考研考博-英语-哈尔滨音乐学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨音乐学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Allowchildrenthespacetovoicetheiropinions

_____

theyaredifferentfromyourown.

问题1选项

A.until

B.evenif

C.unless

D.asthough

【答案】B

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项“直到”；B项“尽管”；C项“除非”；D项“似乎”；句意：允许孩子有发言的空间，尽管他们的意见和你自己的有所不同。因此选B。

2.单选题

Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured（

）thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

问题1选项

A.inlinewith

B.intermsof

C.regardlessof

D.bymeansof

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。Inlinewith“符合，与······一致”；intermsof“依据，根据，在······方面”；regardlessof“不顾，不管”；bymeansof“借助于，凭借”。根据句意“一个国家的财富应该依据人民的健康和幸福以及它所生产的商品来衡量”，选项B符合题意。

3.单选题

Havinga(n)（）attitudetowardspeoplewithdifferentideasisanindicationthatonehasbeenwelleducated.

问题1选项

A.analytical

B.bearable

C.elastic

D.tolerant

【答案】D

【解析】形容词词义辨析。analytical“分析的，解析的”；bearable“可忍受的”；elastic“有弹性的”；tolerant“宽容的，容忍的”。句意：一个人如果对持不同观点的人持宽容的态度，说明他受过良好的教育。选项D符合题意。

4.翻译题

从20世纪40年代中期起，人类已经制造出上千种农药，普遍用于农场、花园和森林，以消灭昆虫和杂草。本来它们的最初目的是杀死几种杂草和几种昆虫，但是却造成了现在这样严重的后果：鸟儿不再唱歌，鱼儿不再跳跃，树叶蒙上了一层毒药，土壤中长期存留大量有毒物质。

【答案】Sincethemid-1940s,thousandsofpesticideshavebeencreatedtokillinsectsandweedsonfarms,gardensandforests.Theiroriginalpurposewastokillafewweedsandafewinsects,buttheresultisnowsoseriousthatbirdsnolongersing,fishnolongerjump,theleavesarecoatedwithpoison,andthesoilispermanentlyrichintoxicsubstances.

5.单选题

______thatasbothbirdsandmammalsbecomelarger,theirmetabolicratesperunitoftissuedecrease,andtheygenerallylivelonger.

问题1选项

A.Thetruth

B.Itistrue

C.Iftrue

D.Tobetrue

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句型。句意：的确，随着鸟类和哺乳动物的体型变大，它们每单位组织的代谢率会下降，它们通常会活得更长。Itis/was+adj.+that是强调句型，It作形式主语，真正主语是that后面的内容，B选项Itistrue符合题意。因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

Itwasthetrainingthathehadasayoungman（

）madehimsuchagreatlawyer.

问题1选项

A.that

B.has

C.what

D.later

【答案】A

【解析】句意:正是他年轻时接受的训练使他成为了一位伟大的律师。

语法题。考查强调句。强调句型为:Itis/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who(强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分。题干强调主语thetraining,所以连接词应该用that。

7.翻译题

今天，阿拉木图（Alma-Ata）宣言的目标比起25年前反而离实现更为遥远了。深刻的经济不平等和社会不公正继续拒绝给许多人提供良好的健康，继续扮演全球持续性健康受益的障碍。全世界的国家间及国家内部在健康成就的步伐上和等级上仍有巨大的差异。一个可能的解释是开始于20世纪80年代作为世界银行结构性调整计划一部分的健康部门的改革还没有显示出改进不平等的结果；在某些情况下，它们反而让这些不平等更为严重了。

现在我们面临健康研究中的四大挑战：道德价值、公平和美德、可持续的健康研究体系、良好的研究环境及知识的产出和应用。为了应对挑战，保健体系和健康研究体系两者应向一个学习的和解决问题的模式推进，把创新包括在运作之中，更好地掌握未来发展的机遇。没有效果明显的锦囊妙计，没有简单的解决方法，只是有许多事情要去学习。

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】Today,thegoalsofAlma-AtaDeclarationseemevenmoredistantthantheywereaquarterofacenturyago.Deepeconomicinequalitiesandsocialinjusticescontinuetodenygoodhealthtomanyandpersistasobstaclestocontinuedhealthgainsworldwide.Thereisalsogreatvariationinthepaceandlevelofhealthachievementsbothbetweenandwithincountriesaroundtheworld.Onepossibleexplanationisthathealthsectorreformsthatbeganinthelate1980saspartofthestructuraladjustmentprogrammeoftheWorldBankhavenotbeenconclusivelyshowntoimproveinequities;insomecasestheymayhaveworsenedthem.

Nowwearefacedwithfourkeychallengesforhealthresearch:valuesofethics,equityandexcellence,sustainablehealthresearchsystems,favorableresearchenvironment,andknowledgeproductionandapplication.Torisetothechallenge,healthsystemsandhealthresearchsystemstogethershouldmoveintoalearningandproblemsolvingmode,integrateinnovationintotheiroperationsandbettermanageopportunitiesforfuturegrowthanddevelopment.Therearenoquickfixes,nosimplesolutionsandmuchremainstobelearnt.

8.单选题

Nonviolentdemonstrationsoftencreatesuchtensionsthatacommunitythathasconstantlyrefusedto（

）itsinjusticesisforcedtocorrectthem:theinjusticescannolongerbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.acknowledge...ignored

B.decrease...verified

C.tolerate...accepted

D.address...reassess

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项acknowledge“承认，承认…性，告知”；ignore“忽略，忽视”；B选项decrease“减少，减低”；verify“证明，证实，核实”；C选项tolerate“忍受，容忍，承认，尊重”；accept“接受”；D选项address“对付，处理，解决”；eliminate“消除，排除”。句意‘非暴力游行示威常常会造成很大程度上的紧张状态，以至于任何一个自始至终不愿承认其不公平的社会的人就会被迫纠正它们，这些不公平己经到了再也不容忽视的地步了。’A选项正确

9.单选题

Nobodywouldexpectacitywatersystemdesignedfor1mresidentstobeabletohandlea1,000-foldincreaseinpopulationinjustafewyears.Yetthatiswhattheinternet’sfundamentaladdressingschemehashadtoaccommodate.WhenthenetworkwasfirstestablishedtherewereonlyahandfulofcomputercentresinAmerica.Insteadofchoosinganumberingsystemthatcouldsupportafewthousandormillionaddresses,theinternet’sdesignersforesightedlyoptedforonethatcouldhandle4billion.Butnoweventhatisnotenough.

Theaddressingsystem,calledinternetprotocolversion4(IPv4),cannotkeepupwiththefloodofcomputers,mobilephones,hand-heldgadgets,gamesconsolesandevencarsandrefrigeratorsfloodingontothenetwork.Nearly85%ofavailableaddressesarealreadyinuse;ifthistrendcontinuestheywillrunoutby2011,theOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,athink-tankforrichcountries,warnedinMay.

Theshortageisnottheonlyproblem;sotooisgrowingcomplexity.IPv4addressesareallocatedinblockstonetworkoperators.Thepathtoreacheachnetworkispublishedonagloballistthatisconstantlyupdated.Bigcomputers,calledrouters,usetheseentriestoguidetheflowoftrafficacrosstheinternet.Butasmoredevicesandnetworkslinktotheinternet,itbecomesnecessarytosubdividetheaddressblocksintoever-smallerunits.Thisrisksovertaxingthemillionsofroutersthathandletheinternet’straffic,whichmustberegularlyupgradedtokeepup.WeretherenoalternativetoIPv4,partsoftheinternetwouldeventuallysufferfromsporadicoutages.

Fortunatelyanewsystemdoesexist,calledinternetprotocolversion6,whichprovides3.4X1038addresses.ThismeansIPv6addressescanbeallocatedtonetworkoperatorsandcompaniesinmuchlargerquantities.Italsoprovidesacleanslateforestablishingnewpathsovertheinternet,reducingcomplexity.Butswitchingmeansupgradingmillionsofdevices.

Infact,supportforIPv6isalreadywidelyavailableinsoftwareandhardware,butithasnotbeenusedmuch.OnlyafewresearchinstitutionsandtheAmericangovernmenttooktheIPv6plungeearlyon.(InAmericaallfederalagenciesmustbecapableofusingIPv6byJune30th2008,byexecutiveorder.)

Butinrecentmonthsthepaceofchangehaspickedup.InFebruaryMrVixie,anetworkengineer,flippedaswitchthatmeansdomainnamescannowmapontoIPv6addresses.Thismayheraldmorewidespreadadoptionofthenewprotocol,sinceitmeansthatanyorganisationcanuseIPv6addresseswithitsdomainnames,anduserscanaccessthemwithoutspecialrigging.

1.Fromthefirstparagraphwemayinferthatthedesignoftheinternet’sfundamentaladdressingschemeis（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theaddressingsystemIPv4（）.

3.Thepotentialproblemwithinternetprotocolversion4todayisthat（）.

4.ItisimpliedthatIPv6addresses（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingmayserveasthebesttitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.over-populated

B.verypopular

C.outofdate

D.ratherirrational

问题2选项

A.willrunoutby2011

B.cannotkeepupwithsomuchinformation

C.isover-loadedwithtoomanyfunctions

D.isdamagedbyathink-tankforrichcountries

问题3选项

A.nearly85%ofavailableaddressesarealreadyinuse

B.carsandrefrigeratorsarefloodingontothenetwork

C.itisgrowingintoakindofcomplexity

D.thereisashortageofavailableaddressesinthenearfuture

问题4选项

A.arenotverypopularforsometechnicalreasons

B.areproducedinmuchlargerquantities

C.areupgradingmillionsofdevices

D.canbeanalternativetoIPv4

问题5选项

A.Theinternet’sfundamentaladdressingscheme

B.Theprincipleofinternetprotocolversion4(IPv4)

C.Thepotentialproblemwiththeexistingaddressingsystem

D.Analternativeinternetprotocoltodealwithaddressshortage

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据原文第一段的首句“Nobodywouldexpectacitywatersystemdesignedfor1mresidentstobeabletohandlea1,000-foldincreaseinpopulationinjustafewyears.没有人会想到，一个为100万居民设计的城市供水系统，能够在短短几年内应对人口增长1000倍的情况。”以及最后两句“Insteadofchoosinganumberingsystemthatcouldsupportafewthousandormillionaddresses,theinternet’sdesignersforesightedlyoptedforonethatcouldhandle4billion.Butnoweventhatisnotenough.互联网的设计者深谋远虑地选择了能够处理40亿个地址的编号系统，而不是能够支持几千或几百万个地址的编号系统。但现在，即使这样也还不够。”由此可知，这个设计是不合理的，因为没有考虑到人口暴增的问题，所以选项D正确。

2.判断推理题。根据第二段的第一句“Theaddressingsystem,calledinternetprotocolversion4(IPv4),cannotkeepupwiththefloodofcomputers,mobilephones,hand-heldgadgets,gamesconsolesandevencarsandrefrigeratorsfloodingontothenetwork.这个被称为互联网协议4(IPv4)的寻址系统无法跟上涌入网络的电脑、手机、手持设备、游戏机，甚至是汽车和冰箱。”由此可知，IPv4寻址系统跟不上如此多的信息，所以选项B符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段首句“Theshortageisnottheonlyproblem;sotooisgrowingcomplexity.短缺并不是唯一的问题；复杂性也在不断增加。”由此可知，IPv4潜在的问题是不断增加的复杂性，选项C符合原文。

4.词义推断题。根据第三段的最后一句以及第四段的首句“WeretherenoalternativetoIPv4,partsoftheinternetwouldeventuallysufferfromsporadicoutages.Fortunatelyanewsystemdoesexist,calledinternetprotocolversion6,…如果没有IPv4的替代方案，部分互联网最终将遭遇不定时的中断。幸运的是，一种新的系统已经存在，叫作IPv6……”接着后面提到IPv6弥补了IPv4的不足，由此可推断，IPv6可以作为IPv4的替代品，所以选项D正确。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，文章前半部分首先提出了IPv4所出现的问题，接着后面讲到了解决这些问题的替换方案，也就是IPv6，所以选项D作为标题更恰当。

10.单选题

Thisnew-typemachine（）littleroom.

问题1选项

A.takesup

B.istakenup

C.hasbeentakenup

D.istakingup

【答案】A

【解析】句意:这种新机器占很少的空间。

语法题。考查时态语态。Takeup表示“占据”，此处指新式机器的优点，是对一般事实的描述，因此，动词使用一般现在时。

11.翻译题

我家后屋有一棵高大的白杨树，上面曾经有一个大大的鸟巢。在无数个从外地归来的日子里，远远地看见我家后面树上的鸟巢，心中立即就升腾起亲切温暖的感觉。我也曾经指点着那个鸟巢给我没过门的妻子说：“看见了吗？那下面就是我们的家。”

后来鸟巢渐渐少了。

村里没有了树木，也就没有了鸟巢。村西北角二里路的地方有一个鸟巢，成为我们村土地上唯一的一个鸟巢。其实，鸟巢实在是鸟儿们给人类的一种恩赐(aspecialreward)，是鸟儿们赏赐给人类保护自然、保护环境的勋章，是鸟儿们戴在人类头上的光荣的桂冠(alaureate)。鸟儿越多，你的功劳越大，光荣也越多。没有鸟巢的村庄不能算村庄，要算也只能算是耻辱(shame)的村庄。

所幸的是在我们村庄周围，鸟巢又一个接一个地建起来了。

【答案】Thenthenestsbecamefewerandfewer.

Whentherearenotreesinthevillage,thereisnonest.Villagenorthwestcornertwomilesoftheplacehasabird’snest,becomeourvillagelandonlyabird’snest.Infact,thebird’snestisreallyaspecialreward.Itisamedalforprotectingnatureandtheenvironment,andalaureatethatbirdswearonabucketofrice.Themorebirdsyouhave,themorecreditandgloryyouhave.Avillagewithoutabird’snestisnotavillage,butavillageofshame.

Fortunately,nestshavebeenbuiltoneafteranotheraroundourvillage.

12.单选题

Shesaysmorethanone______dismissedfromthiscompany.

问题1选项

A.havebeen

B.shouldbe

C.hasbeen

D.hadbeen

【答案】B

【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。句意：她说这家公司应该解雇的不止一个人。morethanone表示复数意义，但是使用单数形式，A选项havebeen错误。现在完成时是过去的动作或状态持续到现在，对现在造成的影响，可能持续发生下去，这里没有强调对现在造成影响，C选项hasbeen错误。过去完成时表示过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件，这里也不是过去完成时，D选项hadbeen错误。B选项shouldbe在这里表示猜测，是一般现在时，符合题意。因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Idon’tmind______thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.

问题1选项

A.yourdelayingtomake

B.youdelaytomake

C.youtodelaymaking

D.yourdelayingmaking

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。句意：只要不是太晚，我不介意你推迟做决定。minddoingsth.“介意做某事”，delaydoingsth.“推迟做某事”，mind和delay后跟动名词做宾语，D选项yourdelayingmaking符合题意。其余选项用法错误。因此D选项正确。

14.单选题

Beforetheconstructionoftheroad,itwasprohibitivelyexpensivetotransportanyfursorfruitsacrossthemountains.

问题1选项

A.determinedly

B.incredibly

C.amazingly

D.forbiddingly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。prohibitively在句中是“禁止地”，prohibitivelyexpensive的意思是极其昂贵。A选项determinedly“坚定地，坚决地”；B选项incredibly“端地；令人难以置信地”；C选项amazingly“惊人地，令人惊讶地”；D选项forbiddingly“禁止地”。句意：在修路之前，把毛皮和水果运过山是非常昂贵的。根据选项词义，只有D项符合。

15.单选题

Passage2Notalllanguageisverbal.Someofourcommunicationoccurswithoutwords.Weoftenuseourentirebodiesforcommunication.Wemayraiseoureyebrowstoindicatesurprise.Perhapswenodourheadstoshowthatweagreewithsomething.Therearehundredsofnonverbalsignalsthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.Thesesignalsarepartoflanguage,andtheyaregovernedbyrulesinthesamewaythatourspokenlanguageis.Forthisreason,peoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesoftenusedifferentnonverbalsignalsaswell.

Inadditiontoverbalcommunicationandthetypeofnonverbalcommunicationdiscussedabove,thereareothermessagesystemsthatweusetocommunicate.Whenwespeaktosomepeople,wemaystandveryclosetothemwhilewemaystandfarawayfromotherpeople.Useofspace,then,isawaywecancommunicatetherelationshipwefeelwithanotherperson.Thewaywedresscanalsocommunicateforus.ThepersonwhowearsdirtyjeansandaT-shirtcommunicatesadifferentattitudefromapersonwhowearsneattrousersandanattractiveshirt.

Wecanevenusetimetocommunicate.Thepersonwhoisontimeforanappointmentshowsadifferentattitudefromthepersonwhoisanhourlate.Canyouthinkofothermessagesystemsthatweuse?

26.Language,accordingtothepassage,isactually______.

27.Nonverbalsignals______.

28.WhatdoestheauthortellusabouttheT-shirt?

29.Peoplewhodonotspeakthesamelanguage______.

30.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaformofnonverbalcommunication?

问题1选项

A.verbalonly

B.verbalandnonverbalaswell

C.totallynonverbal

D.verbalcommunicationratherthannonverbalsignals

问题2选项

A.havefewrules

B.arelessusefulthanspeech

C.areoftenusedincommunication

D.areentirelyseparatefromlanguage

问题3选项

A.Itisakindofinformalclothing.

B.Itisacceptedonformaloccasions.

C.Itispopularoncampusonly.

D.Itisadmiredbyeducatedpeople.

问题4选项

A.havenononverbalsignalsincommon

B.cannotunderstandanynonverbalsignals

C.havedifferentnonverbalsignals

D.usethesamenonverbalsignalsinanycase

问题5选项

A.Thoughts.

B.Time.

C.Appearance.

D.Space.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】26.【选项释义】

26.Language,accordingtothepassage,isactually______.26.根据这篇文章，语言实际上______。

A.verbalonlyA.只是言语的

B.verbalandnonverbalaswellB.是言语的和非言语的

C.totallynonverbalC.是完全非言语的

D.verbalcommunicationratherthannonverbalsignalsD.是口头交流而不是非言语信号

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第一段前三句内容“并不是所有的语言都是口头的。我们的有些交流是不需要言语的。我们经常用整个身体来交流。”可知，语言包括口头语言和肢体上的语言，所以语言实际上是言语的和非言语的，故该题选择B项“是言语的和非言语的”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“只是言语的”，并不是所有的语言都是口头的，该项属于反向干扰；

C项“是完全非言语的”，语言包括言语和非言语，该项属于反向干扰；

D项“是口头交流而不是非言语信号”，根据第一段倒数第二句“这些信号是语言的一部分，它们和我们的口语一样受到了规则的支配”可知，非言语信号也是语言，该项属于反向干扰。

27.【选项释义】

27.Nonverbalsignals______.27.非言语信号______。

A.havefewrulesA.没有什么规则

B.arelessusefulthanspeechB.不如言语有用

C.areoftenusedincommunicationC.经常用于交流

D.areentirelyseparatefromlanguageD.完全独立于语言

【答案】C

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第三句“我们经常用整个身体来交流”可知，身体交流属于非言语信号，也就是说非言语信号经常用于交流，该题选择C项“经常用于交流”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“没有什么规则”根据第一段倒数第二句“这些信号是语言的一部分，它们和我们的口语一样受到了规则的支配”可知，非言语信号也受到了规则的支配，该项属于反向干扰；

B项“不如言语有用”，文中没有提到非言语信号不如言语有用，并且第一段第二句指出“我们的一些交流是不需要言语的”，所以该项属于反向干扰；

D项“完全独立于语言”文中没有提到，该项属于无中生有。

28.【选项释义】

28.WhatdoestheauthortellusabouttheT-shirt?28.关于T恤，作者告诉了我们什么？

A.Itisakindofinformalclothing.A.这是一种非正式的服装。

B.Itisacceptedonformaloccasions.B.在正式场合是可以接受的。

C.Itispopularoncampusonly.C.它只在校园里流行。

D.Itisadmiredbyeducatedpeople.D.它受到受过教育的人的赞赏。

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段最后一句“穿脏的牛仔裤和T恤的人与穿整洁的裤子和漂亮的衬衫的人传达的是不同的态度”可知，穿脏牛仔裤和T恤与穿整洁的裤子和漂亮的衬衫的人传达了不同的态度，那么可推断，穿T恤是一种非正式的服装，而穿整洁的裤子和漂亮的衬衫则是正式服装，该题选择A项“这是一种非正式的服装”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B项“在正式场合是可以接受的”与原文相反，该项属于反向干扰；

C项“它只在校园里流行”和D项“它受到受过教育的人的赞赏”文中没有提到，这两项属于无中生有。

29.【选项释义】

29.Peoplewhodonotspeakthesamelanguage______.29.说不同语言的人______。

A.havenononverbalsignalsincommonA.没有共同的非言语信号

B.cannotunderstandanynonverbalsignalsB.不能理解任何非言语信号

C.havedifferentnonverbalsignalsC.有不同的非言语信号

D.usethesamenonverbalsignalsinanycaseD.在任何情况下都要使用相同的非言语信号

【答案】C

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段最后一句“说不同语言的人也经常使用不同的非言语信号”可知，说不同语言的人有不同的非言语信号，该题选择C项“有不同的非言语信号”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A项“没有共同的非言语信号”、B项“不能理解任何非言语信号”和D项“在任何情况下都要使用相同的非言语信号”文中没有提及，这三项属于无中生有。

30.【选项释义】

30.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaformofnonverbalcommunication?30.下列哪一项没有被提到作为一种非言语交际的形式？

A.Thoughts.A.思想。

B.Time.B.时间。

C.Appearance.C.外表。

D.Space.D.空间。

【答案】A

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据第二段倒数第二三句“因此，利用空间是我们与他人沟通感情的一种方式。我们的穿着方式也可以为我们传达信息。”，以及第三段第一句“我们甚至可以用时间来交流”可知，空间、穿着和时间都是非言语交际的形式，只有思想没有提到，故该题选择A项“思想”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】B项“时间”、C项“外表”和D项“外表”都是非言语交际的形式，这三项属于反向干扰。

16.案例题

Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromworktocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthisdidn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.

TheUnitedStatesdoeshaveoneexplicitfamilypolicy,theFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct,passedin1993.Itentitlesworkerstoasmuchas12weeks'unpaidleaveforcareofanewbornordealingwithafamilymedicalproblem.Despitethemodestyofthebenefit,theChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtitbitterly,describingitas"government-runpersonnelmanagement"anda"dangerousprecedent".Infact,everystepoftheway,as(usually)Democraticleadershavetriedtointroducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.

AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.InherbookNoExit:WhatParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,shearguesthatparentsareburdenedinmanywaysintheirlives:thereis"noexit"whenitcomestochildren."Societyexpects—andneeds—parentstoprovidetheirchildrenwithcontinuityofcare,meaningtheintensive,intimatecarethathumanbeingsneedtodeveloptheirintellectual,emotionalandmoralcapabilities.Andsocietyexpects—andneeds—parentstopersistintheirrolesfor18years,orlongerifneeded."

Whilemostparentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.Whatparentsdo,inotherwords,isofdeepconcerntothestate,fortheobviousreasonthatcaringforchildrenisnotonlymorallyurgentbutessentialforthefutureofsociety.Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'welfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccrue（不断积累）tothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow'sproductivecitizenry（公民）.Infact,bysomeestimates,thevalueofparentalinvestmentsinchildren,investmentsoftimeandmoney(includinglostwages),isequalto20-30%ofgrossdomesticproduct.Iftheseinvestmentsgeneratehugesocialbenefits—astheyclearlydo—thebenefitsofprovidingmoresocialsupportforthefamilyshouldbethatmuchclearer.

1.Whatdowelearnaboutpaidfamilyleavefromthefirstparagraph?

A.Americaisnowtheonlydevelopedcountrywithoutthepolicy.

B.IthasnowbecomeahottopicintheUnitedStates.

C.ItcameasasurprisewhenAustraliaadoptedthepolicy.

D.ItsmeaningwasclarifiedwhenitwasestablishedinAustralia.

2.Whathaspreventedthepassingofwork-familybalancelawsintheUnitedStates?

A.TheincompetenceoftheDemocrats.

B.TheexistingFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct.

C.ThelackofaprecedentinAmericanhistory.

D.Theoppositionfrombusinesscircles.

3.WhatisProfessorAnneAlstott'sargumentforparentalsupport?

A.ThecostofraisingchildrenintheU.S.hasbeengrowing.

B.Goodparentingbenefitssociety.

C.TheU.S.shouldkeepupwithotherdevelopedcountries.

D.Childrenneedcontinuouscare.

4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAmerica'slargebodyoffamilylawsgoverningchildren'swelfare?

A.Theyfailtoensurechildren'shealthygrowth.

B.Thefailtoprovideenoughsupportforparents.

C.Theyemphasizeparents'legalresponsibilities.

D.Theyimposethecareofchildrenonparents.

5.Whydoestheauthorobjecttoclassifyingparentingasapersonalchoice?

A.Itisregardedasalegalobligation.

B.Itrelieslargelyonsocialsupport.

C.Itgenerateshugesocialbenefits.

D.Itisbasicallyasocialundertaking.

【答案】1.A

2.D

3.B

4.B

5.D

【解析】1.根据第一段的内容可知，在发达国家中，只有两个国家不提供带薪照顾新生儿的假期保障。去年澳大利亚也建立了带薪探亲假，而在美国却还是没有这项政策。所以根据第一段的最后一句“Iwasn'tsurprised...we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.”可知，选项A符合原文。

2.

根据关键词“work-family”定位到第二段的最后一句“Infact,everystep...businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.”选项D正确。

3.

根据第三段的第一句“justifyingparentalsupport...mustpayfor.”选项B与原文描述相符。

4.

根据第四段“Thestaterecognizes...parentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.”选项B与原文描述相符，正确。

5.

根据第四段的内容“Toclassifyductivecitizenry.”将养育子女归为一种个人选择，没有集体责任，这不仅仅是忽视良好养育的社会效益，实际上是在窃取这些福利。选项D这实际上是一个社会事业符合原文。

17.单选题

ATIMEcolumnistbearswitnesstoanoperationtohelptripletswithcerebralpalsywalklikeotherboys.

CindyHickmannearlybledtodeaththedayshegavebirth—threemonthsprematurely—tohertripletsons.Weighinglessthan2lbseach,herbabieswerealive，butbarely.TheyclungsotenuouslytolifethatherdoctorsrecommendedshenamethemA,BandC.Then,afterayearofheroicinterventions—brainshunts，tracheotomies,skullremodeling—oftenrequiringemergencyhelicopterridestothehospitalnearesttheirruralTennesseehome,theHickmanlearnedthattheirtripletshadcerebralpalsy.

Fifteenyearsagotherewasn’tmuchthatcouldbedoneaboutcerebralpalsy，adisordercausedbydamagetothemotorcentersofthebrain.Butpediatricmedicinehascomealongwaysincethen,bothininterventionbeforebirth,withbetterprenatalcareandvarioustechniquestopostponedelivery，andsurgicalinterventionsafterbirthtocorrectphysicaldeficiencies.Soalthoughtheincidenceofcerebralpalsyseemstobeincreasing(becausetheoddsofpreemiessurvivingaresomuchbetter),sotooarethenumberofsuccessstories.

Thisisoneofthem.Lane,CodieandWyatt(astheHickmanboysarecalled)havespasticcerebralpalsy,themostcommonform,accountingfornearly80%o£cases.“Wefirstnoticedthattheyweren’twalkingwhentheyshould，”Cindyrecalls.“Insteadtheywereonlydoingthecombatcrawl.”Theirbrainsseemedtobedevelopingageappropriately,buttheirmuscleswereunnaturallystiff，makingwalkingdifficultifnotimpossible.

Happily,spasticcerebralpalsyisalsothemosttreatableformofCP,largelythankstoaprocedureknownasselectivedorsalrhizotomy,inwhichthenerverootsthatarecausingtheproblemareisolatedandsevered.AmongthefirsttochampionSDRintheU.S.inthelate1980swasDr.T.S.Park,aKorean-bornpediatricneurosurgeonatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,Mo.,whohasperformedmorethan800oftheseoperationsandhopestodoanadditional1,000beforeheretires.

Havingperformedtheoperationmyselfasaresidentinneurosurgery,Iwaseagertoseehowthecountry’smostprolificSDRsurgeondoesit.LastmonthIgotanopportunitytostandbyhissideasheoperatedon3-year-oldLaneHickman.

Peeringthroughamicroscopeandguidedbyanelectricprobe,wewereabletodistinguishbetweenthetwogroupsofnerverootsleavingthespinalcord.Theventralrootssendinformationtothemuscle;thedorsalrootssendinformationbacktothespinalcord.Thedorsalrootscausespasticity,andifjusttherightonesaresevered，thesymptomscanbegreatlyreduced.

NearlyhalfamillionAmericanssufferfromcerebralpalsy.NotallarecandidatesforSDR,butParkestimatesthatasmanyashalfmaybe.Hegetsthebestresultswithchildrenbetweenages2and6whowerebornprematurelyandhavestiffnessonlyintheirlegs.Heisknownforperformingtheoperationveryhighupinthespine，rightwherethenerverootsexitthespinalcord.It’sriskierthatway,buttherecoveryisfaster,andinPark’sskilledhands,thesuccessrateishigher.

CindyandJeremyHickmanwilltestifytothat.Justafewweeksaftertheprocedure，twooftheirsonsarewalkingalmostnormallyandthethirdisrapidlyimproving.

1.Whenthetripletswereborn,_______.

2.Cerebralpalsyis____.

3.Therearemoreandmorecasesofcerebralpalsy_______.

4.Dr.T.S.Park____.

5.SDRisaprocedureof____.

问题1选项

A.boththetripletsandtheirmothernearlydied

B.theydidn’thavecerebralpalsy

C.doctorsdidn’tbelievetheyweregoingtosurvive

D.theyreceivedmedicalinterventionlikebrainshunts

问题2选项

A.deadlydisease

B.akindofbraindisorder

C.nottreatableforchildrenwhoareover6andhavestiffnessintheirlegs

D.tobecuredbyisolatingandcuttingofftherightnerveroots

问题3选项

A.becausetherearemoreandmoretriplets

B.becausemoreandmorebabiesprematurelybornareabletosurvive

C.sotherearemorecasesofsuccessfultreatment

D.sotherearemorecandidatesforSDR

问题4选项

A.isasuccessfulpioneerinadoptingSDRoperationsinCPtreatment

B.isfamousbecauseofhissuccesswiththetripletswhoareverydifficultcases

C.isambitiousbyhopingtodoanother1，000SDRoperations

D.isnotcautiousenoughbytakingriskstoperformtheoperationveryhighupthespine

问题5选项

A.prenatalinterventionusingdeliverypostponingtechniques

B.surgicalinterventionafterbirthtoreducespasticsymptoms

C.isolatingandseveringeitherofthetwogroupsofnerverootsleavingthespinalcord

D.greatriskandhighefficiency

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Then,afterayearofheroicinterventions—brainshunts，tracheotomies,skullremodeling…theHickmanlearnedthattheirtripletshadcerebralpalsy.”，可知三胞胎出生后，他们接受了一系列的医疗干预，比如大脑分流术、气管切开术等等，最终得知三胞胎患有脑瘫。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句，“…cerebralpalsy，adisordercausedbydamagetothemotorcentersofthebrain.”，逗号后面是对脑瘫这个名词的解释。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句，“Soalthoughtheincidenceofcerebralpalsyseemstobeincreasing(becausetheoddsofpreemiessurvivingaresomuchbetter),sotooarethenumberofsuccessstories.”，括号中由because引导的原因状语从句就是对上一句的原因解释，可知脑瘫的发病率似乎在增加的原因是早产儿存活的几率高。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句,“AmongthefirsttochampionSDRintheU.S.…whohasperformedmorethan800oftheseoperationsand