方。9.去掉given前的been主语Themarket与givewayto(让位给)是主动关系，去掉been。與顶鍔笋类謾蝾纪黾廢。10.Besides→But前面句子描述的是变了，后面是说书店依然在那，即前后是转折关系。15.2009大纲卷IIHiSusan,I’msorrythatIwasn’tabletoreturntoyourbikeontimeyesterday.Imeantogiveitbacktoyoubeforefourintheafternoon,andIwashelduponmywayback.JustbeforeIturnedcornerofParkStreet,Ihappenedtoseeanaccident.Alittlegirlwashurtedandhismotherneededhelp.結释鏈跄絞塒繭绽綹蕴。SoIhelpedthemgoingtothenearesthospital.Istayedhereforoneandahalfhourandmadesurethatthegirlwasallright.WhenIgotback,itwere餑诎鉈鲻缥评缯肃鮮驃。already6pm.Ihopeyouunderstand.Thankyou!LiLing作者向Susan解释昨天没有准时还自行车的原因。1.去掉return后的to因return作“归还(某物)”解，是及物动词，后面直接接宾语，所以去掉to。如果说“把某物还给某人”则说returnsth.tosb.。爷缆鉅摯騰厕綁荩笺潑。2.mean→meant由下文可知，是对昨天情况的回顾，用一般过去时，指昨天“本打算”。3.and→but因“打算四点前还”与“被阻在路上”是转折关系。4.在corner前加the特指ParkStreet的转角处。5.hurted→hurt因hurt的过去分词、过去式与原形是相同的，即hurt—hurt—hurt。锞炽邐繒萨蝦窦补飙赝。6.his→her指代不一致，应是指前面提到的“那个女孩的”妈妈。7.going→go由helpsb.dosth.可知。8.here→there指在医院“那里”待了一个半小时。9.hour→hours因大于一就要用复数，“一个半”小时大于一小时了，要用复数。10.were→was主语是第三人称单数it。16.2008课标卷DearMs.Smith,IamsecretaryoftheCityStudentUnion(CSU).Wewereorganizinganartexhibition曠戗輔鑽襉倆瘋诌琿凤。forhighschoolstudentsincity.Thiswillbeheldonthe9thofJulyintheExhibitionHallofBeihai.轉厍蹺佥诎脚濒谘閥糞。Morethan1000paintingwillbeonshow,buthighschoolstudentsfromalltheeightdistrictswillcometotheevent.AsyouareverypopularlywithusChinesehighschool嬷鯀賊沣謁麩溝赉涞锯。students,we’dliketoinviteforyoutotheexhibition.讯鎬謾蝈贺綜枢辄锁廪。Wewouldbegratefulwhenyoucouldjointhemthatday.Lookingforwardtohearfromyousoon.Yours,LiMing作者邀请MsSmith参加艺术展览。1.were→are由上下文可知，是指现在正在组织艺展。2.在city前加the应是为特指的某个城市的中学生举办的艺展。事实上，英语中没有incity的说法，但通常说intown。兒躉讀闶軒鲧擬钇標藪。3.This→It指上句提到的艺展。4.painting→paintings因painting(油画)是可数名词，大于一时要用复数。繅藺詞嗇适篮异铜鑑骠。5.but→and前后没有转折意思。6.popularly→popular作表语要用形容词。7.删掉invite后的for由invitesb.tosomeplace可知。8.when→if意为“如果”你能来参加，我们非常感激。9.them→us人称一致，与上文的we一致。10.hear→hearing因lookforwardto中的to是介词，其后的动词要用-ing形式。鮒簡觸癘鈄餒嬋锵户泼。15.2008大纲卷IDearAlice,Ihavejustgotsomegoodne