考研考博-英语-上海电影艺术职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海电影艺术职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Hewasfilledwithapprehensionaboutthefuture.

问题1选项

A.fear

B.hesitation

C.excitement

D.eagerness

【答案】A

【解析】根据句意可知，apprehension意为恐惧。fear害怕，恐惧；hesitation犹豫；excitement刺激，兴奋；eagerness渴望，热心。选项A与之意思相近。

2.单选题

LikemostotherAmericancompanieswitharigid（）,workersandmanagershavestrictlydefinedduties.

问题1选项

A.vitality

B.jurisdiction

C.hierarchy

D.bureaucracy

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析题。vitality生机，活力；jurisdiction司法权，管辖权；hierarchy层次，层级，等级制度；bureaucracy官僚主义。句意：和大多数等级森严的美国公司一样，工人和经理们也有严格定义的职责。选项C符合句意。

3.翻译题

很多情况下人们谈话时，总是争着表现自己，这类交谈对双方鲜有裨益。当人们谈话时，不要花时间思考你接着要说什么，而要设法搞懂他们说的是什么，什么样的经历才使他们说了那些话，你从那些话中能学到什么，你对说那些话的人又能了解到什么等等。长辈们成长的世界和你成长的世界迥然不同，那个世界也许你不大了解。他们和来自我国其他地区及其他国家的人们都有重要的观察事物的方法，它们可以丰富你的生活。

【答案】Inmanycases,peopleinaconversationoftenstrivetorevealoneself,suchconversationwillhavefewbenefitstoeachother.Duringaconversation,don’tspendthetimethinkingaboutwhatyou’regoingtosaynext,insteadtrytounderstandwhatthey’resaying,whatexperienceisbehindtheirremarks,whatyoucanlearnfromthem,etc.Olderpeoplegrowupinaworldwhichisverydifferentfromyours,youmaynotknowverywellaboutthatworld.Boththemandpeoplefromotherpartsofourcountryaswellasfromothernations,haveimportantwaysoflookingatthingswhichcanenrichyourlife.

4.单选题

Thereissomediscrepancybetweenhisexplanationofthetheoryandyours.

问题1选项

A.distinction

B.discredit

C.disparity

D.disjunction

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项distinction“区别”；B选项discredit“怀疑”；C选项disparity“不一致”；D选项disjunction“分离”。句意：他对这个理论的解释和你的不一致。划线部分discrepancy是不一致的意思。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Iamfeelingtootiredtodriveanymore,willyou____?

问题1选项

A.turnover

B.takeover

C.handover

D.goover

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.turnover翻转B.takeover接替

C.handover（把某事）交给……负责D.goover仔细检查

【答案】B

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】句意：我累得不能再开车了，你可以……吗？根据句意，可知他已经很累了，不想继续开车，希望另一个人接替他开车。因此选B。

【干扰项排除】

C选项handover“（把某事）交给……负责”指如果把某物移交给某人，就是把处理特定情况或问题的责任交给他们。该选项不符合语境；

A、D选项均不符合句意。

【句意】我觉得太累了，不能再开车了，你能代替我吗？

6.单选题

Hisstomachbeganto（）becauseofthebadfoodhehadeaten.

问题1选项

A.pain

B.harm

C.behurt

D.ache

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项pain“疼痛，痛苦”；B选项harm“伤害，损害”；C选项behurt“受伤”；D选项ache“（身体某个部位）疼痛”。句意：因为吃了变质的食物，他的胃开始疼了。表示身体某个部分疼痛用ache，所以选项D正确。

7.单选题

Whenyouareinexcellenthealth,deathis（

）unimaginable.

问题1选项

A.nothingbut

B.afterall

C.aboveall

D.allbut

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语搭配。nothingbut“只不过，只有”；afterall“毕竟”；aboveall“总之”；allbut“几乎”。句意：当你身体健康的时候，死亡几乎是不可想象的。

8.单选题

Thenewcurriculumintendstostrengthenchildren’spracticeofbasicsocial___.

问题1选项

A.manners

B.politeness

C.rules

D.regulations

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项manners“方式；习惯；种类；规矩；风俗”；B选项politeness“有礼貌；优雅”；C选项rules“规则（在特定情况下或玩游戏时可以做什么、必须做什么或不能做什么的陈述）；建议；统治；习惯；定律；法治；尺子；破折号”；D选项regulations“管理；规则（政府或其它权威制定的官方规定）；校准”。句意：新课程旨在加强儿童的基本社交___实践。本句表达“基本社交礼仪”，因此A选项正确。

9.写作题

MeaningandCharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissanceThewordRenaissancemeans"rebirth."AnumberofpeoplewholivedinItalybetween1350and1550believedthattheyhadwitnessedarebirthofantiquityorGreco-Romancivilization,markinganewage.Tothem,thethousandorsoyearsbetweentheendoftheRomanEmpireandtheirownerawasamiddleperiod(hencethe"MiddleAges"),characterizedbydarknessbecauseofitslackofclassicalculture.HistoriansofthenineteenthcenturylaterusedsimilarterminologytodescribethisperiodinItaly.TheSwisshistorianandartcriticJacobBurckhardtcreatedthemodernconceptoftheRenaissanceinhiscelebratedCivilizationoftheRenaissancein-publishedin1860.HeportrayedItalyinthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturiesasthebirthplaceofthemodernworld(theItalianswere"thefirstbornamongthesonsofmodernEurope")andsawtherevivalofantiquity,theperfectingoftheindividual,"andsecularismasitsdistinguishingfeatures.BurckhardtexaggeratedtheindividualityandsecularismoftheRenaissanceandfailedtorecognizethedepthsofitsreligioussentiment;nevertheless,heestablishedtheframeworkforallmoderninterpretationsoftheRenaissance.AlthoughcontemporaryscholarsdonotbelievethattheRenaissancerepresentsasuddenordramaticculturalbreakwiththeMiddleAges,asBurckhardtargued—therewas.afterall,muchcontinuityineconomic,political,andsociallifebetweenthetwoperiods—theRenaissancecanstillbeviewedasadistinctperiodofEuropeanhistorythatmanifesteditselffirstinItalyandthenspreadtotherestofEurope.

RenaissanceItalywaslargelyanurbansociety.Asaresultofitscommercialpreeminenceandpoliticalevolution,northernItalybythemid-fourteenthcenturywasmostlyalandofindependentcitiesthatdominatedthecountrydistrictsaroundthem.Thesecity-statesbecamethecentersofItalianpolitical,economic,andsociallife.Withinthisnewurbansociety,asecularspiritemergedasincreasingwealthcreatednewpossibilitiesfortheenjoymentofworldlythings.

Aboveall,theRenaissance,asanageofrecoveryfromthe"calamitousfourteenthcentury."ItalyandEuropebeganaslowprocessofrecuperationfromtheeffectsoftheBlackDeath,politicaldisorder,andeconomicrecession.Thisrecoverywasaccompaniedbyarebirthofthecultureofclassicalantiquity.Increasinglyawareoftheirownhistoricalpast,ItalianintellectualsbecameintenselyinterestedintheGreco-RomancultureoftheancientMediterraneanworld.Thisnewrevivalofclassicalantiquity(theMiddleAgeshadinfactpreservedmuchofancientLatinculture)affectedactivitiesasdiverseaspoliticsandartandledtonewattemptstoreconcilethepaganphilosophyoftheGreco-RomanworldwithChristianthought,aswellasnewwaysofviewinghumanbeings.

ArevivedemphasisonindividualabilitybecamecharacteristicoftheItalianRenaissance.Asthefifteenth-centuryFlorentinearchitectLeonBattistaAlbertiexpressedit:"Mancandoallthingsiftheywill."Ahighregardforhumandignityandworthandarealizationofindividualpotentialitycreatedanewsocialidealofthewell-roundedpersonalityoruniversalpersonwhowascapableofachievementsinmanyareasoflife.

ThesegeneralfeaturesoftheItalianRenaissancewerenotcharacteristicofallItaliansbutwereprimarilythepreserveofthewealthyupperclasses,whoconstitutedasmallpercentageofthetotalpopulation.TheachievementsoftheItalianRenaissanceweretheproductofanelite,ratherthanamass,movement.Nevertheless,indirectlyitdidhavesomeimpactonordinarypeople,especiallyinthecities,wheresomanyoftheintellectualandartisticaccomplishmentsoftheperiodweremostvisible.

【答案】TheRenaissancecanbeviewedasadistinctperiodofEuropeanhistory.TherearemanymeaningsandcharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissance.

TheRenaissanceinItalymarkedthearrivalofanewera.Andcharacterizedbydarknessbecauseofitslackofclassicalculture.TheSwisshistorianandartcriticJacobBurckhardtcreatedthemodernconceptoftheRenaissance.Hesawtherevivalofantiquity,theperfectingoftheindividual,andsecularismasitsdistinguishingfeatures.

TheRenaissance,asanageofrecoveryfromthe"calamitousfourteenthcentury."Thisrecoverywasaccompaniedbyarebirthofthecultureofclassicalantiquity.ArevivedemphasisonindividualabilitybecamecharacteristicoftheItalianRenaissance.Ahighregardforhumandignityandworthandarealizationofindividualpotentialitycreatedanewsocialidealofthewell-roundedpersonalityoruniversalperson.

TheachievementsoftheItalianRenaissanceweretheproductofanelite,ratherthanamass,movement.Nevertheless,indirectlyitdidhavesomeimpactonordinarypeople.

10.单选题

Onecommon-sensereason（）childrenlearntospeakisthattheyimitatethosearoundthem.

问题1选项

A.which

B.what

C.that

D.ofwhich

【答案】D

【解析】reason做先行词,后面一般接why引导的原因状语从句,选项中的ofwhich=why,表示孩子们学会说话的原因。所以选项D正确。

11.问答题

Heiswarm-hearted,butthisdoesn’tmeanthatheisbright.(follow)

【答案】Heiswarm-hearted,whichisnotusuallyfollowedbybrightness.

12.单选题

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat（）wehadtostopforrefreshments.

问题1选项

A.atlarge

B.atease

C.atrandom

D.atintervals

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。atlarge“详尽的；整个的”；atease“安逸”；atrandom“任意的”；atintervals“不时”，根据句子意思可知此处应该选一个词组来形容我们停下来提神的频率，四个选项中只有atintervals符合，故正确答案为选项D。句意：这场讨论无比冗长又使人疲累，以至于我们必须……的停下来提神。因此选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

In1914,anapparentlyinsignificanteventinaremotepanofEasternEurope_______Europeintoagreatwar.

问题1选项

A.pitched

B.imposed

C.inserted

D.plunged

【答案】D

【解析】pitched倾斜;投掷;imposed强加的;inserted插入;plunged投入,陷入。句意：1914年,东欧一个偏远地区发生的一件显然无关紧要的事件使欧洲陷入了一场大战。选项D符合句意。

14.单选题

Anefficientreaderhaslearnedfromexperiencethatamissedwordorideacanoftenbe（）fromwhatfollows.

问题1选项

A.signified

B.denoted

C.designated

D.deduced

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析A:signified“表示……的意思；意味；预示”；B:denoted“指代；预示；代表”；C:designated“指派；指定”；D:deduced“推论；推断”。句意：有效率的读者从经验中学到：漏掉的单词或观点通常能从下面的内容中获得。结合此处语境，D为正确答案。

15.单选题

Thetwentiethcenturyhaswitnessedanenormousworldwidepolitical,economicandcultural（

）.

问题1选项

A.tradition

B.transportation

C.transmission

D.transformation

【答案】D

【解析】形近词辨析题。tradition“惯例，传统”；transportation“运输”；transmission“传递，传送”；transformation“转换，改革”。

句意：20世纪见证了全世界巨大的政治、经济和文化的变革。选项D符合语境。

16.单选题

Hundredsoflocalresidentssigneda（）againstclosingtheswimming-pool.

问题1选项

A.petition

B.perceive

C.partition

D.participation

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析。句意：数百名当地居民签署了一份反对关闭游泳池的请愿书。因此选A。

17.单选题

Ahealthylifeisfrequentlythoughttobe（）withtheopencountrysideandhomegrownfood.

问题1选项

A.tied

B.bound

C.involved

D.associated

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项tied“系”；B选项bound“弹回；限制”；C选项involved“涉及；包括”；D选项associated“联系”。句意：健康的生活往往被认为与空旷的野外和自家的食物有……。Ahealthylife“健康的生活”与theopencountrysideandhomegrownfood“空旷的野外和自家的食物”是有关联的。A，B，C选项均不与with搭配使用，可排除。betiedto“束缚于；捆绑于”；beboundto“必定会”；beinvolvedin“涉及；陷入”；beassociatedwith“与……有关联”；因此D选项符合题意。

18.单选题

NorthKoreahas（）tieswithSouthKorea,excepttheKaesongZone,ajointventurebetweenthetwoKoreas,readyingitselfforastateofthewar.

问题1选项

A.savored

B.severed

C.segmented

D.segregated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项savored“尽情享受；欣赏”；B选项severed“断绝；分离”；C选项segmented“分割；分裂”；D选项segregated“使隔离；使分离”。句意：除了开城工业区这个两国的合资企业，北朝鲜已经……与南韩的联系，准备进入战争状态。B，C，D选项都有分离的意思，由后面的名词ties“纽带；联系”，可知句中是指断开两国之间的联系。severed就有断绝关系或者断开联系的意思。因此B选项符合题意。

19.单选题

Thenews,thoughnotwhollybad,wasso______thatIcouldnolongerconcentrateonmywork.

问题1选项

A.disturbing

B.disastrous

C.anxious

D.regretful

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.disturbing令人不安的，烦扰的B.disastrous灾难性的，损失惨重的

C.anxious焦虑的，担忧的D.regretful后悔的，遗憾的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据sothat引导的结果状语从句的意思“无法再专心工作”可知，这个news是令人烦扰的，故A项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子意思。

【句意】这消息虽然不全是坏消息，但却使我心烦意乱，无法再专心工作。

20.单选题

Hewas（）fromthecompetitionbecausehehadnotcompliedwiththerules.

问题1选项

A.forbidden

B.barred

C.disqualified

D.excused

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:forbid“禁止，指禁止某人进入某地、或禁止某人用某物或做某事”；B:bar“禁止，指用障碍物阻止或禁止”；C:disqualify“取消……的资格”；D:excuse“原谅”。句意：他被禁止参加比赛，因为他没有遵守比赛规则。结合句意，故C为正确答案。

21.填空题

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetoaddaword,crossoutaword,orchangeaword.PutyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)

e.g.,1.Themeetingbegun2hoursago.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:begun—began

e.g.,2.Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainswentup.CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(Scarcely)had(they)

e.g.,3.Neverwill1notdoitagain.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:not×

StephenWilliamHawking,oneofthegreatesttheoreticalphysicistsintheworld,suffersfromarareslow-progressingformofamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(ALS),alsoknownasmotorneurondisease.21.AsALShasmadeStephenWilliamHawkingavirtualprisonerinhisownbody,22.ithaslefthiscourageandhumorintact,hisintellectfreelytoroam.23.Androamitdoes,fromtheinfinitesimaltotheinfinite,fromthesubatomicrealmtothefarreachesofauniverse.Inthecourseofthesementalexpeditions,24.HawkinghasconceivedstartlingnewtheoriesaboutblackholesandthedisorderlyeventsthatimmediatelyfollowedtheBigBanginwhichtheuniversesprang.

25.WithouthiswifeJane,Hawkinghasalwaysemphasized,hiscareermighteverhavesoared.26.ShemarriedhimshortlyafterhediagnosedwithALS,fullyawareofthedreadful,progressivenatureofthedisease,givinghimhopeandthewilltocarryonwithhisstudies.

Theyhadthreechildrenintheearlystagesoftheirmarriage,andlater,27.ashebecameincreasinglydisabled,shedevotedherselftocareforhiseveryneed.28.Afteryearsofapparentlyharmoniousmarriage,therefore,seriousdisagreementsbeganappearing.AsawardspouredinforStephen,Jane—competentandintelligentherself—begantoresentlivinginhisshadow.Deeplyreligious,shewasalsooffendedbyhisdisbeliefoftheexistenceoftheGod.29.Particularlyannoyedtoherwashisconceptthattheuniversemightbecompletelyself-contained,havingnoboundaryoredge,nobeginningorend.Ifthatweretrue,heaskedchallengingly,“Whatplace,then,foracreator?”30.Still,friendswereshockedin1990whenHawkingabruptlyendedtheir25-yearmarriage,movinginwithoneofhisnurse.

【答案】21.As—While/Although

22.freely—free

23.a—the

24.in—from

25.ever—never

26.(he)was(diagnosed)

27.care—caring

28.therefore—however

29.annoyed—annoying

30.nurse—nurses

【解析】21.

as引导让步状语从句时主句需要部分倒装，而句子是陈述语气所以需要把as换成although或者while。

22.

intellect是名词，但是freely是副词，副词一般修饰动词不修饰名词，所以应该把freely改为其形容词形式。

23.

universe是专属名词，表示的是独一无二的事物，所以不能用不定冠词修饰，所以应该把不定冠词改为定冠词。

24.

定语从句中关系代词前的介词主要是根据后面的动词或者形容词的搭配来确定的，从句中的动词只有sprang（spring的过去分词），这里从句句意是“宇宙起源于（大爆炸）”，由此这里的介词应该是from，和spring组成固定搭配springfrom“起源于”。

25.

这里根据句意应该是“霍金总是强调，没有他的气质，他的事业不会起飞”，所以这里的ever应该改为否定词never。

26.

这里霍金应该是被诊断出患上渐冻症，所以应该加上助动词。

27.

这里根据固定搭配devoteoneselftodoing/n.所以应该把care改为caring。

28.

在多年表面和谐的婚姻之后，两人之间剧烈的分歧开始出现了。两个分句之间不存在因果或者顺承关系，应该是转折关系，所以应该把therefore改为however。

29.

annoyed“感到生气的”，一般用来形容人Sheishurtandannoyedthattheauthoritieshavebannedherfromworkingwithchildren.“她因当局禁止她做儿童工作而伤心恼怒”，因为政府不让她从事儿童工作，所以她感到恼怒，这时annoyed是用来形容人，生气的人。

annoying“令人生气的”，一般用来形容物，Hermostannoyinghabitwaseatingwithhermouthopen“她最让人讨厌的习惯就是张着嘴吃东西”，她张嘴吃饭这个习惯令人很讨厌，这里annoying是形容习惯，让人生气的习惯。

根据句意来说是他对宇宙的猜想让她感到生气，这里形容词应该是形容概念，所以应该把annoyed改为annoying。

30.

oneof后面需要加名词的复数形式，所以nurse后面应该用复数形式，根据句意也可以理解虽然霍金只能跟一个人结婚，但是他的护士绝对不止一个。

22.单选题

Youcannotbe（

）carefulwhenyoudriveacar.

问题1选项

A.very

B.so

C.too

D.enough

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定用法。cannottoo…“再...也不为过”。句意：开车时你再怎么小心也不为过。答案C

23.单选题

Thetestofanydemocraticsocietyliesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossible（）.

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.latitude

C.longitude

D.multitude

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项altitude“高地；高度；海拔”；B选项latitude“纬度；行动自由”；C选项longitude“经度；经线”；D选项multitude“群众；多数”。句意：对任何一个民主社会的考验不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由。由题干中“freedomofthoughtandexpression思想和表达自由”的提示可知“行动自由”符合语境，因此B选项正确。

24.单选题

Contagiousyawningisthoughttobeanevolvedmechanismforkeepinggroupsalertsotheyremainvigilantagainstdanger.

问题1选项

A.watchful

B.incontinent

C.stifled

D.vigorous

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.watchful注意的；警惕的B.incontinent（大小便）失禁的

C.stifled压制D.vigorous充满活力的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】分析句子可知，for和so都是表示原因，那么推知forkeepinggroupsalert与sotheyremainvigilantagainstdanger是相近的意思，alert在这表示“警觉，警惕”，同样vigilant也表示“警惕”，所以A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。

【句意】传染性打哈欠被认为是一种进化的机制，以保持群体的警惕，从而保持对危险的警惕。

25.单选题

Eveninthe1700s,duringtheearlyUSsettlements,（

）religiousgroupswhoopposedslavery,andlaterformedthebackboneoftheAbolitionistMovement.

问题1选项

A.therehave

B.thereare

C.therewere

D.havetherebeen

【答案】D

【解析】语法（倒装）题目。空格前一句“Eveninthe1700s,duringtheearlyUSsettlements”是整个句子的时间状语，而当时间状语位于句首时，主句部分需要使用部分倒装，D选项正确。

26.单选题

Abalanceofinternationalpaymentreferstothenetresultofthebusinesswhichanation（

）withothernationsinagivenperiod.

问题1选项

A.transact

B.tempts

C.thrives

D.transforms

【答案】A

【解析】句意:国际收支平衡是指在一定时期内一个国家与其他国家贸易的净收益。

固定搭配。transactbusinesswith与…交易。

27.单选题

Earlyresearchonattitudesassumedthattheywerecasuallyrelatedtobehavior;thatis,theattitudespeopleholddeterminewhattheydo.Commonsense,too,suggestsarelationship.Isn’titlogicalthatpeoplewatchtelevisionprogramstheylike,orthatemployeestrytoavoidassignmentstheyfinddistasteful?

However,inthelate1960s,thisassumedeffectofattitudesonbehaviorwaschallengedbyareviewoftheresearch.Oneresearcher—LeonFestinger—arguedthatattitudesfollowbehavior.Didyouevernoticehowpeoplechangewhattheysay.soitdoesn’tcontradictwhattheydo?PerhapsafriendofyourshasconsistentlyarguedthatthequalityofUScarsisn’tuptothatofimportsandthathe’dneverownanythingbutaJapaneseorGermancar.Buthisdadgiveshimalate-modelFordMustang,andsuddenlyUScarsaren'tsobad.Festingerarguedthatthesecasesofattitudefollowingbehaviorillustratetheeffectsofcognitivedissonance.Cognitivedissonancereferstoanyincompatibilityanindividualmightperceivebetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes.Festingerarguedthatanyformofinconsistencyisuncomfortableandthatindividualswillattempttoreducethedissonanceand,hence,thediscomfort.Theywillseekastablestate,inwhichthereisaminimumofdissonance.

Researchhasgenerallyconcludedthatpeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehavior.Theydothisbyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehaviororbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy.Tobaccoexecutivesprovideanexample.Howyoumightwonderdothesepeoplecopewiththeongoingbarrageofdatalinkingcigarettesmokingandnegativehealthoutcomes?Theycandenythatanyclearcausationbetweensmokingandcancer,forinstance,hasbeenestablished.Theycanbrainwashthemselvesbycontinuallyarticulatingthebenefitsoftobacco.Theycanacknowledgethenegativeconsequencesofsmoking,butrationalizethatpeoplearegoingtosmokeandthattobaccocompaniesmerelypromotefreedomofchoice.Theycanaccepttheresearchevidenceandbeginactivelyworkingtomakelessdangerouscigarettesoratleastreducetheiravailabilitytomorevulnerablegroups,suchasteenagers.Ortheycanquittheirjobbecausethedissonanceistoogreat.

Noindividual,ofcourse,cancompletelyavoiddissonance.Youknowthatcheatingonyourincometaxiswrong,butyou“fudge”thenumbersabiteveryyearandhopeyou’renotaudited.Oryoutellyourchildrentoflosstheirteetheveryday,butyoudon’t.Sohowdopeoplecope?Festingerwouldproposethatthedesiretoreducedissonancedependsontheimportanceoftheelementscreatingitandthedegreeofinfluencetheindividualbelieveshehasovertheelements;individualswillbemoremotivatedtoreducedissonancewhentheattitudesorbehaviorareimportantorwhentheybelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol.Athirdfactoristherewardsofdissonance;highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonancebecausetheyallowustoeasilyrationalizeit.

1.ThepurposeofmentioningtheTVprogramspeoplewatchinthefirstparagraphistoshow（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingcasescanillustrate“dissonance”？

3.PeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehaviorbydoingmanythingsEXCEPTby（）.

4.Theauthorwantstotellus（）bygivingtheexampleoftobaccoexecutives.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.thatpeopleholddifferentattitudestowarddifferentTVprograms

B.thatpeople’sattitudesdeterminetheirbehaviors

C.thatpeople’sbehaviorsdeterminetheirattitudes

D.thatthereexistsareversiblerelationshipbetweenpeople’sattitudesandtheirbehaviors

问题2选项

A.Employeestrytoavoidassignmentstheyfinddistastefi.il.

B.AyoungmanlikeJapanesecars,buthisfatherbuyshimaUScar.

C.Youknowthatcheatingonyourincometaxiswrong.

D.Youtellyourchildrentoflosstheirteetheveryday,butyoudon’t.

问题3选项

A.alteringtheirattitudes

B.alteringtheirbehavior

C.developingtherationaldiscrepancy

D.rationalizingthediscrepancy

问题4选项

A.whysomanypeoplequittheirjobs

B.howpeoplereducethedissonance

C.howpeople’sattitudesdeterminetheirbehavior

D.whypeople’sattitudesareinconsistentwiththeirbehavior

问题5选项

A.Highrewardsdecreasepeople’sdesiretoreducethedissonance.

B.Highrewardspromptpeopletoreducethedissonance.

C.Ifpeoplebelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol,thedissonancecanbeavoided.

D.Peoplearelikelytogethigherrewards,iftheycanrationalizetheirbehavior

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“theattitudespeopleholddeterminewhattheydo.”，可知作者的提出的一个观点是人们的态度决定了他们的行为。所以可推断接下来的例子都是用来进一步证明这个观点。选项B符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Festingerarguedthatthesecasesofattitudefollowingbehaviorillustratetheeffectsofcognitivedissonance.Cognitivedissonancereferstoanyincompatibilityanindividualmightperceivebetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes.”，可知认知失调是指个体在两种或两种以上的态度之间或行为与态度之间所感知到的任何不一致。可推断dissonance涉及到不一致的问题。所以告诉孩子用牙线但自己却不用，就体现了这种认知的不一致。选项D符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句，“Theydothisbyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehaviororbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy.”，可知他们会通过改变态度，或者改变行为，或者为这种差异找合理的解释来解决不一致的问题。所以C项“发展合理化的不一致”文章没有提及。选项C符合题意。

4.推断题。文章第三段首先提到了人们解决不一致性问题的方法，下文举出了烟草公司高管的例子，可推断作者用实例来进一步说明人们减少不一致性的具体方法。选项B符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonance”，可知高回报伴随着高失调，减少不一致的内在张力。所以高回报是可以降低人们减少不一致的欲望。选项A符合题意。同时可排除B选项。根据文章最后一段，“individualswillbemoremotivatedtoreducedissonancewhentheattitudesorbehaviorareimportantorwhentheybelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol.”，可知当态度或行为很重要，或者当他们认为这种不一致是由他们能够控制的事情造成时，个人会更有动力去减少这种不协调。可排除C选项。D选项提到如果人们能使自己的行为合理化，他们就有可能获得更高的回报，在文中并未提及。选项A符合题意。

28.单选题

Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandmorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants（被告）.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswerethoughtashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatoftheattractiveovernightsuccesses.

Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisthoughttobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthemasculinequalitiesrequired.

Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.

Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.

1.Theword"liability"inparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness（）.

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness（）.

4.Thepassageimpliesthatpeople'sviewsonbeautyareoften（）.

5.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis（）.

问题1选项

A.misfortune

B.instability

C.disadvantage

D.burden

问题2选项

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequired

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapable

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomen

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly

问题3选项

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomen

B.affectsmenandwomenalike

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomen

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen

问题4选项

A.practical

B.prejudiced

C.old-fashioned

D.radical

问题5选项

A.todiscussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractive

B.togiveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractive

C.todemandequalrightsforwomen

D.toemphasizetheimportanceofappearance

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.语义推断题。根据关键词定位到第一段最后一句“Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.但在高管圈子里，美貌可能成为一种。”but在这里表示转折关系，前面的内容都是在讲美貌所带来的优势，因此可以推断，liability指的是不利条件。A选项misfortune“不幸，灾祸”；B选项instability“不稳定”；C选项disadvantage“不利条件”；D选项burden“负担，责任”。选项C与之意思相近，所以正确。

2.判断推理题。根据第四段最后一句“Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe‘masculine’qualitiesrequired.因此，一个有吸引力的女性在传统的女性工作中具有优势，但一个有吸引力的女性在传统的男性工作上似乎缺乏所需的“男性”特征。”由此可以推断，传统的女性工作需要女性具有吸引力，因为吸引力增强了女性所需要的特质，选项A符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容“结果显示,有吸引力的男性完全击败了没有吸引力的男性，但最具有吸引力的女性总是得到最少的选票。”由此可知，当涉及政治时，吸引力对女性来说并不是一件好事，选项D符合原文。

4.观点态度题。A选项practical“实际的”；B选项prejudiced“怀有偏见的”；C选项old-fashioned“过时的”；D选项radical“激进的”。文章内容首先介绍了人们对美的传统认知，然后介绍了人们认为具有吸引力的女性高管的成功大多来自运气，而不是能力；当涉及政治时，具有吸引力的女性得票最低。因此可知人们对于美的看法通常是带有偏见的，所以选项B正确。

5.作者意图题。结合全文内容可知，文章第一段最后句就讲到了美貌可能会成为一个不利因素，接下来的内容也主要是围绕这一话题展开，所以作者写本文的目的主要是讨论吸引力带来的负面