2010-2018年考研英语二历年真题及答案解析

2010考研英语二真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETl.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic_____1_____bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert_____2_____anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising_____3_____inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis"_____4_____"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization'sdirectorgeneral,_____5_____theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe_____6_____ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametoglobal_____7_____inlateApril2009,whenMexicanauthoritiesnoticedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths_____8_____healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto_____9_____inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade_____10_____warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas_____11_____fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe_____12_____testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas_____13_____morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials_____14_____Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan_____15_____ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is____16_____aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose_____17_____doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot_____18_____forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother_____19_____.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroup:healthcareworkers,people_____20_____infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1[A]criticized [B]appointed [C]commented [D]designated2[A]proceeded [B]activated [C]followed [D]prompted3[A]digits [B]numbers [C]amounts [D]sums4[A]moderate [B]normal [C]unusual [D]extreme5[A]with[B]in[C]from [D]by6[A]progress [B]absence [C]presence [D]favor7[A]reality [B]phenomenon [C]concept [D]notice8.[A]over [B]for [C]among [D]to9[A]stayup [B]cropup [C]fillup [D]coverup10[A]as [B]if [C]unless [D]until11[A]excessive [B]enormous [C]significant [D]magnificent12[A]categories [B]examples [C]patterns [D]samples13[A]imparted [B]immerse [C]injected [D]infected14[A]released [B]relayed [C]relieved [D]remained15[A]placing[B]delivering [C]taking [D]giving16[A]feasible [B]available [C]reliable [D]applicable17[A]prevalent [B]principal [C]innovative [D]initial18[A]presented [B]restricted [C]recommended [D]introduced19[A]problems [B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings20[A]involvedin [B]caringfor [C]concernedwith [D]wardingoffSectionⅡReadingcomprehensionPartAText1Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”，atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector—forChinesecontemporaryart—theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincetheSecondWorldWar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because____.A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoriesB.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsC.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpiecesD.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3)，theauthorsuggeststhat_____.A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctionsB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare____A.auctionhouses'favoritesB.contemporarytrendsC.factorspromotingartworkcirculationD.stylesrepresentingimpressionists25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe___A.FluctuationofArtPricesB.Up-to-dateArtAuctionsC.ArtMarketinDeclineD.ShiftedInterestinArtsText2IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromwork,Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent，thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cooking,socialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?A.Talkingtothem.B.Trustingthem.C.Supportingtheircareers.D.Sharinghousework.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans___.A.generatingmotivation.B.exertinginfluenceC.causingdamageD.creatingpressure28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_______A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthanwomenB.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversationC.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouplesD.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson______A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalkB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerText3Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands. Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap________.[A]shouldbefurthercultivated[B]shouldbechangedgradually[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto____[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’shabits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits33.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto_____[A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat______[A]bothliberateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjustices38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause_____[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem40.IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_______[A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentSectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice。Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency。Itdidin’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’lltrunthecorner,giveitsometime.’”47.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto1)Expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;2)Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse。Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead。Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)48.Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)Interpretthechartand2)Giveyourcomments。Youshouldwriteatleast150words。WriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(15points)2010年考研英语二真题答案：1[D]designated2[C]followed 3[B]numbers4[A]moderate5[A]with6[B]absence7[D]notice8.[C]among9[B]cropup10[A]as 11[C]significant12[D]samples13[D]infected14[A]released15[C]taking16[B]available 17[D]initial18[C]recommended19[A]problems20[B]caringfor 21D22A23B24C25C26A27C28B29C30C31A32A33D34C35B36D37C38C39B40A翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可以预料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。’”小作文Dearxxx,IwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenIparticipatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhadaverypleasantstayandachancetoknowAmericanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwillcherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.IdohopethatyouwillvisitChinaoneday,sothatIcouldhavetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship。Ifeelobligedtothankyouagain。Sincerelyyours,ZhangWei大作文范文：Inthischart,wecanseethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountrieshaveasteadyandslightincreasefrom1990to2007andthenremainconstantin2008.Meanwhilethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopingcountrieshavewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2004andthenagreatsurgefrom2004to20007:thebiggestsurgehappensfrom2005to2006.Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelopingmodesofmobilephoneindustryindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshavealimitednumberofpopulations,mostofwhomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthemobilephoneserviceisefficientandsoonthemarketissaturated.Alsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshavemorepeoplewhocanaffordthisservice.Thedevelopingcountrieshavealargepopulationwhokeepsalargedemandformobileservice.Asthemobilephoneservicebecomescheaperandcheaper,theincreasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice。Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthenumberofmobile-phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthefuture新题型译文：波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新飞机787和A350的性能，巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然使它们与众不同。但在斯坦福大学，由伊兰▪克鲁领导的一个研究小组提出，飞机的飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，而且并不需要购买新的飞机。克鲁教授称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914年，一位名叫卡尔▪维塞尔斯伯格的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文，科学家们从中得知，鸟类在飞行的时候排成V字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后面弯曲向上，这是一种叫上升流的现象。在上升流中飞行的鸟阻力减小，可以用更小的力气飞。彼得▪利萨曼以前是加州理工学院和南加州大学的航空专家，他认为由25只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离提升71%。当把鸟类的特性应用到飞机上的时候，原理也相差无几。克鲁教授和他的团队模拟了三架分别从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的客机在犹他州集合，采用反V字形状并偶尔换一下位置以便所有飞机轮流利用最有利位置，最后飞到伦敦。他们发现飞机节省多达15%的燃油，相应的二氧化碳排放也少了很多，途中排放的氮氧化物减少约四分之一。当然，一定要有完善的操作指南。要考虑安全问题，至少在感觉上来说是安全的。乘客们在换位时会不会不舒服呢?克鲁教授指出飞机间会相隔几海里，不会像红箭表演队(英国皇家空军特技表演队)那样间距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也许都看不到另外的飞机。有关飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例暂且不谈，但国际民航组织的一个工作组已经考虑在新的操作方针中列入编队飞行的可能性。现在仍需考虑天气情况对气流的影响，这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在有大量乱流的地区，飞机尾部的气流会消失更快，上升流效应就会消失。克鲁教授称，在这方面他们团队将要进行更多的研究。每架客机的起飞时间与目的地都不相同，要协调它们编队飞行很难。相反，货机和日常空军飞行更容易协调时间。恰逢此时，美军已经着手这项研究。今年早些时候，美国国防部高级研究计划局宣布出资让波音公司研究编队飞行的计划，但项目到现在还没启动。有报道称二战时就有一些军机在燃油不足的情况下编队飞行，但利萨曼教授称那些都是杜撰的，他说：“我父亲是皇家空军飞行员，我的堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰喀斯特式飞机的机长”，所以他应该知道。2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题SectionI

UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas

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acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved

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bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly

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?

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheObamagovernmenta4

tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech

5

ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled

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one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential

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toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto

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afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould

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whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense

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bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto

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justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

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,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseof

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community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith

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,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns

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.'"

Still,theadministration’splanhas

16

privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould

17

bealicense”mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith

18

bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet

19

.Theyarguethatshouldbe

20

toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1．A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2．A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3．A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4．A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5．A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6．A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7．A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8．A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9．A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10．A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11．A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login12．A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast13．A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingD.competing14．A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15．A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16．A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17．A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18．A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19．A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20．A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionII

ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachte