会计舞弊财务舞弊外文文献翻译

会计舞弊财务舞弊外文文献翻译（含：英文原文及中文译文）文献出处：BadawiIM.Globalcorporateaccountingfraudsandactionforreforms[J].ReviewofBusiness,2005,:26（：2）.英文原文GlobalCorporateAccountingFraudsandActionforReformsIbrahimBadawiSt.John’sUniversityAbstractTherecentwaveofcorporatefraudulentfinancialreportinghaspromptedglobalactionsforreformsincorporategovernanceandfinancialreporting,bygovernmentsandaccountingandauditingstandard-settingbodiesintheU。S。andinternationally,includingtheEuropeanCommission;theInternationalFederationofAccountants；theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment；andothers，inordertorestoreinvestorconfidenceinfinancialreporting，theaccountingprofessionandglobalfinancialmarketsoIntroductionDuringtherecentseriesofcorporatefraudulentfinancialreportingincidentsintheU。S.,similarcorporatescandalsweredisclosedinseveralothercountriesoAlmostallcasesofforeigncorporateaccountingfraudswerecommittedbyentitiesthatconducttheirbusinessesinmorethanonecountry,andmostoftheseentitiesarealsolistedonU.S.stockexchangesoFollowingthelegislativeandregulatoryreformsofcorporateAmerica,resultingfromtheSarbanesOxleyActof2002,reformswerealsoinitiatedworldwide。Theprimarypurposeofthispaperistwofold:(1)toidentifytheprominentAmericanandforeigncompaniesinvolvedinfraudulentfinancialreportingandthenatureofaccountingirregularitiestheycommitted;and(2)tohighlighttheglobalreactionforcorporatereformswhichareaimedatrestoringinvestorconfidenceinfinancialreporting,thepublicaccountingprofessionandglobalcapitalmarketsoCasesofGlobalCorporateAccountingFraudsThelistofcorporatefinancialaccountingscandalsintheU.S。isextensive,andeachonewastheresultofoneormorecreativeaccountingirregularities.Exhibit1identifiesasampleofU.S。companiesthatcommittedsuchfraudandthenatureoftheirfraudulentfinancialreportingactivities.WhoCommitsFinancialFraudandHowTherearethreegroupsofbusinesspeoplewhocommitfinancialstatementfrauds.Theyrangefromseniormanagement(CEOandCFO);mid-andlower-levelmanagement;andorganizationalcriminals[6,16].CEOsandCFOscommitaccountingfraudstoconcealtruebusinessperformance,topreservepersonalstatusandcontrolandtomaintainpersonalincomeandwealth。Mid—andlower-levelemployeesfalsifyfinancialstatementsrelatedtotheirareaofresponsibility(subsidiary,divisionorotherunit)toconcealpoorperformanceand/ortoearnperformance—basedbonuses.Organizationalcriminalsfalsifyfinancialstatementstoobtainloansortoinflateastocktheyplantosellina“pump——and——dump"scheme.Methodsoffinancialstatementschemesrangefromfictitiousorfabricatedrevenues;alteringthetimesatwhichrevenuesarerecognized；improperassetvaluationsandreporting；concealingliabilitiesandexpenses;andimproperfinancialstatementdisclosuresoGlobalRegulatoryActionforCorporateandAccountingReformsInresponsetocorporateandaccountingscandals,theeffectsofwhicharestillbeingfeltthroughouttheU.S。economy,andinordertoprotectpublicinterestandtorestoreinvestorconfidenceinthecapitalmarket,U.S。lawmakers,inacompromisebytheHouseandSenate,passedtheSarbanes-OxleyActof2002oPresidentBushsignedthisActintolaw(PublicLaw107-204)onJuly30,2002.TheActresultedinmajorchangestocompliancepracticesoflargeU。S.andnon——U。S.companieswhosesecuritiesarelistedortradedonUoS.stockexchanges,requiringexecutives,boardsofdirectorsandexternalauditorstoundertakemeasurestoimplementgreateraccountability,responsibilityandtransparencyoffinancialreporting。ThestatutesoftheAct,andtheareconsideredthenewSECinitiativesthatfollowed[1,4,8,12,15],mostsignificantlegislationandregulationsaffectingthecorporatecommunityandtheaccountingprofessionsince1933。OtherUareconsideredtheregulatorybodiessuchasNYSE,NASDAQandtheStateSocietiesofCPAshavealsopassednewregulationswhichplaceadditionalburdensonpubliclytradedcompaniesandtheirexternalauditors.TheSarbanes—OxleyAct(SOA)isexpresslyapplicabletoanynon-U。S.companyregisteredonU。S。exchangesundereithertheSecuritiesActof1933ortheSecurityExchangeActof1934,regardlessofcountryofincorporationorcorporatedomicile。Furthermore,externalauditorsofsuchregistrants,regardlessoftheirnationalityorplaceofbusiness,aresubjecttotheoversightofthePublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard(PCAOB)andtothestatutoryrequirementsoftheSOA.TheUnitedStates’SOAhasreverberatedaroundtheglobethroughthecorporateandaccountingreformsaddressedbytheInternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC);theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD);theEuropeanCommission(UC);andauthoritativebodieswithinindividualEuropeancountries。InternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC)TheIFACisaprivategovernanceorganizationwhosemembersarethenationalprofessionalassociationsofaccountants。Itformallydescribesitselfastheglobalrepresentativeoftheaccountingprofession，withtheobjectiveofservingthepublicinterest,strengtheningtheworldwideaccountancyprofessionandcontributingtothedevelopmentofstronginternationaleconomiesbyestablishingandpromotingadherencetohighqualitystandards[9].TheFederationrepresentsaccountancygroupsworldwideandhasservedasareminderthatrestoringpublicconfidenceinfinancialreportingandtheaccountingprofessionshouldbeconsideredaglobalmission.Itisalsoconsideredakeyplayerintheglobalauditingarenawhich,amongotherthings,constructsinternationalstandardsonauditingandhaslaiddownaninternationalethicalcodeforprofessionalaccountants[14]。TheIFAChasrecentlysecuredadegreeofsupportforitsendeavorsfromsomeoftheworld’smostinfluentialinternationalorganizationsineconomicandfinancialspheres,includingglobalFinancialStabilityForum(FSF),theInternationalOrganizationofSecuritiesCommissions(IOSCO),theWorldBankand,mostsignificantly,theEC.InOctober2002,IFACcommissionedaTaskForceonRebuildingPublicConfidenceinFinancialReportingtouseaglobalperspectivetoconsiderhowtorestorethecredibilityoffinancialreportingandcorporatedisclosure。Itsreport,“RebuildingPublicConfidenceinFinancialReporting：AnInternationalPerspective,"includesrecommendationsforstrengtheningcorporategovernance，andraisingtheregulatingstandardsofissuers.Amongitsconclusionsandrecommendationsrelatedtoauditcommitteesare：1。Allpublicinterestentitiesshouldhaveanindependentauditcommitteeorsimilarbody.2。Theauditcommitteeshouldregularlyreporttotheboardandshouldaddressconcernsaboutfinancialinformation,internalcontrolsortheaudit。3。Theauditcommitteemustmeetregularlyandhavesufficienttimetoperformitsroleeffectively.Auditcommitteesshouldhavecoreresponsibilities,includingmonitoringandreviewingtheintegrityoffinancialreporting,financialcontrols,theinternalauditfunction,aswellasforrecommending,workingwithandmonitoringtheexternalauditorsoAuditcommitteemembersshouldbefinanciallyliterateandamajorityshouldhave“substantialfinancialexperienceo”Theyshouldreceivefurthertrainingasnecessaryontheirresponsibilitiesandonthecompany。oAuditcommitteesshouldhaveregularprivate“executivesessions”withtheoutsideauditorsandtheheadoftheinternalauditdepartment。Theseexecutivesessionsshouldnotincludemembersofmanagement.Thereshouldbesimilarmeetingswiththechieffinancialofficerandotherkeyfinancialexecutives,butwithoutothermembersofmanagement。oAuditcommitteemembersshouldbeindependentofmanagemento8.Thereshouldbeaprinciples—basedapproachtodefiningindependenceonaninternationalleveloCompaniesshoulddisclosecommitteemembers’credentials,remunerationandshareholdingso9oReinforcingtheroleoftheauditcommitteeshouldimprovetherelationshipbetweentheauditorandthecompany.Theauditcommitteeshouldrecommendthehiringandfiringofauditorsandapprovetheirfees,aswellasreviewtheauditplan。10。TheIFACCodeofEthicsshouldbethefoundationforindividualnationalindependencerules.Itshouldbereliedoninmakingdecisionsonwhetherauditorsshouldprovidenon—auditservices.Non—auditservicesperformedbytheauditorshouldbeapprovedbytheauditcommittee.Allfees,forauditandnon—auditservices,shouldbedisclosedtoshareholdersoKeyauditteammembers,includingtheengagementandindependentreviewpartners,shouldservenolongerthansevenyearsontheaudit.TwoyearsshouldpassbeforeakeyauditteammembercantakeapositionatthecompanyasadirectororanyotherimportantmanagementpositionOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)isaquasi—thinktankmadeupof30membercountries,includingtheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdom,andithasworkingrelationshipswithmorethan70othercountries。In2004,theOECDunveiledtheupdatedrevisionofits“PrinciplesofCorporateGovernance”thathadoriginallybeenadoptedbyitsmembergovernments(includingtheU。S.andUK)in1999.Althoughtheyarenonbinding,theprinciplesprovideareferencefornationallegislationandregulation，aswellasguidanceforstockexchanges,investors,corporationsandotherparties[11,13]。Theprincipleshavelongbecomeaninternationalbenchmarkforpolicymakers，investors,corporationsandotherstakeholdersworldwideoTheyhaveadvancedthecorporategovernanceagendaandprovidedspecificguidanceforlegislativeandregulatoryinitiativesinboththeOECDandnon—OECDcountries.The2004updatedversionof“PrinciplesofCorporateGovernance"includesrecommendationsonaccountingandauditingstandards，theindependenceofboardmembersandtheneedforboardstoactintheinterestofthecompanyandtheshareholders.Theupdatedversionalsosetsmoredemandingstandardsinanumberofareasthatimpactcorporateexecutivecompensationandfinance,suchas:Grantinginvestorstherighttonominatecompanydirectors,aswellasamoreforcefulroleinelectingthem.Providingshareholderswithavoiceinthecompensationpolicyforboardmembersandexecutives,andgivingthesestockholderstheabilitytosubmitquestionstoauditorso3oMandatingthatinstitutionalinvestorsdisclosetheiroverallvotingpoliciesandhowtheymanagematerialconflictsofinterestthatmayaffectthewaytheinvestorsexercisekeyownershipfunctions,suchasvotingIdentifyingtheneedforeffectiveprotectionofcreditorrightsandanefficientsystemfordealingwithcorporateinsolvency.Directingratingagencies,brokersandotherprovidersofinformationthatcouldinfluenceinvestordecisionstodiscloseconflictsofinterest,andhowthoseconflictsarebeingmanaged.Mandatingboardmemberstobemorerigorousindisclosingrelatedpartytransactions,andprotectingsocalled“whistleblowers”byprovidingtheemployeeswithconfidentialaccesstoaboard—levelcontact.U.S.-EUCooperationforCorporateReformsInitially,theEuropeanUnionresentedapplicabilityofU.S.Sarbanes—OxleyActreformstoEuropeancompaniesandaccountingfirmsoperatingintheUoSoHowever,afteraseriesofnegotiations,theU.S。andEUauthoritieshaveagreedtocooperateanddecidedtodevelopacompatiblesetofregulationsoTheregulatorybodiesonbothcontinentshaveundertakenatwo-waycooperativeapproachbasedoneffectiveequivalenceofregulationandoversightauthoritiesoFurthermore,memberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionhaveproposedacodeofconductontheindependentauditorswhichincludesafive-yearauditorrotationrequirement.Furthermore,thenationalgovernmentsoftheindividualEuropeancountrieshaveproposedreformsoftheircorporatelaws。Forexample,inJuly2002,theBritishgovernmentreleasedawhitepaperproposingchangestotheCompanyLaw,whichincludedharsherpenaltiesformisleadingauditors;redefiningtherolesofthedirectors；andcreatingstandardsforboardsinaccountingsupervisionandotherdisclosureissuesoTheBritishgovernmentisalsoreviewingtherolesofnon-executivedirectorsandisconsideringtheregulationofauditcommittees.中文译文全球企业会计欺诈与改革行动易卜拉欣•巴达维圣约翰大学摘要最近一波企业欺诈性财务报告激发了全球公司治理和财务报告改革，政府和会计和审计机构在美国和国际上的标准制定机构，包括欧盟委员会，国际会计师联合会；经济合作与发展组织；以恢复投资者对财务报告，会计行业和全球金融市场的信心。引言在美国最近发生的一系列企业欺诈性财务报告事件中，其他几个国家也披露了类似的公司丑闻.几乎所有的外国公司会计欺诈案件都是由在不止一个国家开展业务的实体承担的，而且这些实体大部分也在美国证券交易所上市。继2002年“萨班斯-奥克斯利法案”对美国公司进行立法和监管改革后,全球也开始进行改革。本文的主要目的有两个：（1）确定参与欺诈性财务报告的着名美国和外国公司以及他们所犯下的会计违规行为的性质；（2）强调企业改革的全球反应，旨在恢复投资者对财务报告，公共会计行业和全球资本市场的信心。全球企业会计欺诈案例美国企业财务会计丑闻清单广泛，每一个都是一个或多个创造性会计违规行为的结果.图表1列出了发生此类欺诈的美国公司的样本及其欺诈性财务报告活动的性质。谁承担金融诈骗和如何有三类商业人士进行财务报表欺诈。他们从高级管理层（首席执行官和首席财务官）开始；中，下层管理人员;和组织罪犯［6,16］。首席执行官和首席财务官犯下会计欺诈行为来掩盖真实的业务表现，保护个人身份和控制权，并维持个人收入和财富.中下级员工伪造与其责任区（子公司，部门或其他单位）有关的财务报表，以隐瞒不佳绩效和/或获得基于绩效的奖金。组织犯罪分子伪造财务报表以获取贷款或者通过“泵送和转储”计划对他们计划出售的股票进行充值.财务报表方法的方法范围从虚构或制造收入;改变收入确认的时间;不恰当的资产评估和报告;隐瞒负债和费用；和不正当的财务报表披露.全球企业和会计改革监管行动为了应对企业和会计丑闻，其影响在整个美国经济中依然存在，为了保护公众利益和恢复投资者对资本市场的信心，美国众议院议员在众议院和参议院的妥协中，通过了2002年的“萨班斯-奥克斯利法案”。布什总统于2002年7月30日将此法纳入法律（公法107-204）.该法案导致美国和非美国大型证券公司的合规惯例发生重大变化或在美国证券交易所进行交易，要求高管,董事会和外部审计师采取措施落实财务报告的更大责任，责任和透明度.该法案的法规以及遵循[1,4,8,12,15]之后的新的证券交易委员会倡议被认为是自1933年以来影响企业界和会计界的最重要的立法和法规。其他美国监管机构，例如纽约证券交易所，纳斯达克和国家注册会计师协会也通过了新的法规，给上市公司和外部审计师带来额外的负担。萨班斯一奥克斯利法案（SOA）明确适用于在美国交易所根据1933年证券法或1934年证券交易法注册的任何非美国公司，无论其注册国家或公司在哪里.此外，此类注册人的外部审计师（不论其国籍或业务地点）受公众公司会计监督委员会（PCAOB）的监督以及SOA的法定要求的约束。美国的SOA通过国际会计师联合会（IFAC）的公司和会计改革在全球范围内引起了共鸣；经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）;欧盟委员会（UC）;欧洲各国的权威机构。国际会计师联合会(IFAC)IFAC是一个私人治理组织，其成员是全国会计师专业协会.它正式将自己形容为会计行业的全球代表，旨在为公众利益服务，加强全球会计行业，并通过建立和促进遵守高质量标准来促进强大的国际经济发展［9］。该联合会代表全世界的会计团体，并提醒人们重申，恢复公众对财务报告和会计行业的信心应被视为全球使命。它也被认为是全球审计领域的一个关键角色，其中包括构建审计的国际标准并为专业会计师制定了国际道德准则［14］。IFAC最近获得了一定程度的支持，来自世界上一些最具影响力的经济和金融领域的国际组织，其中包括全球金融稳定论坛(FSF)，国际证券委员会组织(IOSCO)，世界银行和，最重要的是欧共体。2002年10月，IFAC委托重建公众信心财务报告工作组，以全球视角考虑如何恢复财务报告和公司披露的可信度.其报告“重建公众对财务报告的信心：国际视角”包括加强公司治理的建议，并提高发行人的监管标准。有关审计委员会的结论和建议如下：所有公共利益实体都应该有一个独立的审计委员会或类似的机构.审计委员会应定期向董事会报告，并应解决有关财务信息，内部控制或审计的担忧.3。审计委员会必须定期开会并有