考研考博-英语-南京理工大学紫金学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京理工大学紫金学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Khalida’sfathersaysshe’s9ormaybe10.AsmuchasSayedShahloveshis10children,thefunctionallyilliterateAfghanfarmercan’tkeeptrackofalltheirbirthdates.Khalidahuddledathisside,tryingtohidebeneathherchadorandheadscarf.Theybothknowthefamilycan’tkeephermuchlonger.Khalida’sfatherhasspentmuchofhisliferaisingopium,asmenlikehimhavebeendoingfordecadesinthestonyhillsidesofeasternAfghanistanandonthedustysouthernplains.It’stheonlyreliablecashcropmostofthosefarmerseverhad.Evenso,Shahandhisfamilybarelygoby:traffickersmayprosper,butpoorfarmerslikehimonlysubsist.Nowhe’slosingfarmorethanmoney.“IneverimaginedI’dhavetopayforgrowingopiumbygivingupmydaughter,”saysShah.

Thefamily’sheartbreakbeganwhenShahborrowed$2000fromalocaltrafficker,promisingtorepaytheloanwith24kilosofopiumatharvesttime.Latelastspring,justbeforeharvest,agovernmentcrop-eradicationteamappearedatthefamily’slittleplotoflandinLaghmanprovinceanddestroyedShah’sentiretwoandhalfacresofpoppies.Unabletomeethisdebt,ShahfledwithhisfamilytoJalalabad,thecapitalofneighboringNangarharprovince.Thetraffickerfoundthemanywayanddemandedhisopium.SoShahtookhiscasebeforeatribalcouncilinLaghmanandbeggedforleniency.Instead,theeldersunanimouslyruledthatShahwouldhavetoreimbursethetraffickersbygivingKhalidatohiminmarriage.Nowthefamilycanonlywaitforthe45-year-olddrugrunnertocomebackforhisprize.Khalidawantedtobeateachersomeday,butthathasbecomeimpossible.“It’smyfate”thechildsays.

Afghansdisparagingly(贬低的)callthem“loanbrides”—daughtersgiveninmarriagebyfatherswhohavenootherwayoutofdebt.Thepracticebeganwiththedowryabridegroom’sfamilytraditionallypaystothebride’sfatherintribalPashtunsociety.Thesedaystheamountrangesfrom$3,000orsoinpoorerplaceslikeLaghmanandNangarharto$8,000ormoreinHelmand,Afghanistan’sNo1opium-growingprovince.Foradesperatefarmer,thatbridepricecanbesalvation—butatacruelcost.AmongthePashtun,debtmarriageputsalastingstainonthehonorofthebrideandherfamily.Itbringsshameonthecountry,too.PresidentHamidKarzairecentlytoldthenation:“Icallonthepeople(notto)givetheirdaughtersformoney;theyshouldn’tgivethemtooldmen,andtheyshouldn’tgivetheminforcedmarriage.

Allthesame,localfarmerssayamancangetkilledforfailingtorepayaloan.NooneknowshowmanydebtweddingstakeplaceinAfghanistan,where93percentoftheworld’sheroinandotheropiatesoriginate.ButAfghanssaythenumberofloanbrideskeepsrisingaspoppy-eradicationeffortspushfarmersintodefault.“Thiswillbeourdarkestyearsince2000,”saysBazMohammad,65,awhite-beardedformeropiumfarmerinNangarhar.“Evenmoredaughterswillbesoldthisyear.”Theoldmanliveswiththeanguishofsellinghisown13-year-olddaughterin2000,afterTalibanleaderMullahMohammedOmarbannedpoppygrowing.“Lendersnevershowanymercy,”theoldmansays.Localfarmerssaymorethanonedebtorhasbeenboundhandandfoot,thenlockedintoasmallwindowlessroomwithasmolderingfire,slowlychokingtodeath.

Effortstopromoteothercropshavefailed.Wheatorcornbrings$250anacreatbest,whilepoppygrowerscanexpect10timesthatmuch.Besides,poppiesaremoredependable:hardierthaneitherwheatorcornandmoretolerantofdroughtandextremeheatandcold.Andinacountrywithpracticallynogovernment-fundedcreditforsmallfarmers,opiumgrowerscaneasilygetadvancesontheircrops.Theborrowermerelyagreestorepaythecashwithsomanykilos,ofopiumatapricestipulatedbythelender—often40percentormorebelowmarketvalue.Islamforbidscharginginterestonaloan,butmoneylendersinpoppycountryeludethebanbypackagingthedealasacrop-futuretransaction—andnevermindthattherateofreturnistantamount(相当于)tousury.

1.Therelationshipbetweenthefirstandsecondparagraphisthat____.

2.ThefarmerliketogrowpoppiesintheircountriesNOTbecause____.

3.Inthelastparagraph,thestatement“...opiumgrowerscaneasilygetadvancesontheircrops”,means____.

4.Theauthoradoptsa(n)____attitudetowardsAfghansociety.

5.Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.bothpresentstheactionstakenbytheAfghangovernment

B.thesecondisthelogicalresultofthefirst

C.thesecondoffersthemainreasonofthefirst

D.eachliststheproblemsthatthefamilynowarefacing

问题2选项

A.poppiesaremorereliableandsuitabletogrowinthisplace

B.traffickerscanmakegreatmoneyfromthepoppies

C.nogovernmentfundedcreditwasofferedforsmallfarmers

D.growingpoppiescanearnmoremoneythanothercrops

问题3选项

A.theopiumgrowercaneasilygetmoneyinadvancefortheircrops

B.theopiumgrowercaneasilygetadvancedtechnologyforgrowingtheircrops

C.theopiumgrowercaneasilyborrowmoneyforgrowingtheircropsfornointerest

D.theopiumgrowercaneasilysellthecropsinfuturetransactions

问题4选项

A.merciful

B.disapproving

C.scornful

D.ambiguous

问题5选项

A.Afghanfarmers.

B.Afghanheroinproduction.

C.PovertyinAfghanistan.

D.LoanmarriageinAfghanistan.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Therelationshipbetweenthefirstandsecondparagraphisthat____.第一段与第二段的关系是____。

A.bothpresentstheactionstakenbytheAfghangovernmentA.两者都是阿富汗政府采取的行动

B.thesecondisthelogicalresultofthefirstB.第二段是第一段的逻辑结果

C.thesecondoffersthemainreasonofthefirstC.第二段是第一段的主要原因

D.eachliststheproblemsthatthefamilynowarefacing.D.每一段都列出了阿富汗家庭面临的问题

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干可知，本题询问的是原文第一、二两段的关系。第一段主要内容：卡丽达（Khalida）的父亲沙阿（Shah）为了种植唯一可靠的经济作物罂粟而不得不放弃自己的女儿；第二段主要内容：沙阿向当地的一名毒贩借了2000美元，并承诺在收获季节用24公斤鸦片偿还贷款，但是政府工作小组摧毁了沙阿整个2.5英亩的罂粟，沙阿无力偿还贷款，长老们一致裁定沙阿必须补偿毒贩，把卡利达嫁给他。由此可知，第二段是在解释第一段“沙阿不得不放弃自己女儿”的原因。C选项“第二段是第一段的主要原因”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“两者都是阿富汗政府采取的行动”，第一段并没有提及阿富汗政府的行动，而第二段提到的阿富汗政府的行动也不是主要内容，该选项属于无中生有；

B选项“第二段是第一段的逻辑结果”，根据原文逻辑，第二段应该是原因，该选项属于因果倒置；

D选项“每一段都列出了阿富汗家庭面临的问题”，原文第一、二两段都是在介绍沙阿一家的遭遇，该选项将其扩大到“阿富汗家庭”，属于过度泛化；并且对于一、二段关系的描述不够具体。

第2题:【选项释义】

ThefarmerliketogrowpoppiesintheircountriesNOTbecause____.农民喜欢在他们的地里种植罂粟，不是因为____。

A.poppiesaremorereliableandsuitabletogrowinthisplaceA.罂粟更可靠、更适合在这个地方生长

B.traffickerscanmakegreatmoneyfromthepoppiesB.贩毒者可以从罂粟中赚很多钱

C.nogovernmentfundedcreditwasofferedforsmallfarmersC.没有为小农户提供政府资助的信贷

D.growingpoppiescanearnmoremoneythanothercropsD.种植罂粟可以比其他作物赚更多的钱

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词growpoppies定位到原文第五段。本题询问的是“哪一项不是农民喜欢种植罂粟的原因”。B选项“贩毒者可以从罂粟中赚很多钱”在原文中并未提及，符合题意。另外，本题询问的是关于“农民”的内容，而该选项回答的是“贩毒者”的情况，两者在逻辑上，也是说不通的。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“罂粟更可靠、更适合在这个地方生长”，可定位到本段第三句，该句提到“罂粟更可靠（poppiesaremoredependable）：比小麦或玉米更耐旱，更耐高温，更耐寒”，由此可知，该选项是原因之一，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；

C选项“没有为小农户提供政府资助的信贷”，可定位到本段第四句，该句提到“在一个小农户几乎没有政府资助信贷（nogovernment-fundedcreditforsmallfarmers）的国家，鸦片种植者可以很容易地获得作物预付款。”，由此可知，该选项是原因之一，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；

D选项“种植罂粟可以比其他作物赚更多的钱”，可定位到本段第二句，该句提到“小麦或玉米每英亩最多能卖到250美元，而罂粟种植者的预期是这一数字的10倍（poppygrowerscanexpect10timesthatmuch）”，由此可知，该选项是原因之一，不符合题意，属于反向干扰。

第3题:【选项释义】

Inthelastparagraph,thestatement“...opiumgrowerscaneasilygetadvancesontheircrops”,means____.在最后一段，“……鸦片种植者可以很容易地获得作物预付款”这句话的意思是____。

A.theopiumgrowercaneasilygetmoneyinadvancefortheircropsA.鸦片种植者可以很容易地提前获得资金来种植作物

B.theopiumgrowercaneasilygetadvancedtechnologyforgrowingtheircropsB.鸦片种植者可以很容易地得到先进的技术来种植他们的作物

C.theopiumgrowercaneasilyborrowmoneyforgrowingtheircropsfornointerestC.鸦片种植者可以很容易地借到钱来种植他们的作物，并且没有利息

D.theopiumgrowercaneasilysellthecropsinfuturetransactionsD.鸦片种植者可以很容易地在未来的交易中出售这些作物

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词thelastparagraph定位到原文最后一段，题干引用句为本段第四句“在一个小农户几乎没有政府资助信贷的国家，鸦片种植者可以很容易地获得作物预付款。”该句后文提到“借款方仅仅同意（merelyagreestorepaythecashwith）按照借款方规定的价格——通常是低于市场价格的40%或更多——用这么多公斤的鸦片偿还现金”，由此可知，农户只需要答应偿还价值远高于借款现金金额的鸦片，就可以获得借款，因此，A选项“鸦片种植者可以很容易地提前获得资金来种植作物”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“鸦片种植者可以很容易地得到先进的技术来种植他们的作物”，原文讲的是借钱，而不是“先进的技术”，该选项属于曲解原文；

C选项“鸦片种植者可以很容易地借到钱来种植他们的作物，并且没有利息”，原文提到需要偿还的鸦片的价值是远高于借入的现金价值的，并且原文最后一句提到“利率相当于高利贷（usury）”，因此，这种借款不仅有利息，而且很高，该选项表述错误，属于反向干扰；

D选项“鸦片种植者可以很容易地在未来的交易中出售这些作物”，原文指的是农民用作物来抵扣借款，并没有提及是否很容易出售，该选项属于无中生有。

第4题:【选项释义】

Theauthoradoptsa(n)____attitudetowardsAfghansociety.作者对阿富汗社会持____的态度。

A.mercifulA.仁慈的

B.disapprovingB.不赞成的

C.scornfulC.轻蔑的；嘲笑的

D.ambiguousD.模棱两可的

【答案】B

【考查点】观点态度题

【解题思路】本文主要介绍的是阿富汗社会中存在的“贷款婚姻”问题，从作者的用词disparagingly“贬低的”（第三段第一句）、alastingstain“永久的污点”（第三段第五句）、shame“耻辱”（第三段第六句）可以看出，作者是不支持这种婚姻的。另外，本文第四段第一句提到“尽管如此，当地农民说，一个人可能会因为不能偿还贷款而被杀（getkilledforfailingtorepayaloan）。”第五段第一句提到“推广其他作物的努力也失败（failed）了。”综上所述，B选项“不赞成的”最符合作者的态度。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“仁慈的”，不符合原文感情基调，该选项属于曲解原文；

C选项“鄙视的”，作者虽然不支持，但是还没有表现出鄙视这个社会的程度，该选项属于推理过度；

D选项“模棱两可的”，原文作者是有明确的态度的，该选项属于曲解原文。

第5题:【选项释义】

Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?文章主要讨论了什么？

A.Afghanfarmers.A.阿富汗农民。

B.Afghanheroinproduction.B.阿富汗海洛因生产。

C.PovertyinAfghanistan.C.阿富汗的贫困。

D.LoanmarriageinAfghanistan.D.阿富汗的借贷婚姻。

【答案】D

【考查点】主旨大意题

【解题思路】分析文章行为结构，本文的行为结构主要为“引出问题—分析问题”：原文通过第一、二段卡丽达被迫嫁给毒贩以偿还父亲种植鸦片的贷款的故事，引出原文第三段点明的“贷款新娘”这一话题；第三到五段进一步展开分析问题：第三段提到了“贷款婚姻”给新娘、她的家庭以及社会都带来了耻辱；第四段提到“贷款婚姻”以及“贷款新娘”的增加以及偿还不了贷款的巨大代价；最后一段提到“导致贷款婚姻存在的贷款形式存在的原因”。综上所述，本文主要讨论的是“贷款婚姻”，D选项“阿富汗的借贷婚姻”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“阿富汗农民”，本文主要讲的是阿富汗农民中存在的“贷款婚姻”问题，该选项表述不够精确，属于过度泛化；

B选项“阿富汗海洛因生产”，原文虽然提到了海洛因生产，但主要是为了介绍“贷款婚姻”这件事，该选项属于本末倒置；

C选项“阿富汗的贫困”，本文主要讨论的是贫困问题中存在的贷款婚姻这个问题，该选项表述不够精确，属于过度泛化。

2.单选题

TheOlympicGames（

）in776B.C.inOlympia,asmalltowninGreece.

问题1选项

A.originated

B.stemmed

C.derived

D.descended

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意:奥林匹克运动会起源于公元前776年希腊一个叫奥林匹亚的小镇。

originatedin起源于，通常后面接地点;steemed一般与介词from连用表示“源于”;derivedfrom由…衍生而来;descendfrom由…传下来，通常后面接某人。

3.单选题

Managementoperatesthroughvarious（）,oftenclassifiedasplanning,organleading/motivatingandcontrolling.

问题1选项

A.foundations

B.functions

C.roles

D.relations

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。句意:管理部门通过各种职能运作，通常分为规划、机构领导/激励和控制。只有选项B有职能的意思，所以本题选B。

4.翻译题

(1)Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandactionthatweneverrecognizetheassumptionscmwhichtheirlivesandtheirsanityrest.Asoneobserverputit,ifbirdsweresuddenlyendowedwithscientificcuriositytheymightexaminemanythings,buttheskyitselfwouldbeoverlookedasasuitablesubject:iffishweretobecomecuriousabouttheworld,itwouldneveroccurtothemtobeginbyinvestigatingwater.(2)Forbirdsandfishwouldtaketheskyandseaforgranted,unawareoftheirprofoundinfluencebecausetheycomprisethemediumforeveryfact.Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.Somuchsothattheyrarelynoticethatthewaystheyinterpretandtalkabouteventsaredistinctivelydifferentfromthewayspeopleconducttheiraffairsinothercultures.

Aslongaspeopleremainblindtothesourcesoftheirmeanings,theyareimprisonedwithinthem.Theseculturalframesofreferencearenolessconfiningsimplybecausetheycannotbeseenortouched.(3)Whetheritisanindividualneurosisthatkeepsanindividualoutofcontactwithhisneighbors,oracollectiveneurosisthatseparatesneighborsofdifferentcultures,bothareformsofblindnessthatlimitwhatcanbeexperiencedandwhatcanbelearnedfromothers.

Itwouldseemthateverywherepeoplewoulddesiretobreakoutoftheboundariesoftheirownexperientialworlds.Theirabilitytoreactsensitivelytoawiderspectrumofeventsandpeoplesrequiresanovercomingofsuchculturalparochialism.But,infact,fewattainthisbroadervision.(4)Some,ofcourse,havelittleopportunityforwiderculturalexperience,thoughthisconditionshouldchangeasthemovementofaccelerates.Othersdonottrytowidentheirexperiencebecausetheyprefertheoldandfamiliar,seekfromtheiraffairsonlyfurtherconfirmationofthecorrectnessoftheirownvalues.Stillothersrecoilfromsuchexperiencesbecausetheyfeelitdangeroustoprobetoodeeplyintothepersonalorculturalunconscious.(5)Exposuremayrevealhowtenuousandarbitrarymanyculturalnormsare;suchexposuremightforcepeopletoacquirenewbasesforinterpretingevents.Andevenforthemanywhodoseekactivelytoenlargethevarietyofhumanbeingswithwhomtheyarecapableofcommunicatingtherearestilldifficulties.

Culturalmyopiapersistsnotmerelybecauseofinertiaandhabit,butchieflybecauseitissodifficulttoovercome.Oneacquiresapersonalityandacultureinchildhood,longbeforeheiscapableofcomprehendingeitherofthem.Tosurvive,eachpersonmasterstheperceptualorientations,cognitivebiases,andcommunicativehabitsofhisownculture.Butoncemastered,objectiveassessmentofthesesameprocessesisawkwardsincethesamemechanismsthatarebeingevaluatedmustbeusedinmakingtheevaluations.

【答案】（1）文化规范完全围绕在人们的周围，渗透在人们的思想和行为中，以至于我们从来没有意识到他们生活和精神正常所依赖的那些假设。

（2）因为鸟和鱼会认为天空和大海是理所当然的，他们没有意识到它们的深远影响，因为它们构成了每一个事实的媒介。

（3）无论是使一个人与他的邻居失去联系的个体神经症，还是将不同文化的邻居分开的集体神经症，都是一种限制了人们可以体验和从他人那里学到什么的失明形式。

（4）当然，有些人几乎没有机会获得更广泛的文化体验，不过这种情况应该随着移民运动的加速而改变。

（5）暴露可能揭示出许多文化规范是多么脆弱和武断；这种接触可能会迫使人们获得解释事件的新基础。

5.填空题

Myparentshavebeen（1）meto（2）marriedforthelasttwoyears,butIstillhaven’tmadeupmy（3）.

句意:在过去的两年里，我的父母一直让我结婚，但是我仍旧没有做好决定。

【答案】1.asking

2.get

3.mind

【解析】1.固定搭配。Asksb.todo要求某人做某事。此处表示“一直”,用现在完成进行时,所以填asking。

2.固定搭配。Getmarried结婚。

3.固定搭配。Makeupone’smind下决心。

6.单选题

Themagicianpickedseveralpersons（）fromtheaudienceandaskedthemtohelpwiththeperformance.

问题1选项

A.byaccident

B.atrandom

C.onoccasion

D.onaverage

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项byaccident“偶尔、意外地”；B选项atrandom“随意地、随机的”；C选项onoccasion“有时、不时地”；D选项onaverage“平均”，句意为：魔术师从观众中挑选了几个人，请他们帮忙表演。挑选观众是随机地，因此选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

Theeditorspenthours（）everysinglepageofthatthicknovel,lookingfortheslightesterror.

问题1选项

A.decorating

B.remedying

C.scrutinizing

D.shattering

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。decorate“装饰；布置”；remedy“补救；纠正”；scrutinize“详细检查”；shatter“粉碎”。根据everysinglepage(每一页)，以及lookingfortheslightesterror（寻找最细微的错误），可知是对整部小说进行仔细检查，因此选项C符合题意。

8.单选题

（

）amongyoungpeopleisdifficulttoexpectorachieve.

问题1选项

A.Assurance

B.Probability

C.Reliance

D.Conformity

【答案】D

【解析】assurance保证,担保；probability可能性,机率；reliance信赖；conformity一致,符合。句意:很难指望或实现年轻人的服从。选项D符合句意。

9.单选题

Toyoutheseproblemsmightnotbeveryserious,butforyoungpeopletheycan______large.

问题1选项

A.reel

B.reveal

C.alter

D.loom

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A项reel“震惊，（因突然受挫）晕眩，（尤指醉酒）走路踉跄”，B项reveal“显示，透露，揭露”，C项alter“改变，更改”，D项loom“可怕地出现，显得突出，（不祥之事）似将发生”。由but可知，前后语义为转折关系，根据前一句Toyoutheseproblemsmightnotbeveryserious“对你来说，这些问题可能不是很严重”可推，空格处应该填入一个和notserious相对的词语，而loomlarge固定搭配，表示“显得突出”。句意：对你来说，这些问题可能不是很严重，但对年轻人来说，它们可能显得很突出。因此，该题选择D项正确。

10.单选题

Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand,fortunately,thenumberofsuchreasonsissmall．Pruninginvolvesthecuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranches,andtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreetogrowinitsownway.

First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize．Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheight,andatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape．Secondly,pruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier．Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwood,orbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds．Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.

Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal．Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordie,orthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk．Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible．Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness．Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose．Pruningisusuallydoneinwinter,forthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterferencefromtheleavesanditis,too,veryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed．Ifthisdoeshappen,itis,ofcourse,impossibletopaintthemproperly.

1.Pruningisprobablyusuallydoneto（）.

2.Treesbecomeunhealthyifthegardener().

问题1选项

A.makethesmallbranchesthicker.

B.getridofthesmallbranches.

C.improvetheshapeofthetree.

D.makethetreegrowtaller.

问题2选项

A.damagessomeofthesmallsidebranches.

B.forcesthemtogrowtooquickly.

C.doesnotprotectthemfromthewind.

D.allowstoomanybranchestogrowinthemiddle.

问题3选项

A.Tohelpawoundtodry.

B.Tocoveraroughsurface.

C.Topreventdiseaseenteringawound.

D.Tomakeawoundsmooth.

问题4选项

A.regularlyeverywinter.

B.occasionallywhennecessary.

C.asquicklyaspossible.

D.atintervalsthroughouttheyear.

问题5选项

A.Todiscussdifferentmethodsofpruning.

B.Toexplainhowtreesdevelopdisease.

C.Togiveageneraldescriptionofpruning.

D.Togivepracticalinstructionforpruningatree.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段第一句指出：First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize(首先，修剪可以确保树有一个理想的形状或大小)。由此可知，修剪通常是为了“改善树的形状”，故选C。

2.判断推理题。第二段最后一句指出：Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair(修剪掉挡在中间而阻止了空气自由流通的树枝，可以让树更健康)。由此可知，如果园丁让太多的树枝在中间生长，树就会不健康。D选项正确。

3.判断推理题。最后一段第一句指出：Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal(修剪的一个后果是树上留下一个缺口，这为疾病提供了一个容易的入口，但这是一个可以愈合的伤口)。因此树被涂上一种特殊材料终究是为了“防止疾病通过修剪口侵入”。B项和D项都是干扰项，虽然后面提到：Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness(修剪过的区域必须光滑干净，因为粗糙会减缓愈合速度)。但它们并不是最终原因。因此本题选C。

4.判断推理题。第一段指出：Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand…(只有在有充分和明确的理由时才应该修剪树木)。由此推断，B项“必要时偶尔修剪”正确。

5.主旨大意题。本文开头讲了修剪的原因，方法，后面讲了修剪的后果极其处理方法，因此C项“概述修剪”比较能概括本文主旨。

11.单选题

Beneathitsmyriadrules,thefundamentalpurposeof（

）istomaketheworldapleasanterplacetoliveinandyouamorepleasantpersontolivewith.

问题1选项

A.elitism

B.eloquence

C.eminence

D.etiquette

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。句意:在无数的规则下，雄辩最根本的目的是为了让这个世界成为更美好的地方，你成为更好相处的人。

elitism精英主义；杰出人物统治论。eloquence口才；雄辩；雄辩术；修辞。eminence显赫；卓越；高处。etiquette显赫；卓越；尚处。

12.单选题

Manypeopletakeforgrantedthatallartshouldbebeautiful.Wemayaswellfacethequestionsquarelysinceitisbasictoourwholeattitudetowardart.Whyaretheresomany“ugly”worksofart?Thereareseveralpossibleanswers.Wemightreplythat“beautyisintheeyeofthebeholder”.Inotherwords,beautysubjective,andyourpersonaltasteleadsyoutorejectthingsthatmightbebeautifultoothers.Both“beautiful”and“ugly”implyaestheticvaluejudgments.

Thispossibilitydependsontheassumptionthattheartist’sproperaimisthecreationofbeauty.Butthereisanotherpossibility.Perhapstheworksaresuccessesbyartistswhoweresincerelyaimingatsomethingotherthanconventional,physicalbeauty.Wouldanartistintentionallymakesomethingugly?Andwhat,actually,dowemeanbythewords“ugly”and“beautiful”?

Overthecenturiesnumerouswritershavegrappledwiththeconceptofbeautyandtriedtounderstandit.Oneofthemostentertainingwasthe18th-centuryBritishstatesmanEdmundBurke,whowroteanessaycalled“TheSublimeandtheBeautiful”.IntheessayBurkedefinedbeautyasapositiveandstrikingqualitythatproducespleasurebybeingsmall,smooth,graduallyorgentlyvaried,delicate,softlyandvariablecolored.Itissubmissiveandmayarouselove.Beautyisnotrelatedtoproportion,saidBurke,nottofunctionalfitness,noreventoperfection.Allthesethingsarefoundapartfrombeauty.

Thesublime,bycontrast,isvasteventoinfinity,difficult,magnificent,darkandrugged.AccordingtoBurke,itwill“fillthemindwiththatsortofdelightfulhorror,whichisthemostgenuineeffectandearliesttestofthesublime”.Athingmaybeuglyandyetsublimeifitis“unitedwithsuchqualitiesasexciteastrongterror”.Burkemadeitclearthatgreatnessliesonthesideofsublime,notofthebeautiful.

Thisisquiteausefulidea.Let’skeepitinmindwhilewelookatIvanAlbright’spaintingIda.Albright’sworkisnotsmooth,delicate,orsoft,anditisnotlikelytoarouselove.Formostpeople,though,itwouldevokedelightfulhorror.Whatistheartistaimingat?Acommonreactionistosaythattheartistisshowingusapersonwhoisphysicallyandmentally—evenspiritually-exhausted.Accordingtothisinterpretation,Albrightteachesusaboutspiritualdecay.Everybulge,everywrinkle,everywartstandsforanastyblowthat.

1.Wecanseefromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat().

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmightBurkehaveagreewith?

3.WhichofthefollowingcanbesaidofAlbright’spainting?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat().

5.Theauthorwrotethisarticleto().

问题1选项

A.beautyanduglinessaretwoconceptsembodiedindifferentforms

B.neitherbeautynoruglinesscanbedefinitelydefined

C.beautyanduglinessareoppositeartisticexpressions

D.beautyissubjectivewhileuglinessisobjective

问题2选项

A.Thesublimemightnotbebeautifulbutthebeautifulmustbethesublime.

B.Delightfulhorrorderivesfromthesublime.

C.Thebeautifulisofapositivequalitywhilethesublimeisofanegativeone.

D.Theuglymaynotnecessarilybethesublime.

问题3选项

A.Itdestroyspeople’shopesinlife.

B.Itisinmostviewers’eyes,abeautifulpieceofart.

C.ItpresentssomethingsublimeinBurke’sview.

D.Itdefinesanyinterpretation.

问题4选项

A.theauthorisastrongsupporterofBurke’saesthetictheory

B.theauthorisworriedaboutthesomanyuglyworksofartproducedtoday

C.Albright’spaintinghasarousedcontroversy

D.beautydoesn’tlieinworksofartthemselves

问题5选项

A.differentiatethebeautifulandtheugly

B.describetousAlbright’spainting.

C.introducetousBurke’saesthetictheory

D.teachustherightwaytoevaluateworksofart

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据一二段的内容可知,作者认为美是主观的,“美”与“丑”都蕴涵着审美价值判断。这可能取决于艺术家旨在创造美或者追求的不是传统的外在美。所以可以推断,美和丑没有绝对的定义,选项B正确。

2.根据关键词Burke定位到第三段和第四段,Burke认为美丽是积极的,而崇高是广阔的甚至是黑暗的。崇高可以使人充满愉悦的恐惧感,所以选项B正确。美丽是积极的,但不代表崇高就是消极的,因为伟大在于崇高,而非美丽。所以选项C错误；

3.根据关键词Albright定位到最后一段,“Albright’sworkisnotsmooth,delicate,orsoft,anditisnotlikelytoarouselove.Formostpeople,though,itwouldevokedelightfulhorror.”奥尔布赖特的作品既不流畅,也不细腻,也不柔软,不太可能引起爱。然而,对大多数人来说,它会引起愉快的恐惧。上文提到的令人产生愉快的恐惧的指的是崇高,所以选项C正确。

4.根据原文,作者首先提出“美”与“丑”都蕴涵着审美价值判断,然后用Burke的言论和Albright的画讲述了崇高和美丽之间的关系,说明作者认为美不在于艺术品本身,而在于艺术家想要表达或传递的情感。所以选项D正确。

5.作者写这篇文章的目的在于教我们正确评价艺术作品的方法。选项D符合原文。

13.单选题

Thereisalready（）cleartoshowthatplantsandanimalsarebeingaffectedbyclimatechange.

问题1选项

A.witness

B.certification

C.identity

D.evidence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项witness“证人”；B选项certification“证明”；C选项identity“身份”；D选项evidence“证据”。句意：已经有明确的证据表明，动植物正受到气候变化的影响。本句表示明确的证据，因此D选项正确。

14.单选题

Ifnoonetakesthe（

）andplansforthetrip,wewillneverleavehome.

问题1选项

A.initial

B.initiative

C.original

D.beginning

【答案】B

【解析】taketheinitiative为固定搭配,意为“带头,采取主动”。句意:如果没有人带头和计划这次旅行,我们是不会离开家的。选项B正确。

15.单选题

Theofficermurmuredhisconsent.

问题1选项

A.stuttered

B.nodded

C.mumbled

D.uttered

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。murmur意为“低语，喃喃细语”；stutter意为“口吃，结结巴巴地说”；nod意为“点头”；mumble意为“嘟哝，低声说”；utter意为“说，出声”。

句意：警官低声表示同意。

16.单选题

Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtaindatabothontheresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthattendtoencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.

Ifaneconomistwereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost—peoplewithrisingincomes,stableincomes,ordecliningincomes—hewouldprobablyanswer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actually,intheyears1947-1950,theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedtheleast.Thisshowsusthattraditionalassumptionsaboutearningandspendingarenotalwaysreliable.Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogoup,theywillhastentobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodown,theywillpostponebuying.Butresearchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalwaystrue.Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.Onetypicalattitudewasexpressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewasatimeofrisingprices.“Inafewmonths,”shesaid,“we’llhavetopaymoreformeatandmilk;we’llhavelesstospendonotherthings.”Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.Furthermore,theriseinpricesthathasalreadytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.Thisisshownbythefollowingtypicalcomment:“Ijustdon’tpaytheseprices;theyaretoohigh.”

Traditionalassumptionsshouldbeinvestigatedcarefully,andfactorsoftimeandplaceshouldbeconsidered.TheinvestigationsmentionedabovewerecarriedoutinAmerica.InvestigationsconductedatthesametimeinGreatBritain,however,yieldedresultsthatweremoreinagreementwithtraditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostconductivetospendingappearstobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeoplehavebecomeaccustomedtoconsiderthem“right”andexpectthemtoremainstable,theyarelikelytobuy.Thus,itappearsthatthecommonbusinesspolicyofmaintainingstablepriceswithoccasionalsalesordiscountsisbasedonacorrectunderstandingofconsumerpsychology.