考研考博-英语-哈尔滨信息工程学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨信息工程学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thestreetperformerwassobadwehadto（）him,butdidwehavetothrowtherottentomatoesathishead?

问题1选项

A.jeer

B.dissolve

C.adjourn

D.guarantee

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项jeer“嘲笑；戏弄”；B选项dissolve“使溶解；使分解；使液化”；C选项adjourn“推迟；使……中止”；D选项guarantee“保证；担保”。句意：街头艺人的表演是如此糟糕，所以我们不得不嘲笑他，但是我们不得不向他的头扔腐烂的西红柿吗？结合句意，A选项正确。

2.单选题

Anobviouschangeofattitudeatthetoptowardswomen’sstatusinsocietywill（

）throughthecurrentlawsysteminJapan.

问题1选项

A.permeate

B.probe

C.violate

D.grope

【答案】A

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。permeate“渗透”；probe“探索”；violate“违反”；grope“摸索，探索”。句意：上层社会对女性在社会中地位的态度发生了明显的变化，这种变化对日本现行的法律体系产生了影响。选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

问题1选项

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项stable“稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的”；B选项rational“合理的；理性的”；C选项legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D选项credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情况下，人们在暴怒状态下很少会做出___行为。本句表达“很少有人在暴怒时能做出理性的行为”，因此B选项正确。

4.单选题

Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudies.

Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theirconcernisonlythattheirquestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.

Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach7theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,AfricanAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto（

）.

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?

3.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S?

问题1选项

A.beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasures

B.viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspective

C.guardagainstinterferencefromtheirownculture

D.acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture

问题2选项

A.Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues

B.Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.

C.Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.

D.Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.

问题3选项

A.culturallyinteractive

B.culture-oriented

C.culturallybiased

D.culture-specific

问题4选项

A.Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.

B.Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.

C.Theydon'tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.

D.TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由第一段“Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族群体的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”可知研究者在研究陌生文化时有从自己的文化出发的倾向。答案B

第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.在主位研究法中，目标是用描述一种对某一种文化或民族有意义并且重要的行为，而不考虑其他文化或民族。在客位研究方法中，目标是描述一些适用于不同文化的行为。”可知这两种研究的重心不同。答案A

第3题:推理判断题。通过上题以及对第二段和第三段的理解可知，emicapproach主位研究法偏向于研究某一个群体的文化；eticapproach客位研究法研究不同文化的共同之处。答案D

第4题:细节事实题。由第三段倒数第二句“Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.在研究少数民族家庭时，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭中的大家庭更具有支撑地位。”可推知少数民族家庭比白人家庭有更亲密的亲情关系。答案D

5.单选题

Ininternationalbankingtoday,abankmusthaveadeep（

）intointernationalfinancialmarkets.

问题1选项

A.idea

B.understanding

C.knowledge

D.insight

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在当今的国际银行业，一个银行必须对国际金融市场有深入的洞察。idea“观点；主意”；understanding“理解”；knowledge“知识”；insight“洞察力”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。

6.单选题

Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtleshavestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlingsdowntothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.

ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.

Theobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.

Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness"(Line1，Para.2)?

3.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?

4.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto（）.

问题1选项

A.humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive

B.effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout

C.governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles,extinction

D.marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction

问题2选项

A.Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.

B.Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.

C.Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.

D.Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.

问题3选项

A.Theirinadequatefoodsupply.

B.Unregulatedcommercialfishing.

C.Theirlowerreproductionability.

D.Contaminationofseawater.

问题4选项

A.Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.

B.Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.

C.Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.

D.Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.

问题5选项

A.persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles

B.stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected

C.callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival

D.warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻译为：一堵令人生畏的官僚主义墙已经竖起来保护它们在大西洋海岸线上的主要筑巢地。B选项“已经做出保护海龟免于灭绝的努力”符合题意。

2.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第二段“…areportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles...”，中文翻译为：一份由鱼类与野生生物服务局提供的报道显示，几种北大西洋海龟的数量出现了令人担忧的下降。以及参考第一段“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻译为：一堵令人生畏的官僚主义墙已经竖起来保护它们在大西洋海岸线上的主要筑巢地。因此，D项正确，译为“尽管人类的保护，但是海龟的数量已减少”。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文第三段“Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.”，中文翻译为：拖网渔船（其拖着巨大的网穿过海域和海底的）和多钩长线渔船（其能在延伸数英里的钓线上布置数以千计的钩子）让海龟遭受重创。可以推测出B选项正确，译为“未受管理的商业捕鱼”。

4.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词globalwarming可以定位到原文最后一段中“Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.”，中文翻译为：海龟产卵的狭窄带状海滩地带，一方面正被发展所挤压，在另一方面受到海洋变暖所带来的海平面不断上升的威胁。可以得知A选项正确。

5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句话“Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.”，中文翻译为：最后，我们必须也着手处理这些事情，否则一种比恐龙活得长的动物将会在人类的手中走向灭亡，从而让我们的后代去想知道如此丑陋的生物如何得到如此多的关爱。可以推测出C选项“呼吁采取有效的措施来确保海龟的生存”正确。

7.不定项选择题

Desertificationisthedegradationofonce-productivelandintounproductiveorpoorlyproductiveland.Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.Althoughdroughtdoesmakelandmorevulnerable,well-managedlandcansurvivedroughtsandrecover,eveninaridregions.Anothermistakenbeliefisthattheprocessoccursonlyalongtheedgesofdeserts.Infact,itmaytakeplaceinanyaridorsemiaridregion,especiallywherepoorlandmanagementispracticed.Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.

[A]Agricultureandovergrazingarethetwomajorsourcesofdesertification.[B]Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.[C]Grazingisespeciallydestructivetolandbecause,inadditiontodepletingcovervegetation,herdsofgrazingmammalsalsotramplethefineorganicparticlesofthetopsoil,leadingtosoilcompactionanderosion.[D]Ittakesabout500yearsfortheearthtobuildup3centimetersoftopsoil.However,cattleranchingandagriculturecandepleteasmuchas2to3centimetersoftopsoilevery25years—60to80timesfasterthanitcanbereplacedbynature.

Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.Thisusuallyoccursasaresultofimproperirrigationpractices.ThegreatMesopotamianempires—Sumer,AkkadandBabylon—werebuiltonthesurplusoftheenormouslyproductivesoiloftheancientTigris-Euphratesalluvialplain.Afternearlyathousandyearsofintensivecultivation,landqualitywasinevidentdecline.Inresponse,around2800BCtheSumeriansbegandiggingthehugeTigris-Euphratescanalsystemtoirrigatetheexhaustedsoil.Atemporarygainincropyieldwasachievedinthisway,butover-irrigationwastohaveseriousandunforeseenconsequences.Fromasearlyas2400BCwefindSumeriandocumentsreferringtosalinizationasasoilproblemisbelievedthatthefalloftheAkkadianEmpirearound2150BCmayhavebeenduetoacatastrophicfailureinlandproductivity;thesoilwasliterallyturnedintosalt.Eventoday,fourthousandyearslater,vasttractsofsalinizedlandbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversstillresemblerock-hardfieldsofsnow.

Soilerosionisanotherformofdesertification.Itisaself-reinforcingprocess;oncethecycleofdegradationbegins,conditionsaresetforcontinualdeterioration.Asthevegetativecoverbeginstodisappear,soilbecomesmorevulnerabletoraindropimpact.Waterrunsoffinsteadofsoakingintoprovidemoistureforplants.Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.Assoilqualitydeclinesandrunoffisincreased,floodsbecomemorefrequentandmoresevere.Floodingwashesawaytopsoil,thethin,rich,uppermostlayeroftheearth’ssoil,andleavesfinerunderlyingparticlesmorevulnerabletowinderosion.Topsoilcontainstheearth'sgreatestconcentrationoforganicmatterandmicroorganisms,andiswheremostoftheearth'sland-basedbiologicalactivityoccurs.Withoutthisfragilecoatofnutrient-ladenmaterial,plantlifecannotexist.AnextremecaseofitserosionisfoundintheSahel,atransitionalzonebetweentheSaharaDesertandthetropicalAfricanrainforests;hometosome56millionpeople.Overpopulationandovergrazinghaveopenedthehyper-aridlandtowinderosion,whichisstrippingawaytheprotectivemarginoftheSahel,andcausingthedeserttogrowatanalarmingrate.Between1950and1975,theSaharaDesertspread100kilometerssouthwardthroughtheSahel.

One-thirdoftheearth’slandareaof150millionsquarekilometersisalreadyclassifiedassemiarid,aridorhyper-arid.Itisestimatedthatisincreasingby215,000squarekilometersoflandrenderedunproductivebydesertificationeveryyear.InAmerica,salinizationaffectsover160,000squarekilometersoflandinwesternandmid-westernstates,andisworseningannually.Africaloses300to400milliontonsoftopsoilayearwiththespreadingofthedesert.Asabillionpeopleareaddedtotheworld’spopulationeverydecade,thereislessandlessarablelandtoprovidefoodforthem.Atthepresentrateofsoildeterioration,ecologistwarn,anotherquarteroftheearth’sproductivesoilwilldisappearwithinthenextcentury.

14.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutdesertification?

15.Theworddegradationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,manypeople’sunderstandingofdesertificationisincorrectbecause（）.

17.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

18.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturefurthersdesertificationthroughwhichofthefollowingactivities?

19.Paragraph4ofthepassageservesmainlytodowhichofthefollowing?

20.Thewordleachinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

21.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6ofthepassagethat（）.

22.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

问题1选项

A.Itisafairlyrecentproblem.

B.Ancientsocietiesmanagedtheproblemwell.

C.Ithasahistoryaslongasthatofcivilization.

D.Itwasjustasseriousinthepastasitistoday.

问题2选项

A.rejuvenation

B.deterioration

C.consumption

D.contribution

问题3选项

A.theydonotthinkofitasaseriousproblem

B.theydonotseeitasbeingcausedbyhumanactivity

C.theythinkofitasaveryslowprocess

D.theyseeitasbeingreversible

问题4选项

A.Itistheareasthatexistbetweenthedesertsandthelandthatisusableforagriculturethataremostatriskbecausetheyaresusceptibletopoorlandmanagementmethodsfromhumanactivitywhichwillalwaysresultinthelossofsoil.

B.Mostofthevulnerableareasareintransitionfromdeserttoarableland;aprocessthatbecauseofhumanactivityandthedelicatenatureoftheseareas,alwaysleadstosoilloss.

C.Soillossinthetransitionalzonesisespeciallyseverewherehumanactivityisdamagingtheenvironmentthroughagriculturewhichiscausingthelossofsoil.

D.Humanactivityinthetransitionareasisvulnerablebecauseofthefragilenatureoftheseareasthatareneitherdesertnotarablelandbecausetheyhavesuffereddamagetothesoil.

问题5选项

A.Overfertilization.

B.Thestrippingawayofnativevegetation.

C.Irrigation.

D.Therepetitiveplantingofthesamecrops.

问题6选项

A.Proposeamethodfordealingwiththedesertificationproblem.

B.Showtheprogressofdesertificationdownthroughhistory.

C.Describethemaincauseofdesertificationinoneparticulararea.

D.Describeoneprocessthatleadstodesertification.

问题7选项

A.washing

B.depositing

C.concentrating

D.dispersing

问题8选项

A.newtechnologywillsolvetheproblemofdesertification

B.findingawaytostopdesertificationwillbecomeincreasinglyurgent

C.desertificationismoreofaproblemindevelopedcountries

D.desertificationiscausingstarvationinAfrica.

问题9选项

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:B

【解析】14.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.（自从近6000年前美索不达米亚出现了第一个伟大的城市——农业中心以来，人类活动对土壤质量产生了破坏性的影响，导致世界上几乎所有地区逐渐沙漠化。），说明沙漠化现象早在数千年前就已经存在。因此C选项“它的历史与文明的历史一样长”正确。A选项“它是一个相当新的问题”，由原文可知，沙漠化是一个很古老的问题，所以A错误。B选项“古代社会对这个问题处理得很好”，原文没有提到古代社会对沙漠化的处理情况，所以B错误。D选项“它在过去和今天一样严重”，原文没有将当时问题的严重性和今天的状况相比较，所以D错误。

15.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】词义推测题。由题干关键词“degradation”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.（盐碱化是土地退化的一种类型，涉及到土壤盐分含量的增加。），说明“degradation”在文中指的是“退化，下降”的意思。因此B选项“恶化”正确。A选项“恢复活力”，C选项“消耗”，D选项“贡献”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。

16.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.（认为沙漠化是干旱造成的是一种普遍的误解。），说明沙漠化现象是因为干旱造成的是一种错误观念，其实是和人类的活动有关的。因此B选项“他们不认为它是由人类活动引起的”正确。A选项“他们不认为它是一个严重的问题”。C选项“他们认为它是一个非常缓慢的过程”，D选项“他们认为它是可逆的”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

17.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.（然而，最脆弱的是沙漠和耕地之间的过渡地带；凡人类活动导致脆弱边缘地区土地滥用的地方，土壤破坏是不可避免的。），说明最容易受害的就是位于沙漠和已开垦耕地之间的过渡地区，只要人类活动在这些脆弱的边缘区域，过度滥用土地，那么土壤的破坏在所难免。因此A选项“存在于沙漠和可用于农业的土地之间的地区才是风险最大的，因为它们很容易受到人类活动的不良土地管理方法的影响，而这种影响总是会导致土壤的流失。”正确。B选项“大多数脆弱地区正从沙漠向耕地过渡；由于人类活动和这些地区的脆弱性，这一过程总是导致土壤流失。”，原文说的不是沙漠向耕地过渡的过程，所以B错误。C选项“过渡区的土壤流失尤为严重，人类活动正在通过农业破坏环境，导致土壤流失。”，原文没有提到农业活动，所以C错误。D选项“由于这些地区的脆弱性，它们既不是沙漠也不是耕地，因为它们已经破坏了土壤，因此人类在过渡地区的活动是脆弱的。”，原文说的不是人类活动很脆弱，所以D错误。

18.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.（大规模的农业需要大量的灌溉，这最终会耗尽土地的养分，并使矿物质渗入表层土壤，从而破坏土地。），说明灌溉会对土地造成不好的影响，加剧沙漠化。因此C选项“灌溉”正确。A选项“过度施肥”，B选项“剥去本地植被”，D选项“重复种植相同的农作物”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。

19.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段，第四段主要说明土壤盐碱化现象，但是并非针对某一特定区域。而盐碱化现象也是造成沙漠化的原因。因此D选项“描述导致沙漠化的一个过程”正确。A选项“提出处理沙漠化问题的方法”，B选项“展示历史上沙漠化的进展”，C选项“描述一个特定地区的沙漠化的主要原因”均不符合原文内容，所以A，B，C错误。

20.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】词义推测题。由题干关键词“leaching”可以定位到文章第五段第五句Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.（这进一步减少了植物覆盖，因为土壤中的养分流失了。），说明“leaching”在文中指的是“养分流失”的意思。因此A选项“洗涤”正确。B选项“沉积”，C选项“浓缩”，D选项“分散”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。

21.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第六段，第六段强凋了沙漠化现象已经发展到何种程度，以及目前继续恶化的速度，还预言了如果按照这样的情况发展下去将会带来的结果。说明必须尽快找出解决问题的方法，否则后果将不堪设想。因此B选项“找到阻止沙漠化的方法将变得越来越紧迫”正确。A选项“新技术将解决沙漠化的问题”，C选项“沙漠化在发达国家是一个更大的问题”，D选项“沙漠化在非洲造成了饥荒”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

22.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干中的句子Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.（每个都极大地促进了这一进程，但它们的影响方式却截然不同。）是对造成沙漠化现象的两种过程做出进一步的诠释，B处前文说农业和过度放牧是沙漠化的两个主要来源，后文分别介绍了这两种方式对沙漠化的影响。因此该句放在B处最合适。

8.单选题

Johnwouldhavepaid（）forthejackethadthesalesmaninsistedbecausehereallyloveditscolorandstyle.

问题1选项

A.twiceasmuch

B.twotimesmore

C.muchastwice

D.asmuchtwice

【答案】A

【解析】考查倍数的表达。倍数+as+形容词/副词+as,

这里实际上省略了第二个as及其后面的内容,

只有选项A为正确的倍数表达方式。

9.单选题

Thecountry’srailwaynetworkwasexpandingrapidlyandthemanufactureofsteelrailswasa________businessforSheffieldfirms.

问题1选项

A.bulky

B.permanent

C.joint

D.lucrative

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.bulky庞大的，大块头的B.permanent永久的，永恒的

C.joint联合的，共同的D.lucrative获利多的，利润丰厚的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处作定语修饰下文的“business（业务）”，表示铁轨的制造是一项什么样的业务。and连接两个并列分句，说明对该业务的形容要和前半句“这个国家的铁路网络（railwaynetwork）正在迅速扩张（expandingrapidly）”相对应，铁路网络扩张就意味着对铁轨的需求量增大，制造铁轨的业务就会有可观的利润。lucrative指获得大量利润或收入，因此D选项lucrative“获利多的，利润丰厚的”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项bulky“庞大的，大块头的”形容物时指体积大，难以搬运或储存，形容人时指身材高大肥胖，不能和“business（业务）”进行搭配；

B选项permanent“永久的，永恒的”指总是处于相同的状态，可长期持续下去，永久不变，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

C选项joint“联合的，共同的”指由两人或多人共同完成或涉及到两者及以上的，题干只提到了“Sheffieldfirms（谢菲尔德的公司）”一方，没有涉及两者。

【句意】这个国家的铁路网络正在迅速扩张，对谢菲尔德的公司来说，铁轨的制造是一项利润丰厚的业务。

10.单选题

Itbeganasjustanotherresearchproject,inthiscasetoexaminetheeffectsofvariousdrugsonpatientswithaseveremooddisorder.Usinganadvancedbrainscanningtechnology—theclumsilynamedecho-planarmagneticresonancespectroscopicimaging(磁共振光谱成像)procedure,orEP–MRSI—researchersatBoston’sMcLeanHospitalscannedthemedicatedandun-medicatedbrainsof30peoplewithbipolardisorderinordertodetectpossiblenewtreatmentsforthemorethan2millionAmericanadultswhosufferfromthedisease.

Butsomethingunexpectedhappened.Apatientwhohadbeensodepressedthatshecouldbarelyspeakbecameebullientafterthe45-minutebrainscan.Thenasecondpatient,whoseemedincapableofevenasmile,emergedactuallytellingjokes.Thenanotherandanother.Wasthissomecoincidence?AimeeParow,thetechnicianwhomadetheseobservationsdidn’tthinkso.Shementionedthepatients’strikingmoodshiftstoherbossandtogethertheycompletelyrefocusedthestudy:toseeiftheelectromagneticfieldsmightactuallyhaveacurativeeffectondepressivemood.

Asitturnsout,theydid.AsreportedlastmonthintheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry,23ofthe30peoplewhowerepartofthestudyreportedfeelingsignificantlylessdepressedafterthescan.Themostdramaticimprovementswereamongthosewhoweretakingnomedication.Theresearchersarecautious.SaysBruceCohen,McLean’spresidentandpsychiatristinchief:“Iwanttoemphasizethatwearenotsayingthisistheanswerbutthisisacompletelydifferentapproachintryingtohelpthebrainthananythingthatwasdonebefore.

It’sacompletelydifferentapproachbecauseofthewaythemagnetismisappliedtothebrain.Butit’sanexampleofnewresearchonanoldidea:thatthebrainisanelectromagneticorganandthatbraindisordersmightresultfromdisorderinmagneticfunction.Theideahashugeappealtopsychiatristsandpatientsalike,sinceformanypeoplethesideeffectsofpsychiatric(精神的)drugsarealmostasdifficulttomanageasthediseaseitself.And30percentofthenearly18.8millionpeoplewhosufferfromdepressiondonotrespondtoanyoftheantidepressantsavailablenow.Peoplewithotherseverementaldisordersmightbenefitaswell.Andwhilenoonefullyunderstandsexactlywhyorhowthebrainrespondsasitdoestoelectricalcurrentsandmagneticwaves,fascinatingnewresearchisofferingsomepossibleexplanations.

1.Thefirstparagraphdescribesaprojectaimedatfinding（）.

2.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutbipolardisorder?

3.Theword“ebullient”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby（）.

4.Theresearchers’attitudetowardthenewfindingcanbedescribedas（）.

5.Thenewfindingissignificantbecauseitshowsthatelectromagneticfieldsmay（）.

问题1选项

A.whohasbipolardisorder

B.whatimprovespeople’smoods

C.whethermagneticscanningisatreatment

D.howsomepatientsrespondtosomedrugs

问题2选项

A.Itmainlyaffectsmales.

B.Itmaycausedrugaddiction.

C.Itisamentalproblem.

D.Itishardtodetect.

问题3选项

A.considerate

B.quiet

C.excited

D.sorrowful

问题4选项

A.confused

B.amused

C.careful

D.skeptical

问题5选项

A.treatmentaldisorders

B.causementaldisorders

C.increasetheeffectivenessofsomedrugs

D.reducetheeffectivenessofsomedrugs

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节推理题。题干意思是“第一段描述了一个旨在寻找……的项目”。根据题干定位到文章第一段第一句Itbeganasjustanotherresearchproject,inthiscasetoexaminetheeffortsofvariousdrugsonpatientswithaseveremooddisorder.（它一开始只是另一个研究项目，在这个案例中，研究各种药物对严重情绪障碍患者的影响），由此可知D项“有些病人对某些药物的反应如何”符合。A项“谁是双相障碍患者”，内容不符合题干；B项“什么改善了人们的情绪”