美国文学简史笔记常耀信

AConciｓｅＨistoryoｆAmeriｃａｎＬitｅraｔureWhatisliterature?Liｔｅratureｉslａnｇｕａgｅartisticalｌyｕseｄtoａｃhieveiｄｅntifｉaｂlelｉteｒaryqｕａｌitieｓaｎdtoconveymｅaｎiｎgfulmesｓａges.Cｈaptｅｒ1ＣolｏniaｌPeriodBackground:ＰuritanismfeaｔureｓｏfＰuriｔanisｍＰｒeｄestinatioｎ:Goddｅcidedevｅrytｈiｎgbefｏreｔhingｓoccuｒred.Ｏrigｉｎａlsiｎ：Humaｎｂeiｎｇｓwerｅborｎtoｂeｅvｉl,aｎdｔhｉsｏriｇinａlsｉnｃａnbeｐasｓeddownfromgenｅrationtogｅｎｅratiｏｎ.TotalｄeｐravityLimｉtedatonement:Onlythｅ“elｅｃt”canbesaｖed.InｆlueｎcｅＡgｒouｐoｆgooｄqｕaｌitiｅｓ–hardｗorｋ,tｈrift,ｐｉeｔy,sｏｂｒietｙ(seriousａｎｄｔhoughｔfｕl)iｎｆluencｅｄＡmeｒiｃanlitｅrature.Iｔledtｏｔhｅeverlastingmｙth.Alｌliterａtureisbasｅdｏnamyth–ｇａrｄenofEden.Symbolisｍ：ｔｈeＡmericanpurｉtan’smetａpｈorｉcalmodeｏｆperｃeｐtionｗascｈｉeｆｌｙｉnstrumentalｉｎcallｉnｇｉntoｂeingａｌiteｒaｒｙｓymbｏlisｍwhichisdisｔincｔlｙＡmeｒicaｎ.Withrｅgaｒdtothｅirwｒiting,ｔhestyleｉsfｒesｈ,sｉmplｅanｄdiｒeｃt;tｈｅrhｅｔorｉｃisｐｌａiｎandhoｎest，noｔwithoutａtouｃhoｆnoｂilityoftenｔrａceａｂｌetoｔhedｉrecｔiｎfluenceofｔｈeＢible．Ovｅrｖieｗoftｈeliteraturｅtypesｏfｗritiｎgｄiａｒiｅs,hｉｓtories,jouｒｎals，lｅttｅrs，trａvelbｏoks,autoｂiｏｇraphｉｅｓ/bioｇｒaphiｅs,sermｏnswｒitersofｃoｌonialperiodAnneBradsｔｒｅetEdwardＴayloｒRoｇｅrWiｌlｉaｍsJohｎＷoｏｌｍａnＴhoｍasＰaineＰｈｉｌipＦrｅneaｕJoｎaｔhanEdｗardｓliｆｅworｋsＴｈeFrｅedomoｆtheWilｌTｈeＧｒeatDoｃtrineofOｒigｉnaｌＳinＤｅfendedThｅNaｔureofTｒueVirtｕｅideａs–pioneeroftrａｎｓｃendentaliｓｍThesｐiｒiｔoｆｒevｉvaｌismＲeｇeneｒatｉonofｍaｎＧｏｄ’spresｅnceＰurｉｔaｎidｅａlisｍBenjａmｉｎFranｋlinlifｅｗｏrksＰoｏｒＲｉchard’sAｌmanacAｕtobiogｒaｐhyｃonｔribuｔionＨｅhelpｅdfｏundthePennsｙlvａnｉａHｅｗascaｌｌeｄ“thｅneｗPrometｈｅusｗhohａdstolenfire(eｌeｃｔｒiciｔyinthiscase）frｏmhｅaｖen”.Ｅverythｉnｇｓeemｓｔomeetintｈisoneman–“Jａckｏfalｌtradｅs”.ＨermａnＭｅlvilletｈｕsdescｒｉｂedhim“maｓterofeａchａnｄmasteｒeｄbynｏne”.Ｃｈaptｅr2ＡmericａnRomａｎｔicismSｅｃtiｏn1EaｒlyRｏｍanticPerioｄＷhatｉsＲomantiｃｉsｍ?AnapprｏachfromaｎｃｉeｎtGreｅk：PlａｔoAliｔｅrａｒytrend:1８cｉnBritain（17９8～1832)SchlｅｇelBｒoｓ.Ｐｒeview:Characterｉsｔiｃｓofromａnticismsubjectiｖityfｅelｉnｇandｅmｏtionｓ,fｉｎdｉnｇtrｕtheｍphａsisonimaginａtiｏnemｐhaｓisonｉndiｖｉduaｌism–ｐerｓonalfｒeedom，nｏheroｗoｒｓｈip,natuｒaｌgoｏdnｅssｏfｈumaｎbeiｎｇｓbackｔoｍeｄiｅval,espｍedievａlfolkｌiteratuｒeuｎｒｅsｔraｉneｄｂyclasｓicalrulｅｓfｕｌｌofimａginatioｎcｏllｏqｕiallanｇuaｇefrｅedｏmofｉmaｇｉｎａｔｉｏｎgeｎuｉneiｎfeeｌingｓ:answｅrｔｈeiｒcallforcｌａssicｓbａcktonatureｎatｕｒｅis“brｅathiｎgｌiviｎｇthiｎｇ”（Rouｓsｅau)ＡmericａnRｏmanticｉsmBackｇrounｄPolｉｔicaｌbａckgroundａｎdecoｎomicdevelｏｐmｅntRomａntｉcmｏｖeｍenｔiｎEuroｐｅancountrｉeｓDｅｒivatiｖe–foreigｎiｎflｕenceｆeatｕｒesAmｅrｉcanｒomａnｔicｉsmwａsｉnesseｎcetheｅｘpｒessionof“ａｒeａlneweｘperienceandcontained“anaｌienｑuality”ｆorthesimpｌereasonthat“theｓｐiｒitoｆtheｐlａcｅ”wasｒａdiｃalｌｙnｅwandａliｅn．ＴherｅｉｓAmeｒicａnPuritaｎiｓｍasａculturalheｒitａgetoconsｉdｅr.Ａmericanrｏmanｔicａｕｔhorｓｔｅndedmoretomｏralｉze.MaｎyAmｅriｃanrｏmantｉcwｒitinｇｓｉｎtendedｔｏeｄiｆymorethaｎｔｈｅyeｎｔeｒtaｉnｅd．Tｈe“newnesｓ”ofAmerｉcansasaｎatioｎisiｎcoｎnecｔｉonwitｈAmericaｎＲomａnticism.Asａlｏgicａlreｓｕlｔｏfthｅfｏreignanｄnaｔｉvefactｏrsatwork,Americanrｏmａnｔicisｍwasｂｏｔhimitａtivｅａndinｄepenｄｅnt.ＷashｉngtonIrｖinｇseverａlnameｓatｔaｃhedtoＩｒviｎｇfiｒsｔAmericanwｒｉｔｅrthemesｓeｎgersｅｎｔfromthenewworldｔoｔｈeｏlｄworldｆａthｅrofＡmerｉｃanliteratｕreliｆeworｋsＡHistoryofNewYｏｒkfroｍtheBeｇinｎingoｆthｅWｏrldｔｏtｈeEｎｄoｆｔheDutchDyｎastyＴheSkeｔchＢooｋofGeｏffreyＣrayon，Gent．（Ｈeｗonameasurｅofinｔernａtioｎａｌrｅcogniｔｉonwithｔhepｕblicationofｔhis．)TheＨistｏryoftｈeLifeanｄVoｙａgesofＣｈristopherColumｂｕsACｈrｏnicｌeｏfthｅConqｕesｔofGranａｄaＴheAｌhaｍbraＬiｔｅrarycareer:twoparｔs１80９~１8３2SubjectsaｒeeitheｒEnglishorEｕropeaｎCｏnseｒｖatiｖeｌoｖefoｒｔheantiｑue１83２~18５9:backtoUＳstyｌｅ–beautiｆuｌgentiｌiｔy,ｕrbanｉty，pleasａnｔnesｓavｏｉdingmｏraliziｎg–amｕsinganｄeｎteｒtａiningｅnｖelｏpinｇstorieｓiｎanatmospheｒeviviｄａｎdtruechaｒactersｈumoｕr–smｉｌｉnｇwhilereadinｇｍusicallａnｇuageJａｍesＦeｎimoreＣooperlifｅwｏrksPreｃａｕtion(1８２0，ｈｉsｆiｒstnｏvｅl,imiｔａtｉngAuｓｔen’sＰrｉdeanｄPｒｅjuｄice)ＴhｅＳpy（ｈissecoｎdnoveｌaｎdｇrｅatｓuccesｓ）LeathｅｒstockiｎgTａlｅs(ｈismasｔeｒpieｃｅ，aserｉｅｓoffiveｎovｅｌs)ThｅDeerslayer，ThｅＬａstoftheMｏhiｃans,ＴhｅPａthｆｉnder，ThePioｎeer,ThePrairiepoiｎｔofｖiewｔhethｅｍeofwｉldernessvｓ.ｃiｖilizaｔion，fｒeedｏmvs.law，ordeｒｖs.change,aristocrａtvs.deｍocrａt,naturalｒighｔsｖs.leｇalriｇhtsstylｅhighlyiｍａginatiｖｅgｏodatiｎventingtalesgoodatlａndscapeｄescrｉptioｎcｏnseｒｖaｔiveｃharaｃterizatｉoｎwoodenaｎdlackingｉｎprobabｉlitylanguagｅａnduseoｆdialecｔnｏtａｕtｈenｔｉcliｔerarｙaｃhｉｅvemenｔsHecｒeａtedamyｔｈaｂouttheformaｔiｖｅｐerioｄoｆtｈｅＡmeｒicannatiｏn.ＩｆｔhehistｏrｙoftｈeUnitedStatesis,inaｓｅnse,theｐｒocessoftｈｅAmeｒicaｎsettlｅｒsexplｏriｎｇaｎｄpusｈｉngtheＡmｅricanfrontierfｏreverwestｗａrd，ｔhenCoopｅr’sLｅaｔherｓtockingTａleseｆfｅctiveｌyaｐｐｒoxｉｍatesｔheAmｅricannａtionalｅxperiｅnceoｆaｄｖenｔureiｎｔothｅWｅst．HeｔurnedtｈeｗestandfrontiｅrasauseabｌepastandheheｌpedｔoiｎtroｄucewesｔeｒｎtrａditioｎtoAｍeｒicanlｉteratuｒe.Section2ＳumｍiｔoｆRｏmａnticism–AmｅriｃａｎTranscｅndｅnｔａlismBacｋgrｏund:foursourcesUｎitarｉaniｓmＦaｔhｅrｈoodｏfGodBrｏｔherhｏｏｄofｍeｎLeａdｅrshipｏfJeｓusSalvatioｎbychａracｔer(pｅrｆectｉonｏfｏnｅ’ｓcｈａｒaｃｔｅr)ＣontｉnueｄｐrogressofmankindDｉviｎiｔyofmａnｋｉndDepraｖｉｔyofmankｉndRｏｍａnticＩｄeａｌisｍCentｅｒｏfthｅｗoｒldiｓspiriｔ,absolutespirｉｔ(Kａnｔ)OrｉentａｌmysｔｉciｓｍCeｎtｅrｏfｔｈeｗoｒlｄis“oversoul”PuｒitaｎisｍElｏquｅntｅｘpressｉｏnintｒanｓｃendeｎｔaliｓmAppｅaｒance18３6,“Ｎatｕrｅ”ｂyEｍｅｒsonFeａtｕresspiｒit／ｏvｅrsoulｉmｐoｒｔａncｅofｉndiｖiduａlisｍnature–symbolofsｐirｉt/Godｇａrmentofthｅoｖersoulfoｃuｓinintuiｔｉoｎ（irratｉoｎalismandsubconsciousｎesｓ)InflueｎceItsｅrvedasanethicａlgｕiｄetｏlifｅforaｙoｕnｇｎatｉonandbrouｇhtaｂouｔthｅideathathumancanbeperfｅｃtedｂｙnaturｅ.Itｓtressｅｄrｅlｉｇｉouｓｔolerａｎcｅ,caｌlｅdtothｒowｏfｆshacklesofcustｏmsａnｄtraｄｉtiｏｎsandgoforwaｒdtoｔhedevelopmentｏfanewaｎddistincｔlyＡmｅricancｕlture.Ｉｔadvｏｃatedidealisｍthaｔwasgreａtneededｉnarapiｄｌyeｘpandｅdeconomyｗｈereoｐｐortunityoｆｔenｂecameoｐportｕniｓｍ，aｎdthedesireto“ｇeｔoｎ”oｂscuredｔhｅmoralneｃesｓityfｏrrｉsiｎgtoｓpiritｕalheiｇht．ＩｔhｅlｐｅdtocreａｔeｔhefirｓtAmerｉｃanrenａissａnce–oｎeoｆｔhemosｔproｌiｆicperioｄinAmericanlｉtｅrａture.RａlphWaldoEmerｓonlifeworksNatuｒeTwoｅsｓays：TheＡmerｉcａnScholａr,ThｅPｏｅｔpoiｎtofviewOnemaｊoreｌementofｈisphilosopｈyishisfirmbeliefｉｎthetraｎsceｎdenceofthe“ｏversouｌ”.Ｈｅregaｒｄsnａtureastheｐｕreｓt,andtｈemostsanctiｆyingｍoralinflｕｅnceoｎman,ａnｄadｖocatｅｄaｄirecｔｉnｔuiｔｉｏnofａspiritｕａlandimmanenｔGodinnａtuｒe．Ｉfmandepenｄsupｏnhimseｌf,ｃultivateｓhimseｌｆａnｄbrinｇsoｕttｈedivineinhimself,heｃaｎｈopetobecomebetteraｎdevenperfecｔ．ＴhｉｓisｗhatEmerｓｏnｍeaｎsby“theｉｎｆｉnｉtudｅofmaｎ”．Everyonｅshｏuｌdunderｓtandthathemakesｈimselｆbｙｍakiｎgｈｉｓworld,anｄｔhathｅmakｅstｈeｗorlｄｂymakｉnｇhimself.aestｈeticideasＨeiｓacomｐleteman,ａneｔernalmａn.Tｒｕepoetrｙandtｒuｅaｒtshｏuｌdennoｂlｅ.Thepoetshouldexpresshisｔｈoｕghtinsyｍｂolｓ.Ａsｔoｔｈeme,EmeｒｓｏｎｃalｌeduｐｏｎAmｅriｃａnauthorstｏceleｂrateAmericawｈiｃhｗａstohiｍalonepoｅminitself.hisiｎfluenｃeHenrｙDavidThorｅauliｆeｗｏrｋｓＡＷeekonthｅCｏｎcoｒｄａndＭerrｉmackRｉverWaldｅnＡPｌｅaforJohnBrown(aｎessay)pｏintｏfviｅwＨeｄｉdnoｔlikｅthewaｙamatｅrialｉsｔicAmeｒicaｗａｓdeｖeｌｏｐｉngandwaｓｖｅhementlｙoｕｔspokenonｔｈｅpoiｎt.Hehaｔedtheｈumaninｊusticeasreｐresenｔeｄbytｈesｌaｖｅrysysteｍ.LiｋeEｍersｏn,butmoreｔｈanhim,Thoｒeａusaｗnatureaｓagenuiｎerｅstｏrａtiｖｅ，ｈealｔｈyinfｌｕeｎcｅonman’ｓspｉritualweｌl-being.Hｅｈaｓｆaiｔhintheinnervｉｒtuｅandinwａrｄ,spiritｕalgrａceｏfｍaｎ.Hｅwasｖeｒycｒｉtｉcaｌoｆmoｄernciviｌizatｉon．“Siｍplicｉｔy…simplify!”Hewａssorｅlｙdｉｓguｓtedwith“tｈeｉnuｎdationsｏｆthｅdirtｙinstitutionsoｆｍen’ｓｏｄｄ－fｅlloｗｓociety”.Ｈehasｃalｍtrｕstiｎｔhefuturｅanｄhisardentbeｌiｅfinanewgｅnerationofmen.Sｅction３LaｔeRoｍａｎtiｃismNａtｈａnielＨawthoｒnｅliｆeｗoｒｋsTｗocoｌlectｉonsofshortstoｒieｓ:Tｗice-toldTａｌeｓ,MosｓesfｒomａｎdOlｄManｓｅＴｈeScarｌetＬeｔterTｈeHouseofthｅＳｅvenGablｅsＴheMａｒbleFaunpｏintｏｆviewEvilｉsａｔｔhｅｃoreoｆhumanlｉｆｅ，“ｔhatblaｃknｅｓsiｎＨawthoｒnｅ”Wheneverthereｉssｉｎ，thereｉsｐｕnｉｓhmｅnｔ.Sinｏreｖｉｌcanｂeｐassedｆrｏmgeneraｔiontｏgeneratioｎ(ｃａuｓaｌiｔy)．Heiｓoｆthｅopiｎionthaｔeｖileducａtｅｓ.Ｈehaｓｄisgｕｓtinscience.aesthetiｃiｄｅaｓＨｅtookagreaｔinｔｅｒestinhiｓtoryandantiｑｕｉty．Tohimthｅｓefurnishtｈesoｉlonwhｉｃhhismiｎdgｒｏｗｓtｏfrｕitiｏn.HewasｃｏnvｉnｃeｄｔhatｒomaｎcewasthepredｅｓtｉnedｆoｒmｏfAmerｉcannarrａtiｖｅ.Totelｌｔｈｅtruｔhandｓatirｉzeanｄyetｎottooffend：ＴhａtｗａswhａｔHawthornehａdinmｉｎdtoaｃｈiｅｖe．style–ｔypｉcalｒomantｉcwｒiｔertｈeｕｓeｏfsymｂolsreveｌaｔionoｆｃhａrａcｔers’psycholｏgytheuseoｆsupernaturalmixeｄwithtｈeactｕaｌｈisstoｒiesarepaｒable(pａraｂlｅiｎfoｒｍ）–tｏｔeａchalessonuｓeｏfａmbiｇｕitｙtoｋeｅpthereaderinthｅworldｏfuｎcｅrtaiｎty–muｌtipleｐoiｎtｏｆｖieｗHeｒｍanMelviｌｌelifeworkｓＴｙpeeOmioMardｉRedburｎWｈitｅJackｅtMｏbyDiｃｋＰierreBillyBuｄdpoｉnｔofviewHeｎeｖerseemｓａｂletosayanaffirｍativeyesｔｏlｉfe:Ｈisistheaｔtitudeｏf“EｖerlastiｎgNａｙ”(negａｔiveａttitudｅtowaｒdｓlife).Ｏneofｔhemａjｏｒthemeｓofhiｓｉｓalienaｔion(ｆarawayfｒomeaｃhoｔｈｅｒ).Ｏtherｔhｅｍeｓ:ｌｏｎelineｓｓ,suicｉｄalindiｖiduａliｓｍ（indiviｄualiｓmcaｕsｉngｄisasteｒanｄｄeａth)，rejｅcｔｉonａndquest,ｃｏnfrontａtionoｆｉｎnocenceａndevｉｌ,ｄoubｔsoｖeｒthｅｃｏｍfoｒｔing1９ｃideaofproｇressｓｔyleLｉkeHaｗtｈｏｒne,Melvillemanaｇｅｓtoachievetheeffｅｃｔoｆａmbiｇuitythrouｇhempｌoyｉｎｇtheｔeｃhniqueｏfｍｕltｉpleviｅwofhisｎａrｒａtives.Hｅtｅndstowritepｅrｉodicchａpters.Hisricｈrhythmicalprosｅanｄｈisｐoeticｐowｅrhaveｂeenｐrofｕselycｏmmentedupｏｎaｎdｐraiｓed.Hiswｏrksarｅｓｙmbolｉｃａndmetaphorical．Heincｌudｅsmanynoｎ-narｒativecｈapｔerｓｏｆfａctualbackgroundorｄescrｉｐｔionofwhaｔｇoｅｓonｂoａrdｔｈeshiporｏntheroｕte(ＭobｙＤick）RomａntｉcPoeｔsWａｌtWhｉtmaｎliｆework：LeavesofGrａss(９editionｓ)SｏnｇofＭyｓeｌｆThereWａｓaCｈiｌdWentForｔhCrossｉngBrｏoklｙnFerrｙＤemocraticVistasPassａgeｔｏIｎdiａOutoftheCraｄｌeEｎdlesｓlyＲｏｃｋingthｅmes–“ＣaｔaｌｏgueofAmericanandＥuｒｏpeaｎthought”HehaｄbeｅｎinfｌuenｃedｂymanyAmｅricａｎａnｄEｕroｐｅaｎtｈoughｔs:eｎｌｉghtｅnmeｎt,idealism,traｎscｅndｅｎtaｌiｓｍ,science,evoluｔionｉdeａｓ，ｗｅｓtｅｒnfrontierｓｐirｉts，Jefferson’sinｄｉvidｕａlism，CivilWarUnｉonｉｓm,Orｉentａlism.Maｊｏｒtheｍｅsiｎhispoeｍs(ａlmｏsteｖeｒｙthｉng):equaｌityofthingsandbeinｇｓdivｉnitｙofｅｖeryｔhingimmanencｅｏfGodｄeｍocracｙeｖolｕｔionｏｆcosmｏsmultipｌiｃｉtyoｆｎatureself-ｒeliantｓpiritdeath,ｂeａuｔｙofdｅathexpansionofAmeｒicabｒｏtherhｏodandsｏcialｓolidarｉｔy（ｕnｉｔyｏfｎationsintｈeworld)pursuｉtｏfloveａndhapｐinessstyｌe：“freｅversｅ”nofixｅdrhｙmeorschemepａraｌlelｉsm,arhｙｔhmofthoughtphｏnetiｃrecurreｎcｅtｈｅhabitoｆusｉngsnapshotstheｕseofaｃertaｉnpｒoｎoｕn“I”aloｏseｒａndmoreopen－endedsyntacticsｔruｃtureuseｏｆcｏnventioｎalimａgestrongtendｅncyｔousｅoralＥnｇlishvｏcaｂuｌａry–powerful,cｏｌourfuｌ,rａｒelｙｕsedworｄsoｆforeｉgnoriｇiｎs,ｓomeｅvenwrongｓenｔenceｓ–caｔaloｇueteｃhnique：loｎgｌistofnameｓ，loｎgpoemlineｓinｆluenceHiｓｂestworkhasbeｃomepartoｆｔhｅcommoｎｐropertyofWesternculｔuｒe.ＨｅtoｏkoverＷｈitman’svisioｎofthepｏet-ｐｒoｐｈｅtandpoet-tｅaｃherａndrecａstitｉnamoresophistｉcateｄａnｄEurｏｐeaｎizedｍood.HｅhasbeeｎcompａredtoamountainiｎＡｍericanｌiterarｙhｉstory.ConｔeｍporaryAmeｒicaｎpoｅtｒy,whａtｅverschooloｒfｏrm,bearswitｎｅsstoｈiｓgreａtiｎfluencｅ．EmilyDiｃkensonlｉfeworkｓMyLifeCloｓedTwiceｂeforeItｓCloｓｅBecａuｓeICａn’tStｏｐforDｅaｔhＩHeａrｄaFlyＢuzz–WheｎIdiｅdMｉne–bｙthｅRightoｆtheWｈiteＥlectionWiｌdNigｈts–ＷilｄNｉｇhtstｈemeｓ:baseｄonherownｅxperiｅｎceｓ/joys/sorrowsreliｇion–doｕｂtandbelｉeｆaboｕtreligiｏusｓuｂjectsdeａthａｎdimmｏｒｔaliｔyloｖｅ–ｓｕffｅringaｎｄfｒｕstratiｏncausedbｙｌovephｙsｉcalaspeｃtｏfｄｅｓｉrｅnaturｅ–kindandcruelfrｅeｗiｌlaｎdhumanrｅspｏnｓｉbiliｔysｔylｅpoeｍsｗiｔhｏuttｉtlｅsseｖereeconomyofexｐreｓsiｏｎdｉｒectness,brｅviｔymusｉcaldeviｃｅtｏcｒeatecａｄeｎce(rhyｔｈm)ｃapiｔaｌｌetｔeｒs–eｍphａsisshortpoems,maiｎｌyｔｗostaｎzａsrhetorictｅｃhnｉqｕes:peｒｓoｎificａtion–makeｓomeofａbstractｉdeasviｖｉdCoｍｐａrisｏn:Wｈiｔｍanvs．DicｋinsonSiｍiｌaritieｓ:Ｔhemaｔｉｃａllｙ,thｅｙｂoｔｈextolｌed,ｉntheirdiffereｎtｗaｙｓ,aｎemｅrｇentAmericａ,iｔｓｅxpansiｏn,iｔsindｉviduaｌｉsmanｄｉtsAmericaｎｎｅsｓ,tｈeirpoｅｔryｂｅｉnｇpａｒtｏf“AmericａｎRｅnａｉssanｃe”.Tｅchｎｉｃａlly,theyｂothaddedtotｈeｌitｅraｒyiｎdｅpｅndenceoftheｎｅｗnａｔｉonbyｂreaｋingfreeｏｆｔheconveｎtionoｆtｈｅiaｍbicpeｎtameteranｄｅxhｉbitingafｒeｅdｏｍｉnｆormunknownbefore：ｔheyｗereｐioｎｅｅrｓinAmeｒicanpｏetry.ｄifｆereｎｃes:Whitmanｓeemstokeeｐhiseｙｅｏnsocietyaｔlaｒge;Dicｋinsｏnｅxploｒeｓtheiｎneｒｌifeoｆthｅｉｎdividｕaｌ.ＷｈereaｓＷhiｔmａnis“nａｔｉｏnal”inhｉsｏutlook,Diｃｋinｓoniｓ“regional”.Dｉckｉnsonhaｓthe“catalogueteｃｈnique”(direct,siｍpleｓｔｙle)whichWｈiｔmandｏesｎ’thave.EdｇarAllenPoeLiｆｅWoｒksshｏrtｓtｏrieｓrａtｉoｃinativestｏrｉesMｓＦoｕndｉnaBottｌeThｅMuｒdersｉntheRｕｅMoｒgueＴｈｅPurloｉnedLetｔｅrRevenｇe,dｅａｔｈaｎdrebirthＴheFａlloftｈeHouseofUsherLｉｇeiaThｅＭasｑｕeｏfｔheReｄDeathLiｔｅrarytheoｒyＴhePhiｌｏsｏpｈｙｏfCompositionＴhePｏｅtiｃPrｉncipleRｅｖｉewofHawｔhorne’sTwice-ｔoldＴａlesＴhemesdeａth–preｄomiｎａnttheｍｅinPoe’swritｉng“Poｅｉsnｏｔｉｎteｒeｓｔｅdinanyｔhingalｉvｅ.ＥvｅrｙthiｎｇinPｏe’swritｉngsｉsdｅad.”ｄｉsｉntｅｇration(ｓeparａtiｏn)oｆｌｉfehorrornegativｅthoｕghtsofscienｃｅＡesｔｈeｔｉcidｅaｓTheshortsｔｏrｉesshｏｕldbeｏｆbｒevｉtｙ,ｔotality,sinｇlｅefｆeｃt,cｏmｐreｓsionandfinａlity.Ｔhepｏeｍｓsｈouldｂｅsｈorｔ，ａndtｈeaimshouldbeｂeauty,thetｏnｅmeｌancholy．Poeｍｓshouldnoｔbｅofｍoraｌiｚiｎg.Heｃalｌsｆorpurｅpｏeｔryandstｒessesrhytｈｍ．Style–trａｄｉtiｏnal,buｔｎoteaｓｙtorｅadＲeｐｕtａｔｉon：“thｅjinglｅman”(Ｅmerson)ＨisinｆｌｕｅncesChａpter3ＴｈeAgｅｏfReaｌiｓmBａｃkｇround：FroｍRomanticiｓmtoRealismtｈetｈreeconfｌictｓｔhaｔreachedbｒeaｋiｎｇpointinthｉｓｐeｒiｏdｉndｕsｔrｉａlｉsmｖs．agｒaｒianｃultｕrely-mｅasuｒedeastｖs．newlｙ-develｏpeｄwestplantationgentilityvs．ｃommｅrciａlgeｎtilitｙ１880’suｒbanizａｔiｏn:froｍfrｅｅｃoｍpetitionｔomoｎopｏlycapitalismｔheclosingofAmeｒicaｎｆroｎtierCharａctｅｒistｉcstｒutｈｆuldｅｓcriptionｏfｌifetｙｐｉcaｌｃharacteｒuｎdeｒｔｙpicalcircumstaｎceｏbjeｃｔiveｒaｔherthanidealized,ｃloseoｂｓerｖationanｄｉｎｖeｓtiｇaｔioｎｏflｉｆe“Reａliｓticwrｉtｅrsarelikｅｓcｉentists．”open-eｎding:Ｌiｆeｉscomｐleｘanｄcannｏｔbｅfullyundeｒstｏｏd.Itleavｅｓmｕcｈroｏmforｒeaｄerstotｈinkbythemselｖes.coｎｃernedwithsoｃiａlandpｓycｈｏｌｏgicalpｒoblｅmｓ,ｒeｖｅaｌingtｈeｆｒustrａtｉonｓoｆcharacｔeｒｓｉnａnenviroｎmentofsorｄiｄｎessaｎddｅpｒａvityＴhｒeｅGiantsinＲｅａlｉsｔicＰeriodWｉlliaｍDeanHｏｗeｌlｓ–“DeanｏfＡmeriｃaｎRealism”RｅalｉsｔicpriｎciｐlｅsRｅalｉsmis“ｆidelitytoｅxperｉencｅａｎｄprobabilitｙｏｆmoｔive”.Theaimiｓ“talkofsoｍeorｄinａrｙtｒaｉｔsofＡmｅricaｎｌife”.MaｎinhisｎaturaｌanｄuｎafｆecteｄdullnesswasthｅobjｅctofHowells’sｆｉｃtioｎalrepresｅntaｔioｎ.Reａliｓmｉsｂynomｅansｍeｒephotogｒaｐhｉcｐiｃturesofexｔｅｒnaｌsbutｉncluｄeｓacenｔraｌcｏｎcernwｉth“ｍotives”andｐsychoｌogｉcalcoｎfｌicｔs.Heｃｏndemnｓnoveｌsoｆｓentimenｔalityaｎdmｏrbｉｄself－sacrifice,anｄaｖｏiｄssucｈtheｍesasillicitlovｅ.Auｔｈorsｓｈouldｍｉnimizeplotaｎdtｈeaｒtificiａlorｄｅrinｇoftｈesenseoｆｓomｅthiｎg“desultory,ｕnｆinisｈed,imperｆｅct”.Chａractｅrsshoulｄhavesｏｌiditｙofspecifｉｃａtionandbereal.Interpreｔingsympathｅtｉｃａllｙtｈe“ｃoｍmonfeeｌｉｎｇｓofcommonplａcｅpeople”wａsｂestｓuiｔｅdaｓatechniqueｔoexpreｓsthespiｒｉｔofＡｍｅrica.Hｅｕｒgeｄｗriｔerstowinnｏwｔraditｉonandｗriｔeinkeｅpinｇｗithcurrenｔhumanitarianidｅals.Tｒutｈistｈeｈiｇhｅsｔbeauty,ｂｕｔｉtincludeｓthevieｗthatmorａlｉtypｅnetratesａlｌｔｈings.Withｒeｇardtolitｅrarｙcritiｃisｍ，Hoｗelｌsfeltthaｔtｈｅliteraｒｙcrｉtｉcsｈｏuldnottrytｏimpoｓｅaｒbiｔrarｙorsubｊｅｃtiｖeｅｖａluatiｏnsonbooksbutｓhouldfoｌlowｔhｅdetachedscｉeｎtistiｎａccｕrａｔedｅsｃriｐtioｎ，iｎｔerprｅｔation,ａndcｌassification.WorｋsTheＲｉseｏfSｉｌasLaphamAChanｃeAcquaintａｎｃｅAMoｄernInstaｎcｅFｅatｕrｅsoｆＨｉｓWorｋｓＯptiｍistｉctoｎeMoｒａｌdeveｌopment/ethicｓLackｉｎgｏfpsｙcholoｇicaldeｐthHｅnｒyJamesLifeLiｔerarycａreer：tｈreeｓtages１８65~1８82:inｔernatiｏnalthemeTｈeAmｅricａｎDａisyMillerTheＰoｒtｒａitofaLady1８8２~18９５:inｔer-personalreｌatｉonｓｈｉpsandsomeｐlaysDaｉsyMiｌｌｅr（plａy）1８95~１900：novｅlｌasanｄtａleｓdealingwitｈｃhiｌdhoｏdａndａｄoｌescencｅ,thenbacktｏｉnternatｉonalthemeＴheTｕｒｎoftｈｅＳｃrewWhenＭａisieKneｗＴheAmｂａｓsaｄorsＴhｅWiｎgsoｆtheDｏｖｅＴheGoldenBｏwlＡesｔheticideaｓTheaimofnoｖel:represenｔlｉｆeComｍon,evｅnuｇｌysiｄｅｏflifｅSocｉalfｕnctiｏnofartAvｏidinｇomnｉscientpoinｔofｖiｅwＰointｏfviewPｓyｃhologiｃalａｎalｙsis,foreｆaｔｈerofｓｔrｅaｍofconsciousｎessPsychologiｃalｒｅａｌismHｉｇhｌy-refineｄlaｎguagｅStylｅ–“ｓtｙlｉsｔ”Ｌanｇuagｅ:highly－ｒefiｎｅd,poliｓｈed，inｓiｇｈtfuｌ,ａccuｒａteVoｃabulary:ｌarｇｅCoｎｓｔructioｎ:ｃomplicａｔed,intｒicateＭarkTｗａin(sｅeneｘｔsection)LoｃａｌColｏrｉsｍ1８60ｓ，１870s~１8９0sAｐｐearancｅunevｅndevｅlopmenｔinecｏnomyｉnAmericaculture:ｆloｕrishingoｆｆrontｉeｒｌiteｒaｔure,hｕmoｕristｓmaｇaziｎesaｐｐeareｄtoｌｅtwｒｉterpubｌishthｅiｒworｋsＷhatis“LocａlCｏlｏur”？Tａsksoflocalcoｌoｕｒｉｓts:tｏｗriteorpreｓｅntlocａｌchaｒａctｅｒsoftｈeｉrregionｓintrutｈfuldeｐictiondistｉnguishedfromothｅｒs,ｕsuallyａｖerysmalｌpartoｆtheworld.Regioｎalｌiteraｔｕre(sｉmilaｒ,butlａrgerinwｏrld)Garlaｎｄ,Hａｒte–thｅwestEgglｅstoｎ–ＩnｄianaMrsSｔowｅＪewett–MaineChopin–LouｉsiaｎaMaｒkTwａin–MiｓsissippilifｅｗｏｒksTｈeGiｌdeｄAge“ｔｈetwｏaｄvａntageｓ”LifｅｏｎｔheＭisｓｉssipｐiＡConneｃtiｃutＹａnkeeinKingAｒｔhｕr’sＣoｕｒtTｈｅManThatCｏｒｒupteｄHardleybugsｔyleｃoｌｌｏquialｌanｇuage,veｒnaｃulaｒlａnguagｅ，ｄiａｌecｔｓloｃalcoｌouｒsyntaｃticｆｅaturｅ:senteｎceｓaresｉmple,ｂriｅf，ｓoｍeｔimｅsunｇｒammａticalｈuｍourtalltaｌｅｓ(highlｙexaggｅｒatｅd）socialcrｉticism(saｔiｒｅonｔｈｅdifferentuglythiｎgsｉnsｏciety)Comｐaｒisonｏｆthｅthree“giants”ofAmeｒicanRealiｓmThemｅHowｅlｌs–ｍidｄleｃlaｓsJaｍｅs–upperclassTwａiｎ–lｏｗerｃlassTecｈniqueHoｗells–smilｉnｇ/genｔｅｅｌreａlismＪames–psycｈologicａlrealismTｗaｉn–locａlcｏlｏuriｓmandcolｌｏｑuiａlismChaｐteｒ4ＡmericaｎＮａturalismBaｃｋgｒoｕndDarｗin’stheorｙ:“nａturaｌｓｅlection”Spｅｎser’ｓｉｄeａ:“soｃｉalDarwｉnisｍ”ＦrｅｎchNaturalism：ＺoraFeaｔuresenvironmｅntａndhｅrｅdｉtｙsciｅｎtificaccｕｒａcｙandaloｔofdeｔaiｌsgeneraltone:ｈｏpelｅssneｓｓ,ｄｅspair,glooｍ,ugｌysｉdｅofthｅｓｏｃietysignifｉcanｃeＩｔprepａresthewayfｏrtheｗritｉｎgof1920ｓ’“ｌosｔgｅnｅratｉon”aｎdT.S．Eｌiot.TheodｏｒeDreiｓｅｒｌifewｏrksSｉsterＣarrieThetriｌogy：Finaｎcier，ThｅTitan,TheSｔｏicJennieGｅrhａｒdtAmericanＴragｅdyＴheGeniuspointofviｅｗＨeeｍbrａcedｓｏciａlDａrwiｎism–suｒvivaloｆthefittest.Helｅarneｄtoregａｒdmanaｓmerelyａnａnimaldrivenbygrｅedandｌｕsｔｉｎasｔrugｇlｅforexisｔenｃｅｉnwhiｃhonlythｅ“fｉttｅst”,thｅmoｓtrutｈless，ｓurｖivｅ．Lifeispｒｅdatory，a“game”oftheｌecherousanｄｈeａｒtlesｓ,ajunglesｔruggleiｎwhiｃhmａn,ｂeｉng“awaifandaｎiｎterloperinNature”,a“wispinthewｉndofsocialforces”,iｓamｅrepawninthegenｅralschemeofthinｇs,withnoｐowerwhateｖeｒtoassertｈiswiｌｌ．Noｏneiseｔhicａｌlyfree;everythiｎｇｉsdeteｒｍinedbyacoｍpleｘofｉnternalchｅmiｓmsandbythefoｒcesofsocialpreｓｓure.SisterＣａrrieＰｌｏtＡｎalｙｓiｓＳtyleWitｈoutgoodsｔｒuctureDeficiｅｎtchaｒacterｉｚaｔioｎＬacｋiｎｉmaginationＪournaｌｉｓticmetｈodＴechniquesinpaintingChapｔｅr5ThｅModernPeriodＳeｃtion1Ｔｈe１9２0sIntrｏducｔｉｏnThe1９20sisafｌoｗeｒiｎgpｅriｏdoｆAｍeｒicaｎlｉteｒature.Ｉtisｃonsiｄeｒed“ｔｈesecoｎdrｅnaissａnce”ofＡmeriｃanlｉteraｔｕre.Theniｃｋｎameｓfｏrthiｓpｅrｉod：Roaｒｉng20s–ｃｏmfortDollarDecaｄｅ–rｉchJaｚzＡge–JaｚzmusｉｃＢackgrounｄFirstWorldＷar–“awａrtoendａllwarｓ”Econｏmicaｌly：bｅcamerichfｒomＷWI.Econｏｍicboom:newinveｎtions．Highly-consuminｇsｏcieｔy.Sｐiｒiｔｕaｌｌy:disｌｏcaｔｉoｎ,fragmentation.wiｄｅ-sｐｒeaｄcontempｔforlａw(loｏｋingdｏwnuｐonｌaw)Fｒｅud’ｓtｈeoryFeaturｅsofthｅlｉｔeｒａｔureWｒｉters:tｈreegｒoupsParｔicｉpａntｓExｐatriatesＢoheｍian（ｕnｃonｖentiｏnalwayoｆlife)–on-loｏkeｒsＴｗｏarｅas:FaｉlureｏｆcommｕnicaｔiｏｎｏfAmerｉcansFailｕrｅoftheAｍeriｃaｎｓｏcｉeｔyIｍaｇismI． BａckgrｏunｄﻩImaｇｉsmwaｓiｎflueｎceｄｂｙFrｅnchsymｂｏlism,ａｎcｉentChｉneseｐoeｔryａndJａpａneseｌｉteraｔure“hａiku”II． ﻩDｅveｌｏpment:thｒeｅｓtａges1９0８~190９:Lｏndｏn,Ｈｕｌｍe１912～1914:Ｅngland－>Ameｒica,Pouｎd1914～1917:ＡmyLowellIII．ﻩWhatisan“imagｅ”? AｎiｍaｇｅisdefiｎedbyPoundaｓｔｈaｔwhｉchpｒeｓｅntsａｎinｔelleｃtualandemｏtiｏnalｃｏmｐｌeｘinaniｎstantoｆtｉme,“avortｅxｏrclｕsｔｅｒoffusediｄeaｓ”“ｅｎdowedwithｅｎeｒgy”.Theexactwoｒdｍustbｒiｎgtheeffecｔoftｈｅoｂjｅｃｔｂefoｒｅthereadｅrasithadｐresentｅｄｉtselftotｈｅｐoet’smiｎdatｔheｔｉｍeｏfwrｉting.IV.ﻩ PrｉｎciｐleｓDiｒｅｃttreatmｅｎtofｔｈe“ｔhinｇ”,whｅtheｒsｕbｊecｔivｅｏrobjeｃtivｅ;Touseａbsoluteｌynowｏrdｔhatdoｅｓnotcｏnｔributetｏthｅpresentａｔｉｏｎ；Asｒｅgarｄingrhythm,ｔocomposeiｎtheｓequenｃeｏfthｅmusiｃａlphrase,notinｔhｅsｅｑuenｃｅofａｍetroｎome.Ｖ．ﻩ ＳｉgniｆicanceItwasarｅbellionａgainｓｔthｅｔraditioｎａｌpｏｅticswhiｃhfailedｔoｒeflecttｈeneｗlｉfeofthｅnewcｅntury．ItoffereｄaｎewｗayｏfwｒiｔｉｎgwhiｃhwasvalidnoｔｏnlyｆoｒtheImagisｔpｏetsbｕtｆormodernｐoｅｔｒyasawhoｌe.Tｈemoｖeｍentｗasaｔrａiningｓchｏolinwｈichｍaｎyｇreatpoetslearｎｅｄthｅirfirｓtlessonｓinｔｈｅｐｏeticａrt．ItisｔｈismoｖemｅnｔthatheｌｐｅdｔoｏpenthefiｒsｔpａgeｓｏfｍodernEngliｓhaｎｄAmeｒicanpoｅtｒy．ＶI. EzrａPｏundlifｅliteｒarycareerworkｓCａｔhayCａntosHuｇhSｅlwｙｎＭauｂerleｙpoiｎtofviｅwConｆidｅｎtiｎPounｄ’sbelieftｈatｔｈeartiｓｔwasｍｏralｌyaｎdculturａllythearｂiteｒａｎdｔhe“saviour”oftherａｃe,hｅtｏokitｕｐｏnhimsｅlftopurifｙtheaｒtsandbｅcａmetheprimemoｖerｏfafeweｘpeｒiｍentalmovements,thｅaimofwｈｉchwａstoduｍptheoldｉｎtoｔhｅdustbｉnandbrinｇfortｈsｏmetｈｉnｇnｅw.Tohｉmｌifｅwasｓordidpersonalcrushiｎgｏｐｐresｓioｎ,aｎｄcuｌtｕreprodｕｃｅdｎoｔhｉnｇｂｕt“intanｇiｂleｂondagｅ”.PounｄseesｉｎＣhineｓehiｓtoryandtｈeｄｏctｒinｅofCoｎfuciｕsasｏurceofstreｎｇthandｗiｓdomwithwｈichｔoｃｏunterpoｉntWesｔeｒngloｏｍanｄconfusion.Hｅsawacｈaotiｃｗorldtｈatwａntedｓｅｔｔiｎgtorｉghｔs,aｎdａhuｍａnｉｔy,sｕfferｉngfromｓpiritualdeathａndｃosｍiｃinｊustｉcｅ,tｈatneededsaving．HewaｓfｏrthemoｓtｐａrtofhiｓlifetryingtoofｆｅrConｆｕciaｎｐhiloｓophyaｓtheonefａiｔｈwhicｈｃｏｕldheｌpｔｏｓaveｔhｅＷest．stｙlｅ:vｅrydifficultｔoreａdＰouｎd’seａrlypoｅmsarefreshaｎｄlｙrical.TheCaｎtｏscanbenotoｒｉｏuｓｌｙdｉffiｃuｌtｉnｓomｅsectioｎs，ｂｕtdelighｔfｕllybeａutifｕlｉnotheｒs.Feｗhａveｍａdeseriouｓstuｄyofthelｏngpoem;feｗer,ifａnｙｏneａtalｌ,havehadtheｃourａｇｅｔｏｄeclaretｈattheyhaveｃｏnqueｒedPoｕｎd;ａnｄｍａｎyｓeeｍtoagreｅtｈatｔheCantosｉsamｏnｕｍentalfaiｌurｅ.ContribｕtioｎHｅhashelped，ｔhrouｇｈｔｈeｏryandpractiｃe,ｔochａrｔｏutthecｏurseoｆmoｄｅrｎpｏetry.TheCantｏs–“ｔｈｅintellｅctｕａlｄiarysｉncｅ1915”Features:Languaｇe:inｔricａteandoｂｓcureTｈｅｍe：ｃomplexｓｕｂｊeｃｔmattersForm:nofixｅdｆramework，noｃentralthemｅ，noattentioｎtopｏeｔｉｃrulｅsＶＩI.ﻩT.S.ElｉotlifeｗｏrkspｏeｍsＴheLｏｖeSongofJ．AｌfredPｒuｆrockＴheWａｓteHｏllowＭanAshＷｅdnｅsdayFourQｕａrｔersＰlaysＭuｒｄｅriｎtheCaｔhedralSweenｅyAgonｉsteｓTheCocktａilPartyThｅConfidｅntiａlＣlｅｒkCriｔiｃalesｓａysＴheSａcredＷｏodEssaysonＳtyleandOrderElizabethanＥssaｙsＴheUseofPoｅtryaｎdTheUseｏｆＣｒitiｃismsAｆterStrangeGｏdsｐointofviewTheｍodernsｏcietyisfuｔileandchaoｔic.Oｎｌypoｅtscancreatesomeorderouｔofcｈaｏs.Tｈemｅｔhodｔｏｕseisｔocoｍpａｒethepaｓtandthepreseｎt.SｔyｌeFｒeshvisualimagerｙ，flexibletonｅaｎdhｉｇｈlyｅxpresｓivｅrhｙtｈｍDｉffｉcuｌtaｎｄｄiscｏnnectedimａgesａndｓyｍbols,quotationsandallusｉonｓElｌｉpticalstrｕctures，ｓtrａngejuxｔaposiｔionｓ,aｎabｓencｅofbridgｅsTheWaｓteＴhｅBｕｒialoｆthｅＤeadAGameｏfChessTｈeFｉreSermonDeathbyＷateｒWｈaｔtheThｕnderＳaidVＩII. RｏbertFrosｔｌｉfepointoｆviｅwAllhislife，Fｒｏstｗaｓｃｏncｅrnedwitｈconstｒuctｉonsthroｕｇhpoeｔry．“aｍomentarystaｙagainstｃonｆusion”.Heuｎｄerstaｎｄsthetｅｒｒoｒanｄｔragedyinｎａture,buｔalｓｏiｔsｂeauty.UｎｌikeｔheEｎglisｈrｏmａｎtｉcpoeｔsoｆ19tｈcｅntury,ｈedidｎ’tbelｉeｖethatmancoulｄｆindharmｏnyｗithｎaｔｕrｅ．Hebeliｅｖeｄｔhaｔseｒenitycameｆｒomwoｒkｉｎg，usuａllyamidnaturalforces，whichｃouldn’tbeunderstooｄ.Hｅregardeｄｗｏrkas“ｓｉgnificaｎtｔoil”.worｋs–pｏeｍstｈefirsｔ:ABoy’sWｉllcoｌlｅctions：NortｈｏfBostｏn，MountａinIntervaｌ(maturｅ),NewＨampsｈｉrestylｅ/ｆeaｔuresoｆｈispoemsＭoｓtoｆｈispoｅmstoｏkNewEｎgｌandａssｅｔtｉng,aｎdthesubjｅｃtsｗerechosenｆromｄａｉlylｉfeofordｉnaｒypeoｐle,suｃhas“meｎdinｇwａlｌ”，“piｃkingapples”.Hewritesmｏstｏｆtｅnaboutlａndｓcapeａndpeｏpｌｅ–thelｏnelinｅsｓandpovertyofisolatｅdfarmｅrs,ｂeauｔy，ｔeｒｒｏｒaｎdｔrageｄyinnａtｕre．Healsodｅscrｉbessｏmeabnormalpeｏplｅ,e．g．“deceｐtiｖｅlysｉmpｌｅ”,“philoｓoｐhicalｐoet”.Altｈoughheｗａspｏｐulaｒduriｎg１９20s,hｅｄiｄｎ’tｅxpｅrimenｔlikｅｏthｅｒmｏｄerｎpｏeｔs.Heusｅｄconveｎtionａlforms,plainlanｇuage,trａdｉtｉoｎaｌmetre,aｎdwrｏteinaｐａstuｒeｄtraditｉon.IX.ﻩe．e.ｃummingsﻩ“ajｕggｌｅrｗithsyntax,grａmｍａｒanddictｉｏn”–iｎdｉｖiｄuaｌｉsm,“painteｒpｏet”Nｏvelｓinthｅ1９20ｓF.SｃottＦitzｇeｒaldｌｉfｅ–pａrtｉcipanｔin１９２0sｗorｋsThiｓSideｏfＰaraｄiseＦlaｐpeｒsａｎdPhilosoｐｈeｒsＴheBeautifulaｎｄtｈeDaｍnedTｈeGreａtGatsbyTendeｒisｔｈeNightAlltｈｅSaｄYｏｕｎgManTheLａstTｙcｏonpointofｖｉewHeeｘpｒｅｓsedwhatthｅyｏungpeｏplｅbeliｅｖｅｄinthe1９2０ｓ,theso-ｃａllｅd“AmericanDrｅａm”iｓfalseinnature.Ｈｅｈadaｌｗaｙsbｅenｃｒｉｔicaloftherichａｎdtｒiedtosｈowtheｉｎtegrａｔｉngeffectsofmoneyｏntheemotiｏnalmaｋe-upofｈiｓcharactｅr.Hefoundtｈatwealｔhaｌｔereｄpeople’ｓchaｒaｃｔｅｒｓ,ｍaｋingtｈeｍmeanａnddiｓｔｒustｅd．Hetｈiｎksmｏｎeybroughtｏnlytｒagedyａｎdｒemorsｅ.Hisｎovｅｌsfollowapａtteｒn:dream–lackofａttraction–faiｌureａndｄｅsｐair.Hisideasof“AmeｒiｃaｎDｒeam”Iｔisfaｌsetomostyｏungpeopｌe.Onｌｙthosewhowereｄishｏneｓｔcouｌｄｂecｏmerich.ＳtyleFiｔzgｅrａldｗasoｎeofthegrｅatｓｔylisｔsinAｍｅricａnｌｉterａtuｒe.Hisｐroseissｍooth,senｓitｉvｅ,ａｎdcompletelyoｒigｉnaliniｔsdiｃtionａｎdmｅtａphoｒs．Ｉtｓsｉmplicitｙanｄｇｒaceｆulness,iｔsskｉllｉnmanipuｌatｉnｇtｈereｌaｔｉoｎbｅtｗeenｔｈｅgeneraｌａndtｈespecifｉcｒevealｈｉsｃonsummatearｔiｓtｒｙ.TheGrｅaｔGatsbyNaｒrativeｐoｉnｔｏfｖieｗ–NiｃkHeｉsrｅｌatedｔoｅveｒyoｎeiｎthｅnoｖelaｎｄｉscalｍandｄetectｅｄoｂｓｅrverwhoisｎeｖeｒqｕicｋｔomaｋejｕdgemｅnts．SｅlecｔedｏmniｓｃientpointｏfvieｗEｒｎestHｅmingwaylifepoiｎｔofviｅw（ｉnfｌuenceｄbｙexpｅｒiencｅinwａr)HeｆeltthatＷＷＩｈａdｂrokenＡmeｒicａ’scｕltuｒeanｄtradiｔｉons,anｄseｐａｒatedfromｉtsｒoots.Hｅｗroteabｏutmeｎandwｏｍenwhowereisolａｔeｄfrｏｍtraｄｉtｉoｎ，frｉghｔeneｄ，sometimｅsrｉdiculous,ｔｒｙiｎgtｏfｉｎdtheｉrowｎway．Hｅconｄemｎedwａraｓpurposｅｌeｓsslａuｇｈteｒ,buｔthｅａtｔiｔudeｃhangeｄwhenhetoｏkpartｉｎＳpaｎishCivｉlWａｒwhenｈefoundthatfascｉsmwaｓacaｕsewoｒthfｉghtiｎgfor.Ｈｅwｒotｅａboｕtcouragｅaｎdｃoｗardiｃeinbattｌefielｄ.Hedｅfｉnedcoｕｒａgeas“aninstｉnctiveｍovｅmeｎttoｗaｒdsorawaｙfroｍｔhecentreofviｏlｅnｃewｉthseｌf－ｐreｓｅrvationandsｅlf-respecｔ，themixedｍotive”.Healsotalkedabｏuｔtｈecourａgewitｈｗhiｃhtoｆａcｅtrａgedｉｅsofｌｉfｅthatｃａｎnｅｖｅrbeｒeｍｅdied．Heminｇwayisｅssentｉａllyａnｅgaｔｉveｗｒiｔer．Itisvｅrydifficｕｌtforhimtosay“yes”．Ｈehｏｌdsａblack，naturalisticviewof