戴炜栋语言学名词解释

页脚内容页脚内容页脚内容Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.3.appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.4.prescriptive:Iflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldandshouldnotsay).5.descriptive:Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(09C)6.synchronicstudy:Thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.(06C/04)7.diachronicstudy:It’sahistoricalstudyoflanguage,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(06C)8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole

:Ppetence

:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（08F/09C）linguisticcompetence:universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,petence有什么区别？？11.performance

:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language

:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.13.designfeatures

:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstothereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(08C)15.productivity:Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyit’susers.16.duality（doublearticulation）:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andhigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(regardlessoftimeorspace)(04)18.culturaltransmission:Thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofanylanguagesystemhavetobetaughtandlearned.(Languageisculturallytransmittedratherthanbyinstinct).19.Sociolinguistics:thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.20.Psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguagemunicativecompetence:theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.Chapter2:Phonology1.phonicmedium

:Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationconstitutethephoneticmediumoflanguage.(andtheindividualsoundswithinthisrangearespeechsounds)2.phonetics

:Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.(06C)3.articulatoryphonetics

:Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.(03)4.auditoryphonetics:Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.5.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichthespeakerissues.或者Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransimittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother)6.voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.7.voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.8.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.9.narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.10.diacritics:Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.11.IPA:shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.12.aspiration:Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.13.mannerofarticulation

:Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.14.placeofarticulation

:Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.15.consonant:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.16.vowel

:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.17.monophthong

:theindividualvowel.18.diphthong

:Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowelsandareproducedbymovingonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.(08F)19.phone:Aphoneticunit,thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.20.phoneme

:Anabstractphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue;it’srepresentedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.(06F/04)或者Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds.21.allophone

:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenviromentsarecalledallophonesofthatphoneme(07C/05)22.phonology

:Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsformpatternsandfunctiontodistinguishandconveymeaning.(06C)23.phonemiccontrast

:twophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,plementarydistribution

:allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.25.minimalpair:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameposition.26.sequentialrules:Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.27.assimilationrule:Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.28.deletionrule:Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.29.suprasegmentalfeatures:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments(syllable,word,sentence),includingstresstoneintonation.(08F)30.tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,onation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,they’recollectivelyknownasintonation.32.nucleus:Itreferstothemajorpitchchangeinanintonationunit.32.minimalset:soundcombinationswhichareidenticalinformexceptfortheinitialconsonanttogetherconstituteaminimalset.Chapter3:Morphology1.morphology:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.2.openclass:Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoitconstantly.(08C)3.closedclass:Agroupofwordswhosemembershipissmallanddoesnotreadilyacceptnewmembers,includingconjunctions,prepositions,pronouns.etc.4.morpheme:Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.5.affix:aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix.6.suffix:Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword.7.prefix:Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite.8.boundmorpheme:Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g.–ment.9.freemorpheme:amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.（07F）10.derivationalmorpheme:Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword.11.inflectionalmorpheme:Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.(butneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory).(08F)12.morphologicalrules:Thewayswordsareformed.Tpoundwords:Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasasinglewords14.inflection:themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodificationtoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategoriesasnumuber,tenseorpluarity.(04)15.Derivation:Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Chapter4:Syntax1.syntax:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.category:Itreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.3.syntacticcategories:Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.4.majorlexicalcategory:onetypeofwordlevelcategories,whichoftenassumedtobetheheadsaroundwhichphrasesarebuilt,includingN,V,Adj,andPrep.5.minorlexicalcategory:onetypeofwordlevelcategories,whichhelpsormodifiesmajorlexicalcategory.6.phrase:syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.7.phrasecategory:thephrasethatisformedbycombiningwithwordsofdifferentcategories.(InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesareNP,VP,PP,AP.)8.head:Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.9.specifier:Tplement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.11.phrasestructurerule:Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.12.XPrule:Inallphrases,thespecifierisattachedatthetopleveltotheleftoftheheadwhilethecomplementisattachedtotheright.ThesesimilaritiescanbesummarizedasanXPrule,inwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.13.X^theory:Atheoreticalconceptintransformationalgrammarwhichrestrictstheformofcontext-freephrasesstructurerules.14.coordination:Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunction(suchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination.)15.subcategorization:Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedsuncategorization.(07C)16.complementizer:Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizer.(08F/09C)17.complementclause:Tplementphrase:theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.19.matrixclause:thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause.20.modifier:theelement,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.21.transformation

:aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother.22.inversion

:theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject,iscalledinversion.23.Doinsertion

:Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.24.deepstructure

:AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheads’ssubcategorizationproperties.(08F)25.surfacestructure

:Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultfromappropriatetransformations.(05)26.Whquestion

:InEnglish,thekindofquestionsbeginningwithawh-wordarecalledwhquestion.27.Whmovement

:Thetransformationthatwillmovewhphrasefromitspositionindeepstructuretoapositionatthebeginningofthesentence.Thistransformationiscalledwhmovement.28.moveα:ageneralruleforallthemovementrules,where‘alpha‘isacovertermfoeanyelementthatcanbemovedfromoneplacetoanother.补充29.universalgrammar:theinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanlanguages.第十一章30.structuralanalysis:toinvestigatethedistinctionofformseg.morphemesinalanguage.31.ICanalysis:howsmallcomponentsinsentencesgotogethertoformlargerconstituents.32.paradigmaticrelation:thesubstitutionalrelationbetweenasetoflinguisticitems,thatis,linguisticformscanbesubstituedforeachotherinthesamepositon.33.syntagmaticrelation:therelationbetweenanylinguisticelementswhicharesimultaneouslypresentinastructure.34.immidiateconstituentanalysis（直接成分分析法）isthetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintowordgroupsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingsuntilthelevelofsinglewordsisreached.35.endocentricconstruction:(向心结构或内心结构)Oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproaching

equivalence,tooneofitsconstituents.ThetypicalEnglishendocentricconstructionsarenounphrasesandadjectivephrases.（03）36.exocentricconstruction(离心结构或外心结构)theoppositeofendocentricconstruction,referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothewholegroup.Mostconstructionsareexocentric.Chapter5:Semantics1.semantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.2.Semantictriangle:ItissuggestedbyOdgenandRichards,whichsaysthatthemeaningofawordisnotdirectlylinkedbetweenalinguisticformandtheobjectintherealworld,butthroughthemediationofconceptofthemind.3.sense

:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde-contexturalized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.4.reference

:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.5.synonymy:Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.6.dialectalsynonyms:synonymsthatareusedindifferentregionaldialects.(08C)7.stylisticsynonyms:synonymsthatdifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.8.collocationalsynonyms:Synonymsthatdifferintheircolllocation,i.e.,inthewordstheygotogetherwith.9.polysemy

:Thesamewordhasmorethanonemeaning.(itcanbeunderstoodasthegrowthanddevelopmentoforchangeinthemeaningofthewords).(05/03)10.homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(04)11.homophones:Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.12.homographs:Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,pletehomonymy:Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.14.hyponymy:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.15.superordinate:Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate;andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms;hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachother.16.co-hyponyms:Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponyms.17.antonymy:Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning.18.gradableantonyms:Someantonymsaregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair.(e.g,antonymsoldandyoung,betweenthemthereexistmiddle-aged,mature,elderly.)19.complementaryantonyms:apairofantonymsthatthedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Itisamatterofeitheroneortheother.20.relationalopposites:Pairsifwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,husband---wife,father---son,buy---sell,let---rent,above---below.21.entailment:therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofoneisinferredfromthetruthoftheother.E.g.Cindykilledthedogentailsthedogisdead.(07F)或者Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.22.presupposition:Whataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemassagealreadyknowstomakeanutterancemeaningfulorappropriate。e.g.SometeahasalreadybeentakenisapresuppositionofTponentialanalysis:anapproachtoanalyzethelexicalmeaningintoasetofmeaningcomponentsorsemanticfeatures.Forexample,boymaybeshownas[+human][+male][-adult].24.predicationanalysis:away,proposedbyBritishlinguistG.Leech,toanalyzesentencemeaning.(08C)25.predication:Intheframeworkofpredicationanalysis,thebasicunitsiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.26.predicate:Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.27.argument:Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.28.selectionalrestriction:Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbytherulescalledselectionalrestrictions,i.e.constraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.29.semanticfeatures:Thesmallestunitsofmeaninginaword,whichmaybedescribedasacombinationofsemanticcomponents.Forexample,womanhasthesemanticfeatures[+human][-male][+adult].(04)30.presequence:Thespecificturnthathasthefunctionofprefiguringthecomingaction.(05)Chapter6:Pragmatics1.pragmatics:Thestudyofhowspeakersusessentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2.context:Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstituedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakersandthehearers.(05)3.sentencemeaning:Themeaningofaself-containedunitwithabstractandde-contextualizedfeaturesinisolationfromcontext.4.utterancemeaning:Themeaningthataspeakerconveysbyusingaparticularutteranceinacertaincontextwithacertainpurpose.(03、08C)5.utterance:expressionproducedinaparticularcontextwithaparticularintention.6.SpeechActTheory:ThetheoryproposedbyJohnAustinanddeepenedbySearle,whichbelievesthatweareperformingactionswhenwearespeaking.(05)7.constatives:Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable.(06F/07C)8.performatives:Performativesaresentencesthatdon’tstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.(07F)9.locutionaryact:Theactofutteringwords,phrases,clausesandconveyingliteralmeaningbyvirtueofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.10.illocutionaryact:Theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionandperformedinsayingsomething.(06F)11.perlocutionaryact:Theactresultingfromsayingsomethingandtheconsequenceorthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.12.representatives:Statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.13.directives:Tmisives:Committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.15.expressives:Expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.16.declaration/declaratives:Bringaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.(07F)17.cooperativePrinciple:Theprinciplethattheparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperateinmakingconversation,otherwise,itwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthetalk.18.conversationalimplicature:Theuseofconversationalmaximstoimplymeaningduringconversation.19.formality:formalityreferstothedegreeofhowformalthewordsareusedtoexpressthesamepurpose.MartinJoosproposedfivestagesofformality,namely,intimate,casual,consultative,cold,andfrozen.(06F)20.Themaximofquantity:1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeofexchange.)2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.21.Themaximofquality:1Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.（09C）？22.Themaximofrelation:Berelevant.23.Themaximofmanner:1Avoidobscurityofexpression.2Avoidambiguity.3Bebelief.4Beorderly.(08F)

Chapter7:LanguageChange1.historicallinguistics:Asubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagechangeoveraperiodoftime.2.coinage:Anewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.(03)3.blending:Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.4.clipping:Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.5.borrowing(loadwords):Whendifferentculturecomeintocontact,wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother.Itisalsocalled.6.backformation:Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.Suchwordsarecalledback-formation.7.functionalshift/Conversion/zeroderivation.:Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.8.acronyms:Atolanguage:Theoriginalformofalanguagefamily,whichhasceasedtoexist.10.Languagefamily:Agroupofhistoricallyrelatedlanguagesthathavedevelopedfromacommonancestrallanguage.11.semanticbroading(wideningofmeaning):whenthemeaningofawordbecomesbroader,thatwordmeanseverythingitusedtomeanandthenmore.(08C)12.internalborrowing:speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofgrammarandapplyitgenerallytolessontheburdononmemeoryandreducethenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.Chapter8:LanguageAndSociety1.sociolinguistics:Thesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinsocialcontexts.或者Itstudytherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.2.speechcommunity:Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyofalanguage.(05)(GENERALLINGUISTICS)Sociolinguististsdefineitasagroupofpeoplewhodoinfacthavetheopportunitytointeractwitheachotherandwhosharenotjustasinglelanguagewithitsrelatedvarietiesbutalsoattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.3.speechvarieties:Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.4.regionaldialect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.5.sociolect:thelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclassandcausedbytheseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.6.registers

:Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.7.idiolect

:Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.(04)8.linguisticreportoire

:Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire.(07F)9.registertheory

:AtheoryproposedbyHalliday,whobelievedthatthreesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister,namely,field/tenor/modeofdiscourse.10.fieldofdiscourse

:.what’sgoingon:totheareaofoperartionofthelanguageactivity,thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicatiion.11.tenorofdiscourse:Itreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.12.modeofdiscourse:Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.13.standarddialect:Asuperimposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage;it’susuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakers.14.formality:differencesinthedegreeofformalityisdeterminedbysocialvariables.AccordingtoMartinJoos,therearefivestagesofformality,includingintimate,casual,consultative,formal,frozen.(06F)15.Pidgin:aspeciallanguagevaritythatmixesorblendslanguagesandisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposes.(suchastrading.)16.Creole

:whenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageandacquiredasanativelanguageofaspeechcommunity,it’screole.17.bilingualism

:Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.(07C)18.diaglossia

:Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.19.LinguaFranca

:Avarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople,whospeakdifferentnativelanguagesordialects20.code-switching:thealternationbetweentwoormorelanguages,languagevarietiesorregistersincommunicationusedbybilingualspeakers.(04)Chapter9:LanguageAndCulture1.culture

:Thetotalwayoflifeofaperson,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofhumancommunity.2.discoursecommunity

:Itreferstothecommonwaysthatmembersofsomesocialgroupuselanguagetomeettheirneeds.3.acculturation

:Aprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturegroupadoptthebeliefandbehaviorsofanothergroup.4.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

:languagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperience,theinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisSapir-WhorfHypothesis.5.linguisticrelativity

:differentlanguageofferpeopledifferencewaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently.(06C)6.linguisticdeterminism:thelanguage,tosomeextent,determinesthewayinwhichweviewandthinkabouttheworldaroundus.(06C)7.denotativemeaning:Itreferstotheliteralmeaning,whichcanbefoundinadictionary.Denotationisastraightforward,literalmeaningofthewordeverymemberofthelanguagespeakingcommunitywillagreeon.可以互换8.connotativemeaning:Theassociationofaword,apa