考研考博-英语-山东科技大学泰山科技学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东科技大学泰山科技学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

We（）afigureofamanclingingtothemastoftheship.

问题1选项

A.discerned

B.dispatched

C.dissipated

D.diminished

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们（）那个倚靠在船桅杆的人。discerned认出，识别；dispatched派遣，分派；dissipated驱散，放荡；diminished减少，缩小。因此，A项符合句意。

2.单选题

Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered______ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

问题1选项

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。separatelyfrom“独立的”,independently和of搭配。句意：语言、文化和个性被认为是相互独立存在的，但是实际上是不可分割的。选项D符合题意。

3.单选题

Allthelivingorganisms,regardlessoftheiruniqueidentity,havecertainbiological,chemical,andphysicalcharacteristicsincommon.

问题1选项

A.asaresult

B.considering

C.whatever

D.onpurpose

【答案】C

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项asaresult“结果”；B选项considering“考虑到……”；C选项whatever“无论什么，不管怎样”；D选项onpurpose“故意地”。句意：所有的生物体，不论其独特的特性如何，都有某些共同的生物、化学和物理特性。根据句意，可以看出C选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Heknowslittleofmathematics,and（

）ofchemistry.

问题1选项

A.evenmore

B.stillless

C.noless

D.stillmore

【答案】B

【解析】语义题。句意:他对数学知之甚少，对化学知道的就更少了。

evenmore:更多地，更加;stillless:更不用说，更何况;noless:仍然，不相上下;stillmore:更多。因此B项符合句意。

5.单选题

Inspiteofthetaxingbusinessschedule,hemanagedtotakesometimeoffforexercise.

问题1选项

A.imposing

B.demanding

C.compulsory

D.temporary

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。taxing表示“费力的”；A项imposing“壮观的”，B项demanding“苛求的，吃力的”，C项compulsory“义务的”，D项temporary“暂时的”。句意：尽管业务繁忙，他还是抽出时间锻炼身体。根据句意可知B项正确。

6.单选题

SeveralofAsianprofessorswhospokeattheconferenceexpressedtheirsupportfortheideaofholdingaspecialmeetinginPerthtofacilitatemultinationalresearchontheeconomicAproblemsfacingthecountriesaroundtheIndianOcean.

问题1选项

A.SeveralofAsianprofessors

B.attheconference

C.problemsfacingthe

D.countriesaroundthe

E.没有错误

【答案】A

【解析】介词多余。Several后面去掉Of。

7.填空题

Thesedrugs________alertness,elevatemood,anddecreasefatigueandtheneedforsleep,buttheyoftenmakeusersirritableandtalkative.(height)

【答案】heighten

【解析】【考查点】动词。

【解题思路】Thesedrugs为句子主语，横线处为谓语动词。结合语境，这里先列出了这些药物的治疗功效，然后列出药物副作用，其中一个功效就是_____警觉性，heighten的意思为“（使）加强，提高，增加”，符合语境。

【句意】这些药物会提高警觉性，改善情绪，减少疲劳和睡眠需求，但它们往往让服用者易怒并且健谈。

8.翻译题

人们最初是怎样发明文字的现在依然不为人所知。换句话说，语言的起源是个谜。我们所了解的人们与动物不同，他们不知用何种方法发明了一些声音来表达思想和感情、行为和事物，以便能互相交流。后来他们在一些称作字母的符号上达成一致意见，这些字母可以合在一起代表这些声音，而且可以书写。这些声音，无论是以口头还是字母的形式出现，都称作单词。

【答案】Howdidmenfirstlearntoinventwords?Itisstillunknowntopeople;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguageisamystery.Allwesupposeisthatsomeearlymeninventedcertainsounds,inonewayoranother,toexpressthoughtsandfeelings,actionsandthings,sothattheycouldcommunicatewitheachother;andthatlatertheyagreeduponcertainsigns,calledletters,whichcouldbecombinedtopresentthosesounds,andwhichcouldbewrittendown.Thosesounds,whetherspokenorwritteninletters,wecallwords.

9.单选题

Inthe19th-century,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.

Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan’tchangeyourbehaviorbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It’smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you’reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you’llprobablydoso,too.

The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.

Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that’llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don’ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.

Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneuralnetworksinside.

Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomeslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You’retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.

Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings,liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.

Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway,thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener,you’reprobablywrong.AstheVictoriansunderstood,ifyouwanttochangeyourlife,don’tjustlookforaclevercue.Committosomelargerglobalbelief.

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.

问题1选项

A.Passion.

B.Determination.

C.Capability.

D.Action.

问题2选项

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrol

问题3选项

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.

问题4选项

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutines

问题5选项

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfully

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdo

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】21.【选项释义】

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?21.以下哪一项是19世纪性格模范的关键因素？

A.Passion.A.激情，热情

B.Determination.B.决心

C.Capability.C.能力

D.Action.D.行动

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词the19th-centurycharactermodel定位第一段倒数第二句“作为灵魂的船长，你的工作就是建立水坝来控制这些激情（keepthesepassionsincheck）”，以及最后一句“你的工作就是对懒惰、欲望、贪婪、吸毒和其他罪恶说不（sayno）”，可知，在19世纪，最首要的性格模范就是“决心”，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项属于出处错位，性格模范的关键因素就是决心控制激情；

C、D选项在该处没有提及，属于无中生有。

22.【选项释义】

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.22.19世纪的性格模范被认为是行不通的，原因是______。

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetimeA.它在大多数时候都没有令人满意地发挥作用

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundlessB.将自由意志比作大坝是毫无根据的

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefullyC.人们应该仔细考虑自己想做什么

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrolD.还有许多其他因素超出了一个人的控制

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】定位第三段第二句“今天，我们知道自由意志是有限的”，以及第三句“人们可以改变自己的生活，但有序的改变并不简单，因为很多事情（manythings），甚至是我们自身的事情，都超出了我们的直接控制（beyondourdirectcontrol）”，可知，因为很多因素都超出了直接的控制，所以难以有序的改变生活，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项定位第二段第四句“你的意志力不像水坝，不能阻挡任性的洪流”，可知，文中并没有提到将自由意志比作大坝是groundless，该项曲解原文；

C选项表述与原文不符，属于曲解原文。

23.【选项释义】

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?23.杜克大学的这项研究的主要意义是什么？

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.A.习惯是一个人行为的关键。

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.B.一个人的行为很难改变。

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.C.习惯和意志力都很重要。

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.D.习惯有一个未知的结构。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键信息DukeUniversity定位第三段第四句“例如，我们的许多行为都是由潜意识习惯引导的（guidedbyunconscioushabits）”，以及第五句“杜克大学的研究人员计算出，超过40%的行为是由习惯决定的（governedbyhabit），而不是实际的决定”，可知，很多的行为都是习惯导致的，A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项属于反向干扰，杜克大学的研究就是“大部分行为由习惯决定”，所以该项中的willpower不符合原文；

D选项在第三段最后一句有提到，“习惯的结构是：线索、例行公事和奖励”，该项属于反向干扰。

24.【选项释义】

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.24.根据新的性格模范，个人行为可以通过______改变。

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponsesA.通过暗示来操纵习惯性的神经反应

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabitsB.通过暗示停止所有之前无意识的习惯

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcuesC.通过技巧来设计不同的身体暗示

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutinesD.通过技巧来补充旧的习惯

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位第六段第二句“你应该设计策略来改变暗示和惯例（devisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines）”，可知，新的性格典范是通过设计策略提供暗示改变自己的行为习惯，所以C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项定位第五段“因此，他们的研究暗示了一种不同的性格典范，该典范被认为可以操纵内部的神经网络（manipulatetheneuralnetworksinside）”，可知A项中的neuralresponses和neuralnetworks并不相符，该项曲解原文；

B选项中的stop和原文中的alter并不相符，属于曲解原文；

D选项中的supplement和原文中的alter并不相符，也属于曲解原文。

25.【选项释义】

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.25.从文章中我们得知，新的性格典范______。

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfullyA.已经成功地改变了行为

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviourB.更好地处理行为的情感方面

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchangeC.强调习惯改变的神经和心理方面

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdoD.可以给人的生活带来改变，就像广告商做的那样

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位倒数第二段，第一句“这有点令人不安，因为重要的习惯性神经网络不仅仅是由惯例形成的（notformedbymereroutine），也不可能由聪明的暗示逆转”，以及第二句“它们被情感所燃烧（burnedinbyemotion），被强烈的渴望所强化（strengthenedbystrongyearnings），就像对赞美和正义的渴望一样”，可知，新的性格典范重视习惯改变的神经和心理的方面，C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项文中并没有提到成功改变了行为，属于无中生有；

B选项也没有提到，属于无中生有；

D选项定位到最后一段第一句“如果你认为你可以用一种聪明的方式改变你的生活，就像广告商让你买空气清新剂那样，你可能错了”，可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。

10.单选题

Darwinstatedthatthemoresurvivalcharacteristicsacreaturehas（

）thechancethatnewspecieswilladoptthesecharacteristics.

问题1选项

A.thebest

B.thebetter

C.betterthan

D.asgoodas

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。“The+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越……就越……”，B选项正确。句意是‘达尔文指出，一个生物拥有的生存特征越多，该物种拙有这些特征的机会越大。’

11.单选题

Theybothwatchedasthecrimescenetechnicianstooksamplesofvariousfibersandbaggedthem,dustedforfingerprints,tookpicturesandtriedto（）whatcouldhavehappened.

问题1选项

A.rehearse

B.reiterate

C.reinforce

D.reenact

【答案】D

【解析】考查形似词辨析。rehearse“排练”；reiterate“重申”；reinforce“增强”；reenact“重新定制，再扮演”。句意：他们俩都注视着犯罪现场技术人员对各种纤维取样、装袋、去除灰尘、提取指纹、拍照，并且试图重现当时发生的事情。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss（）thebread-winner'sdeath.

问题1选项

A.atthecostof

B.onthevergeof

C.asaresultof

D.forthesakeof

【答案】C

【解析】atthecostof

以...为代价；onthevergeof濒临于,

接近于；asaresultof因此,

由于；forthesakeof为了。句意：人寿保险为被保者的家属提供经济保障,

以防止因养家糊口的人去世而造成的损失。选项C符合句意。

13.单选题

Thenewfindings,reportedbyU.S.andUKscientistsintheJournalofEpidemiologyandCommunityHealth,suggestthatformaldehydeinfoodpackagingmay（）yourfood,butthatdoesn’tmakeitdangerous.

问题1选项

A.contaminate

B.contemplate

C.denounce

D.disrupt

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项contaminate表示“污染，弄脏”；B选项contemplate表示“沉思，注视”；C选项denounce表示“谴责，告发，公然抨击”；D选项disrupt表示“破坏，分裂，瓦解”。由句意可知，这项新发现表明食品包装中的甲醛可能会污染食物，因此contaminate的词义最符合句意。故本题正确答案为A选项。

14.单选题

PelerEigen,65-year-old,chairmanofTransparencyInternational,theglobalanti-corruptionwatchdog,isproudofalargephotographonhisofficewall.ItpictureshimalongsideMwaiKibaki,theKenyanpresident,andJamesWolfensohn,presidentoftheWorldBank.

Thepicture,takenshortlyafterMr.Kibaki’sinaugurationinJanuary,showsthethreemeninfriendlydiscussionatameetinginNairobi,theKenyancapital.“ThisphotoisveryspecialbecauseitshowshowfarTransparencyInternationalhascomesincewesetitup10yearsago，”saysMr.Eigenwithasmile.

Beforeleadingagroupoffriendsin1993toformTIinaone-roomBerlinoffice,Mr.EigenworkedattheWorldBankfor25years.HisfinalpositionwasseniorprogrammemanagerineastAfrica,basedinNairobi.（1）“Iwastoldthatfightingcorruptionwasnotpartofthebank’smandate,”hesays.

ThisledhimtoleaveKenyaandthebankandstartcampaigning.

Thepictureshowshowthingshavecomefullcircle.

（2）

About60peopleworkinthehead-quartersinwestBerlin.TI’sannualCorruptionPerceptionsIndex,rankingnationalcorruptionlevels,hasbecomeabenchmarkformanygovernments.

（3）

“Thiswouldhavebeenunthinkable”afewyearsago,Mr.Eigensays.

Aseriesofclosed-doormeetingsinthemid-1990sinBerlinwithchiefexecutivesfromleadingGermanmultinationalslaidthegroundworkforinternationalaction.“Wemovedtheexecutivesfrombeingdefensivetoadmittingthattherewasabigproblem.

（4）

“

Ti’ssolutionwasjointpressurefromthecompaniesonthegovernmenttosigntheOECDconventionagainstbribe-payingand,later,thesigningofagreementsbetweencompaniesnottousebriberytowincontracts.

（5）

Mr.EigenarguesthatTPsapproach,basedon“buildingcoalitions,notonconfrontation,”hasbroughtresults.

问题1选项

A.TInowhasaglobalreachinitsinformationcampaignsandlobbyingwork,supportingnationalgroupsinmorethan100countries.

B.Thencametheimportantquestion:howdowestopbribingwithoutlosingbusinesstocompaniesthatstilldoit?

C.OneexampleistheGermanchapterofTI,whichhasmorethan30membercompanies,includingSiemens,Lufthans,BASFandDaimlerChrysler.

D.There,heobservednotonlycorruptioninhisdealingswiththegovernmentofDanjelArapMoi,presidentatthetime,butalsotheunwillingnessofthebanktodoanythingaboutit.

E.TIhasbeeninstrumentalinputtingcorruptionontheworldagenda,includingintheUnitedNations.

F.TTsapproachofworkingcloselywithcompaniestocombatcorruptioncontrastswiththetacticsofmanyotherpressuregroups.

问题2选项

A.TInowhasaglobalreachinitsinformationcampaignsandlobbyingwork,supportingnationalgroupsinmorethan100countries.

B.Thencametheimportantquestion:howdowestopbribingwithoutlosingbusinesstocompaniesthatstilldoit?

C.OneexampleistheGermanchapterofTI,whichhasmorethan30membercompanies,includingSiemens,Lufthans,BASFandDaimlerChrysler.

D.There,heobservednotonlycorruptioninhisdealingswiththegovernmentofDanjelArapMoi,presidentatthetime,butalsotheunwillingnessofthebanktodoanythingaboutit.

E.TIhasbeeninstrumentalinputtingcorruptionontheworldagenda,includingintheUnitedNations.

F.TTsapproachofworkingcloselywithcompaniestocombatcorruptioncontrastswiththetacticsofmanyotherpressuregroups.

问题3选项

A.TInowhasaglobalreachinitsinformationcampaignsandlobbyingwork,supportingnationalgroupsinmorethan100countries.

B.Thencametheimportantquestion:howdowestopbribingwithoutlosingbusinesstocompaniesthatstilldoit?

C.OneexampleistheGermanchapterofTI,whichhasmorethan30membercompanies,includingSiemens,Lufthans,BASFandDaimlerChrysler.

D.There,heobservednotonlycorruptioninhisdealingswiththegovernmentofDanjelArapMoi,presidentatthetime,butalsotheunwillingnessofthebanktodoanythingaboutit.

E.TIhasbeeninstrumentalinputtingcorruptionontheworldagenda,includingintheUnitedNations.

F.TTsapproachofworkingcloselywithcompaniestocombatcorruptioncontrastswiththetacticsofmanyotherpressuregroups.

问题4选项

A.TInowhasaglobalreachinitsinformationcampaignsandlobbyingwork,supportingnationalgroupsinmorethan100countries.

B.Thencametheimportantquestion:howdowestopbribingwithoutlosingbusinesstocompaniesthatstilldoit?

C.OneexampleistheGermanchapterofTI,whichhasmorethan30membercompanies,includingSiemens,Lufthans,BASFandDaimlerChrysler.

D.There,heobservednotonlycorruptioninhisdealingswiththegovernmentofDanjelArapMoi,presidentatthetime,butalsotheunwillingnessofthebanktodoanythingaboutit.

E.TIhasbeeninstrumentalinputtingcorruptionontheworldagenda,includingintheUnitedNations.

F.TTsapproachofworkingcloselywithcompaniestocombatcorruptioncontrastswiththetacticsofmanyotherpressuregroups.

问题5选项

A.TInowhasaglobalreachinitsinformationcampaignsandlobbyingwork,supportingnationalgroupsinmorethan100countries.

B.Thencametheimportantquestion:howdowestopbribingwithoutlosingbusinesstocompaniesthatstilldoit?

C.OneexampleistheGermanchapterofTI,whichhasmorethan30membercompanies,includingSiemens,Lufthans,BASFandDaimlerChrysler.

D.There,heobservednotonlycorruptioninhisdealingswiththegovernmentofDanjelArapMoi,presidentatthetime,butalsotheunwillingnessofthebanktodoanythingaboutit.

E.TIhasbeeninstrumentalinputtingcorruptionontheworldagenda,includingintheUnitedNations.

F.TTsapproachofworkingcloselywithcompaniestocombatcorruptioncontrastswiththetacticsofmanyotherpressuregroups.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:E

第4题:B

第5题:F

【解析】1.联系上下文。空格句子的前句提及PeterEigen曾经的职务，后句提及反腐并

不是银行的工作。结合前后文可以判断，空格处句子应含有corruption和bank这样的单词。选项D符合条件。

2.分析原文第五段的内容可知，本段内容主要是关于TI公司的发展现状。选项A与段落意思一致。

3.联系上下文。空格前一句讲到了公司提供的年度腐败指数成为很多政府的基准。后一句提到这在几年前还难以置信。前后两句都是谈论的公司影响力。由此可知，空格处句子也应该与公司影响有关。选项E中提及公司的反腐已经提上世界日程，包括联合国。符合语境。

4.联系上下文。空格前一句中提到“abigproblem”，接下来的内容就与这一重要问题相关。选项B中的thencametheimportantproblem与前文遥相呼应。

5.联系上下文。空格后一句提及公司的策略(approach)是公司之间的合作(coalitions),

而非对抗。空格所在句中应出现approach这一单词，选项F中的workingclose与coalition呼应。

15.单选题

Schoolchildrenoughttobe（）totheirparentsandteachers.

问题1选项

A.alien

B.transient

C.obedient

D.current

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项alien“外国的；相异的”；B选项transient“短暂的；路过的”；C选项obedient“服从的；孝顺的”；D选项current“现在的；最近的”。句意：学龄儿童应该……父母和老师。句中主语是Schoolchildren，由关键信息totheirparentsandteachers“对其父母和老师”要服从。因此C选项符合题意。

16.单选题

Thetwomostimportant______inmakingacakeareflourandsugar.

问题1选项

A.elements

B.components

C.ingredients

D.constituents

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项element“元素，基础”，指一个整体中最基本、不可缺少的或固有的成分；B选项component“组成部分，成分”，指一个整体的组成部分；C选项ingredient“成分，(尤指烹饪)原料”；D选项constituent“选民，成分，构成要素”指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。根据flourandsugar可知选C。句意：做蛋糕最重要的两种原料是面粉和糖。

17.单选题

Bloodvesselsrunningallthroughthelungscarrybloodtoeachairsac,oralveolus,andthenbackagaintotheheart.Onlythethinwalloftheairsacandthethinwallofacapillaryarebetweentheairandtheblood.Sooxygeneasilydiffusesfromtheairsacsthroughthewallsintotheblood,whilecarbondioxideeasilydiffusesfromthebloodthroughthewallsintotheairsacs.

Whenbloodissenttothelungsbytheheart,ithascomebackfromthecellsintherestofthebody.Sothebloodthatgoesintothewallofanairsaccontainsmuchdissolvedcarbondioxidebutverylittleoxygen.Atthesametime,theairthatgoesintotheairsaccontainsmuchoxygenbutverylittlecarbondioxide.Youhavelearnedthatdissolvedmaterialsalwaysdiffusefromwherethereismoreofthemtowherethereisless.Oxygenfromtheairdissolvesinthemoistureontheliningoftheairsacanddiffusesthroughtheliningintotheblood.Meanwhile,carbondioxidediffusesfromthebloodintotheairsac.Thebloodthenflowsfromthelungsbacktotheheart,whichsendsitouttoallotherpartsofthebody.

Soonafterairgoesintoanairsac,itgivesupsomeofitsoxygenandtakesinsomecarbondioxidefromtheblood.Tokeepdiffusiongoingasitshould,thiscarbondioxidemustbegottenridof.Breathing,whichiscausedbymovementsofthechest,forcestheusedairoutoftheairsacsinyourlungsandbringsinfreshair.Thebreathingmusclesarecontrolledautomaticallysothatyoubreatheattheproperratetokeepyourairsacssuppliedwithfreshair.Ordinarily,youbreatheabouttwenty-twotimesaminute.Ofcourse,youbreathefasterwhenyouareexercisingandslowerwhenyouareresting.Freshairisbroughtintoyourlungswhenyoubreathein,orinhale,whileusedairisforcedoutofyourlungswhenyoubreatheout,orexhale.

Somepeoplethinkthatalltheoxygenistakenoutoftheairinthelungsandthatwhatwebreatheoutispurecarbondioxide.Buttheseideasarenotcorrect.Airisamixtureofgasesthatismostlynitrogen.Thisgasisnotusedinthebody.Sotheamountofnitrogendoesnotchangeasairisbreathedinandout.Butwhileairisinthelungs,itischangedinthreeways:(1)aboutone-fifthoftheoxygenintheairgoesintotheblood;(2)analmostequalamountofcarbondioxidecomesoutofthebloodintotheairand(3)moisturefromtheliningsoftheairpassagesandairsacsevaporatesuntiltheairisalmostsaturated.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatoxygenandcarbondioxide

（

）.

2.Whenbloodtravelsbacktothelungsbytheheart,（

）.

3.Themovementofbreathingcaneffectively

（

）.

4.Whenwebreatheout,theamountofnitrogen

（

）.

5.Theairinthelungschangesthrough（

）.

问题1选项

A.produceenergyforbreathing

B.diffuseimmediatelyintheblood

C.penetrateslowlyintotheairsacs

D.travelinoppositewaysinthelungs

问题2选项

A.moreoxygenwascontainedinblood

B.morecarbondioxidewascontainedintheblood

C.lesscarbondioxidewascontainedinanairsac

D.lessoxygenwascontainedinanairsac

问题3选项

A.helptheexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxideinthelungs

B.preventtheinhalingofexcessivecarbondioxide

C.keeptheregularcirculationofblood

D.strengthenthefunctionofbreathingmuscles

问题4选项

A.increasesabitbecauseoftheexchangeofair

B.reducesabitbecauseoftheexchangeofair

C.remainsthesameaswebreatheitin

D.keepsthesameasthatneededinlungs

问题5选项

A.inhalingsomeamountofoxygen

B.theevaporationofmoisture

C.exhalingsomeamountofcarbondioxide

D.generatingapassageforevaporation

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出:Sooxygeneasilydiffusesfromtheairsacsthroughthewallsintotheblood,whilecarbondioxideeasilydiffusesfromthebloodthroughthewallsintotheairsacs(所以氧气很容易穿过薄壁，从肺泡扩散到血液，而二氧化碳则很容易穿过薄壁，从血液扩散到肺泡),故选D。

2.细节事实题。题干为:当血液由心脏返回到肺部时…。第二段指出:Sothebloodthatgoesintothewallofanairsaccontainsmuchdissolvedcarbondioxidebutverylittleoxygen(所以进入肺泡的血液含有很多溶解的二氧化碳和很少的氧气),故选B(血液里含有更多二氧化碳)。

3.判断推理题。第三段指出:Breathing,whichiscausedbymovementsofthechest,forcestheusedairoutoftheairsacsinyourlungsandbringsinfreshair(由胸腔运动导致的呼吸将使用过的空气排出肺泡，然后吸入新鲜空气)。故选A(帮助氧气和二氧化碳在肺部交换)。

4.判断推理题。第四段指出:Sotheamountofnitrogendoesnotchangeasairisbreathedinandout(当呼气和吸气时，氮气保持不变)。故选C(吸气时保持不变)。

5.判断推理题。文章最后一句指出:moisturefromtheliningsoftheairpassagesandairsacsevaporatesuntiltheairisalmostsaturated(气道和气泡内壁水分会蒸发，直到空气饱和状态)。故选B(水分蒸发)。

18.单选题

（

）,Imustdoanotherexperiment.

问题1选项

A.Beiteversolate

B.Itiseversolate

C.Itbeeversolate

D.Solateitbeever

【答案】A

【解析】考查状语从句的倒装。根据选项及句意，可推测空格指“尽管很晚了，但我必须再做一个实验”，Beiteversolate是由Thoughit(may)beeversolate而来，省略了though再将be移至主语it之前而来。句意：尽管很晚了，但我必须再做一个实验。

19.单选题

Themanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher（）attitudetowardcustomers.

问题1选项

A.straightforward

B.partial

C.favorable

D.hostile

【答案】D

【解析】形容词词义辨析。straightforward坦率的，明确的；partial偏爱的；favorable喜爱的；hostile敌对的，不友善的。句意：因为女销售员对顾客的态度不友善，经理投去了责备的目光。选项D符合句意。

20.翻译题

Despitetheweb,wewatchmoretelevisionthanever.

Inthechaosoftoday’smediaandtechnologybrawl-iPodvs.Zune,Googlevs.Yahoo,Windowsvs.Linux,Intelvs.AMD-wecandeclareoneunlikelywinner.Standingtallinafieldofnewtechwonders,it’sageezertechnologythatareinventedinthe1920sandcommercializedinthe1940s,andit’sstillmorepowerfulthananythingcreatedsince.

Asyoutrytofigureoutwhereconsumerinfo-techisgoing,andwhatitmeansforsociety,rememberthisbig,centralreality:Peoplejustwantmoretelevision.

Ifyoudoubtit,lookattoday’sbiggestnewsintech.Itcontinuallycentersonnewwaystobringconsumersthethingtheycraveaboveallelse.SonyfloodedtherecentConsumerElectronicsShowwithproductsthatputinternetvideoonyourTVset,asdidalmosteveryotherconsumerelectronicscompany.AtthesimultaneousMacworldExpo,ApplechiefSteveJobsintroducedAppleTV,whichdoesthesamething.VerizonsaiditwillsoonofferliveTVoncellphonescreens.Itwillalsosellfull-lengthprogramsforviewingwheneveryouwant.Putitalltogether,andwehaveachievedanirvanathatdidn’texistevenayearago:unlimitedtelevisionavailable24/7oneveryscreenyouown.

It’snosurprise,ofcourse.

Eversincethebasicfactsofsteadilymultiplyingprocessorpowerandbandwidthbecameapparent,seershaveconfidentlypredictedthisday.Theyjustasconfidentlypredictedwhatitwouldmean:traditionaltelevision’sdemise.OncetheWorldWideWebappearedinthemid-1990s,thefuturelookedveryclear.BoringoldTV,thescheduledprogramsthatcometoyouthroughacoaxialcableorsatellitedishorantenna,wouldfadeaway.

Whichisexactlytheoppositeofwhathashappened.DespitemanyNetAgealternatives,weAmericanstodaywatchmoreboringoldTVthanever,whichissayingsomething.Howcanthatbe?MytheoryistheTwo-LiterCokePrinciple.TheCoca-ColacompanydiscoveredlongagothatifitcouldgetpeopletobringhomebiggerbottlesofCoke,thosepeoplewoulddrinkmorethantheyusedto.JustgettingmoreCokeinfrontofthemincreasedtheirconsumption.ItseemstobethesamewithTV.Putmoreofitinfrontofpeople—over100channelsinmanyhomes—andpeoplewillwatchmore.

Seenfromthisperspective,thelatestannouncementsofnewTV-relatedtechnologylooksimplylikeadditionalwaystoputmoreTVinfrontofAmericanconsumer.ThesupposedthreatfromtheInternetwasthatwe’dcutbackonTVaswespentmoretimeonMySpaceorinSecondLife.WemaywellspendmoretimeonsuchnewNetattractions,butwe’reunlikelytotakethattimeawayfromvideoviewing.We’remorelikelytocutbackonthingsweconsiderlessimportant,likesleep.

NoonehasevaluatedTVbetterthanthegreatNewYorkeressayistE.BWhite,whoin1938wrote,“Weshallstandorfallbytelevision,ofthatIamsure.”W