考研考博-英语-兰州财经大学陇桥学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-兰州财经大学陇桥学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart:lateinthetwentiethcenturyanambivalentrelationexistsbecauseofthemodernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentrationonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPopduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalmodernistpaintingthatisabstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,CandinskyandMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart,photography,likePoppainting,andreassuresviewersthatartisnothard:photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthesecondparagraph？(Thesentenceinitalics.)

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(inthethirdparagraph)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth——centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

6.Accordingtothepassage,certainseriouscontemporaryphotographersexpresslymakewhichofthefollowingclaimsabouttheirphotographs?

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）

问题1选项

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

问题2选项

A.paradoxical

B.mechanical

C.superficial

D.dramatic

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart

B.callattentiontoartistswhoseworksoftenbearaphysicalresemblancetotheworksofseriouscontemporaryphotographers

C.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters

D.provideacontrasttoPopartistsandotherswhocreatedworksthatexemplifytheModernistheritageinart

问题4选项

A.ameansofmakingpeoplefamiliarwithremotelocalesandunfamiliarthings

B.atechnologicallyadvancedactivity

C.adeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially

D.anartcomparabletopainting

问题5选项

A.Thephotographers’beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrendersoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision

B.Thephotographers’fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic

C.TheinfluenceofAbstractExpressionistpaintingandPopArtonthesubjectmatterofthemodemphotograph

D.Thephotographers’beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined

问题6选项

A.Theirphotographscouldbecreatedbyalmostanyonewhohadacameraandthetimetodevotetotheactivity.

B.Theirphotographsarenotexamplesofartbutareexamplesofthephotographers’impartialobservationoftheworld.

C.Theirphotographsareimportantbecauseoftheirsubjectsbutnotbecauseoftheresponsestheyevokeinviewers.

D.Theirphotographsexhibitthesameagelessprinciplesofformandshadingthathavebeenusedinpainting

问题7选项

A.contemporaryartthatisstrugglingtobeacceptedasfineart

B.craftrequiringsensitivitybutnomeansanart

C.mechanicalcopyingofreality

D.modemartthatdisplaystheModernisttendencytotrytosubverttheprevailingalmsofart

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:A

【解析】1.文章主旨题。A选项‘界定现代主义者对艺术的态度‘、B选项’解释摄影是如何作为美术出现的‘和D选项’界定当代严肃摄影家对待他们艺术所具有的各种观点，并评定每种观点的价值‘这三项只是文内提到的某些方面，不是主要的。C选项’说明当代严肃的摄影家对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把他们这些态度放在历史的进程来观察‘符合题意。

2.作者观点题。根据文章第二段showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.显示出他们对现代主义胜利强加给他们的艺术概念的想当然程度:艺术越好，它对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。所以该题作者表达的观点是矛盾的，A选项“矛盾的”符合题意。B“机械的”，C“肤浅的”和D“戏剧性的”与文章不符，排除。

3.语义理解题。作者列举这样艺术家的例子，他们像当代严肃的摄影家一样抛弃了传统的被接受的现代艺术目的。文章第三段第二句提到“例如,那些假设的摄影师,通过拍照,他们越来越远离以绘画艺术的自命不凡提醒我们的抽象表现主义画家想象他们摆脱古典现代主义绘画的知识紧缩浓度的身体行为绘画。”所以A选项‘提供一个艺术家的例子，他们像严肃的当代摄影师一样，否认传统上接受的现代艺术目标‘正确。B、C、D选项与题意不相符，排除。

4.细节判断题。根据文中第一段最后一句‘Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.有人指责摄影是没有灵魂的、机械地复制现实，摄影师们反驳说，摄影是一种特殊的观看方式，是对普通视觉的反抗，和绘画一样有艺术价值。’确定D选项符合题意。

5.细节判断题。根据文章第二段末尾提到‘Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.那些重要摄影师不再愿意辩论是否或不是艺术摄影,除了宣称自己的工作不涉及艺术,显示在多大程度上他们只是理所当然的概念艺术由现代主义的胜利:艺术、越好越颠覆传统的艺术目标。’确定D选项符合题意。

6.细节判断题。文章第二段第二句提到“Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves-anythingbutmakingworksofart.严肃的摄影师们声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自我——但绝不是在创作艺术作品。”所以B选项‘他们的照片不是艺术的例子，而是摄影师公正地观察世界的例子。’最符合。A，B，C项文章没有提及。

7.作者观点题。B选项“一项只讲究细致而不讲究艺术的工艺”和C选项“复制现实的机械”与作者观点相悖，排除，D项描述是现代摄影的现状，排除。所以A选项正确。

2.单选题

Onhiswanderingshe's（）Spanish,Italian,FrenchandasmatteringofRussian.

问题1选项

A.wokenup

B.takento

C.pickedup

D.cometo

【答案】C

【解析】wokenup醒来，开始警觉；takento开始从事，喜欢；pickedup学会，获得，捡起；cometo回到现实。句意：他在旅途中学会了西班牙语、意大利语、法语和一点俄语。选项C符合句意。

3.单选题

Thoughtheycamefrom______socialbackgrounds,thenewlymarriedcouplesharednumerousinterestsandfeelings.

问题1选项

A.desultory

B.obsolete

C.malleable

D.disparate

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.desultory漫无目的的；无条理的B.obsolete淘汰的；废弃的

C.malleable可锻造的；易受影响（或改变）的D.disparate由不同的人（或事物）组成的；迥然不同的

【答案】D

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据though可知，此处为让步语气，根据主句的句意“但这对新婚夫妇有许多共同的兴趣和感情”可推知，______socialbackgrounds表示“不同的社会背景”。因此，该题选择D项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。

【句意】虽然他们来自不同的社会背景，但这对新婚夫妇有许多共同的兴趣和感情。

4.单选题

I’mwritingtoyou______mybrotherwhoisillinthehospital.

问题1选项

A.onbehalfof

B.bythenameof

C.inplaceof

D.infavorof

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.onbehalfof代表B.bythenameof以……为名；名叫

C.inplaceof取代D.infavorof有利于，支持

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】按照句意“我______我生病住院的兄弟给你写信”可知，我是代表我的兄弟写信，所以该选择A项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】我代表我生病住院的兄弟给你写信。

5.单选题

AirattacksinAfghanistanarefocusedonairportsandtrainingcampstoavoidcivilian______.

问题1选项

A.involvement

B.rebellion

C.casualties

D.anguish

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项involvement“参与；牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难”；B选项rebellion“叛乱；反抗；谋反”；C选项casualties“伤亡；人员伤亡”；D选项anguish“痛苦；苦恼”。句意：阿富汗的空袭主要集中在机场和训练营，以避免平民的……。可推测为了不使平民受到伤亡，所以阿富汗的空袭主要集中在机场和训练营。结合此处语境，C选项正确。

6.写作题

Youareveryhappywhenyougetthenewsthatyourfriendhasbeenpromoted.Writealitterofcongratulationandencouragehim/hertokeepup.

Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiTao"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress,butpayattentiontotheformofletterwriting

【答案】略

7.单选题

Weliveina(n)______societywhichviewssuccessprimarilyintermsofmaterialpossessions.

问题1选项

A.acquisitive

B.requisite

C.inextricable

D.refraining

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项acquisitive“渴求获取财物的，贪婪的”，B项requisite“必备的，必不可少的”，C项inextricable“逃脱不掉的，解不开的”，D项refraining为动词refrain的现在分词形式，表示“克制”。根据句子可知，which是作定语从句修饰society，定语从句的意思是“社会主要从物质财富的角度来看待成功”，那么可以推测，这个社会是一个“渴求获取财物的”社会，A项符合。句意：我们生活在一个主要把成功看成是物质财富的贪婪的社会。因此，该题选择A项。

8.单选题

Theintelligencedepartmentwasaccused,offailureto（）thetroopstothepossibilityofanenemyattackduringtheweekend.

问题1选项

A.instruct

B.warn

C.dictate

D.alert

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项instruct“指导，通知”；B选项warn“警告（偏向于告诫）”；C选项dictate“命令，口述”；D选项alert“使警觉，警告（更加正式）”。句意：情报部门被指控未能在周末向部队（）敌人可能发动袭击的情况。本句的句意是要表达“情报部门没有及时通报让部队警觉”，因此D选项符合题意。

9.单选题

Cultureistransmittedlargelybylanguageandbythenecessityforpeopleinclosecontacttocooperate.Themoreextensivethecommunicationsnetwork,thegreatertheexchangeofideasandbeliefsandthemorealikepeoplebecome—intolerationofdiversityifnothingelse.Membersofacultureoranationaregenerallyinclosercontactwithoneanotherthanwithmembersofotherculturesornations.Theybecomemorelikeeachotherandmoreunlikeothers.Inthisway,theredevelops“nationalcharacter”，whichisthestatisticaltendencyforagroupofpeopletosharevaluesandfollowsimilarbehaviorpatterns.

Frequently,themembersofoneculturewillinterpretthe“nationalcharacteristics”ofanothergroupintermsoftheirownvalues.Forexample,theinhabitantsofaSouthPacificislandmaybeconsidered“lazy”bycitizensofsomeindustrializednations.Ontheotherhand,itmaybethattheislandersplaceagreatvalueonsocialrelationshipsbutlittlevalueon“productivity”，andcropsgrowwithlittleattention.Thenegativeconnotationofthelabel“lazy”isthusunjustifiedfromthepointofviewoftheislandculture.

Stereotypes,suchas“lazy”，“inscrutable,”and“dishonest”givepeoplethesecurityoflabelswithwhichtoreacttoothersinasuperficialway,buttheyaredamagingtorealunderstandingamongmembersofdifferentcultures.Peoplereactmoretolabelsthantoreality.AblackAmericanPeaceCorpsvolunteer,forinstance,isconsideredandcalledawhitemanbyblackAfricans.The“we-they”distinctionappliestowhatevercharacteristicthe“wes’’haveandthe“theys’’donothave—andthecharacteristicsattributedtothe“theys”areusuallyoneswithanegativevalue.

Thedistinctionbecomesmostobviousintimesofconflict.Forthisreason,itisoftensuggestedtheonlythingthatmightjoinallmentogetheronthisplanetwouldbeaninvasionfromouterspace.“We”，theearthlings,wouldthenfight“them”，theoutsiders.

Giventhegreatdiversities—realandimagined—amongpeopleoftheworld,isthereanyfoundationforhopethatsomedayallmenmightjointogethertoformasingleandlegitimateworldgovernment?Theoutcomewillprobablydependonthepoliticalevolutionofmankind.

1.Whatmakespeoplemoretolerantofdiversitybetweendifferentgroups?

2.“Nationalcharacter”isbuiltamongpeoplewho（

）.

3.Tosomeindustrializednations,thementionedSouthPacificislandersare

（

）.

4.Withstereotypes,peopletendto

（

）.

5.WhatistrueabouttheblackAmericanPeaceCorpsvolunteer?

6.Itispossibletoformasingleandlegitimateworldgovernmentonlywhen（

）.

问题1选项

A.Extensivecommunications.

B.Languagedevelopment.

C.Closecooperation.

D.Directinteractions.

问题2选项

A.likeeachother

B.sharethesamevalues

C.speakthesamelanguage

D.thinkinthesameway

问题3选项

A.idle

B.carefree

C.inefficient

D.well-organized

问题4选项

A.reacttoeachotheronaregularbasis

B.seedifferentculturesindifferentways

C.taketheirowncultureasthebestofall

D.describeothercultureswithlabels

问题5选项

A.HewaswrongedbyhisfellowAfricanAmericans.

B.Hewasconsideredasadistinguishedvolunteer.

C.Hewasdiscriminatedagainstbythewhites.

D.HewasexcludedfromtheblackAfricans.

问题6选项

A.peoplearewillingtoabandontheir“nationalcharacter”

B.peopleofdifferentnationsholdsimilarpoliticalviews

C.humanbeingsasawholehaveonecommonenemy

D.humanbeingsareabletocontactbeingsinouterspace.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句。“Themoreextensivethecommunicationsnetwork,thegreatertheexchangeofideasandbeliefsandthemorealikepeoplebecome…（交际网络越广泛，思想和信仰的交流就越多，人与人之间的相似之处也就越多。）”，从而得出本题答案。

2.细节事实题。根据题干信息。可将信息点定位至原文第一段最后一句。“Inthisway,theredevelops‘nationalcharacter,’whichisthestatisticaltendencyforagroupofpeopletosharevaluesandfollowsimilarbehaviorpatterns（这样，就形成了“民族性”，这是一群人分享价值观和遵循相似行为模式的统计趋势）”，即可得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。“Forexample,theinhabitantsofaSouthPacificislandmaybeconsidered‘lazy’by...（例如，南太平洋岛屿的居民可能被认为是“懒惰的”……）”，从而得出本题答案。

4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段第一句。根据“givepeoplethesecurityoflabelswithwhichtoreacttoothers（给人们安全的标签，让他们对他人做出反应）”，即可得出本题答案。

5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段第三句。根据“AblackAmericanPeaceCorpsvolunteer,forinstance,isconsideredandcalledawhitemanbyblackAfricans.（例如，美国和平队的黑人志愿者被非洲黑人认为是白人，并被称为白人。）”即可得出本题答案。

6.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。“Theoutcomewillprobablydependonthepoliticalevolutionofmankind.（其结果可能将取决于人类的政治演变。）”从而得出本题答案。

10.单选题

We’veseena_______trendofconsumerssayingtheywillspendmore,fromholidayshoppingto2015travelplans,andspendingplansforFeb.14arenoexception.

问题1选项

A.consistent

B.persistent

C.insistent

D.resistant

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项consistent“始终如一的，（论点、观点）前后一致的”；B选项persistent“持续的；执着的”；C选项insistent“坚决的；（声音、节奏等）持续的”；D选项resistant“抵制的；有抵抗力的”。句意：从假日购物到2015年旅游计划，我们已经看到了消费者_______的趋势，他们会花更多的钱，2月14日的消费计划也不例外。根据语境，这里指消费者的消费趋势不会改变，所以consistent“始终如一的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

Inmanycountriestobaccoandmedicinearegovernment（）.

问题1选项

A.control

B.monopoly

C.business

D.belongings

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。根据句意可知，这里指政府垄断，选项B符合语境。

12.单选题

____asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.

问题1选项

A.Beingpublished

B.Published

C.Publishing

D.Tobepublished

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.Beingpublished被发表（被动语态的现在分词形式）B.Published发表（过去分词）

C.Publishing发表（现在分词）D.Tobepublished发表（不定式）

【答案】B

【考查点】倒装强调句

【解题思路】本题考查的是as引导的让步状语从句的倒装句用法。在as引导的让步状语从句中，可以将名词、形容词、副词或分词置于句首，表示强调。原句的正确语序为“Asitwas____atsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention”，此处it指的是“他的作品”，根据语义，他的作品应该是被发表，所以此处应该使用被动语态，题干中已经有了be动词，因此只需填入一个过去分词即可，B选项Published“发表（过去分词）”符合要求。

【干扰项排除】

A选项Beingpublished“被发表（被动语态的现在分词形式）”，题干中已经有be动词了，不需要再使用一个be动词，另外，现在分词形式表主动，语态不对；

C选项Publishing“发表（现在分词）”，现在分词形式表主动，语态不对；

D选项Tobepublished“发表（不定式）”，使用不定式形式，说明作品尚未发表，不符合原句语义。

【句意】尽管他的作品在这样一个时期出版，但还是引起了很大的关注。

13.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentenceintoChinese.

TheAmericandefinitionofsuccessislargelyoneofacquiringwealthandahighmaterialstandardofliving.Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatAmericansvalueeducationforitsmonetaryvalue.ThebeliefiswidespreadintheUnitedStatesthatthemoreschoolingpeoplehave,themoremoneytheywillearnwhentheyleaveschool.

（1）Thebeliefisstrongestregardingthedesirabilityofanundergraduateuniversitydegree,oraprofessionaldegree,suchasmedicineorlaw,followingtheundergraduatedegree.Themonetaryvalueofgraduatedegreesin"nonprofessional"fieldssuchasart,history,orphilosophyisnotasgreat.

InrecentyearstherehasbeenachangeinthejobmarketintheUnitedStates.（2）

Inthepast,itwaspossibletogetahigh-payingfactoryjobwithoutacollegeeducation;workerswithskillslearnedinvocationalschoolsoronthejobcoulddoworkthatdidnotrequireacollegeeducation.Thesewereamongthejobsthatnewimmigrantswereoftenabletoobtain.Increasingly,however,theadventofnewtechnologieshasmeantthatmoreandmoreeducationisrequiredtodothework.（3）

ManyofthenewjobsintheUnitedStateseitherrequireacollegeeducation,evenagraduatedegreeortheyarelow-payingjobsintheservicesectoroftheeconomy_—suchasinfast-foodrestaurants,smallstores,andhotels.Additionally，manyjobsarebeingoutsourcedtocountrieswheresalariesaremuchlower.（4）

Thisistrueofbothhigher-payingtechnicaljobsandlower-payingjobsrequiringlimitedskills.Becauseoftheimportanceofhighereducation,manyadultscombineworkingwithtakingclassesatacollege.Manypublicandprivatecollegesanduniversitiesaremakingiteasierforstudentstotakeclassesthroughdistancelearning,usingtheInternettoprovidematerialsandlecturesaswellastoengagestudentsindiscussion.（5）

Somestudentswhoarelivingoncampusorcommutingtoclassestakeatleastpartoftheircourseworkbydistance,butitisalsopossibleforastudenttoobtainbothundergraduateandgraduatedegreeswithouteverbeingonacollegecampus.

【答案】1.有一种观点强烈地认为大学本科学位或继大学本科学位之后的专业学位（诸如医学和法律）是值得向往的。

2.在过去，没有大学学历的情况下得到一份高薪的工厂工作是可能的；从职业学校或工作上学得技巧的工人们可以做不需要大学学历的工作。

3.在美国很多新工作要么要求大专学历甚至研究生学历，要么它们是经济服务业里（诸如快餐店，小商店和旅馆）的底薪工作。

4.较高薪酬的技术工作和需要有限技能的较低薪资的工作都的确如此。

5.住校或通勤来上课的一些学生通过远程学习来完成至少部分课程，不过一个学生在从不在大学校园的情况下也可能获得本科学位和研究生学位。

14.单选题

Myseven-yearoldnephewhadapairofnewshoesinAprilandhe'salready（）them.

问题1选项

A.outweighed

B.outgrown

C.outlived

D.outreached

【答案】B

【解析】形近词辨析。outweighed"比…重";outgrown"长得大而容不进,比…长得快（或高、大）";outlived"比…活得长久";outreached"超越,伸出"。句意：我七岁的侄子四月份买了一双新鞋,现在已经穿不下了。选项B符合句意。

15.单选题

Thescentofherperfume（）onintheclassroom.

问题1选项

A.continued

B.lingered

C.covered

D.existed

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项continue“继续，逗留”continue…on“继续”；B选项linger“消磨，缓慢度过”，linger…on“流连忘返，一直存在”；C选项cover“覆盖，包括”；D选项exist“存在，生存”，exist…on“靠……为生”。句意：她的香水味在房间里久久不散。由选项意思和固定搭配可知，B选项符合句意。

16.单选题

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozing(睡)soundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residents(住院医生)arefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctor,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadside.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep”.

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”.

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedoneyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibility(不出错)andgettheresttheyneed.

1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?

2.Whatdoestheauthorimplyspeakingofthesleepproblemsthatdoctorsface?

3.WhatistheauthorspurposeofwritingParagraphs3and4?

4.WhatdoesDr.CharlesBinkleymeanby“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”inParagraph5?

5.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.Strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep.

B.Toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep.

C.Peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness.

D.Poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder.

问题2选项

A.Doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblems.

B.Doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic.

C.Doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents.

D.Sleepdepriveddoctorsareintoxicated.

问题3选项

A.Toshowthehostilitydoctorshaveagainsttheirpatients.

B.Toexemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep.

C.Toentertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes.

D.Todiscussthecauseofdoctors’sleepproblems.

问题4选项

A.Theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific.

B.Lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan.

C.Doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations.

D.Thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch.

问题5选项

A.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequately-rested.

B.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorsfromtheirpositions.

C.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

D.Patientscanchoosethesleepinghoursoftheirdoctors.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句peoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（那些每天睡眠时间超过8小时但仍然感到疲劳的人死于中风的可能性是正常人的近三倍，这可能是由于一种潜在的疾病使他们无法睡得安稳所致。），可知睡得足够久却疲惫的人可能是因为患有疾病，D选项“睡眠质量差可能是身体紊乱的迹象”正确；这里没有说到中风和睡眠的关系，A选项“中风常与睡眠有关”错误；这里没有说到睡眠过多的危害，B选项“睡眠过多和睡眠不足一样有害”错误；文中没有说到睡眠少就容易生病，C选项“每天睡眠少于8小时的人更容易生病”错误。因此D选项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。作者提出住院医生睡眠不足的问题，然后对医生在睡眠不足的情况下提供的服务质量提出质疑，最后一句说Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.（奇怪的是，那些认为在酒精影响下进行手术就可以被解雇的外科医生对于在睡眠不足的情况下进行手术往往毫不犹豫。），可知作者认为睡眠不足和醉酒没什么两样，D选项“睡眠不足的医生像喝醉了一样”正确；没有提到医生对自己睡眠不足这个情况的态度，A选项“医生往往忽视他们自己的睡眠问题”错误；医生不能醉酒做手术，而睡眠不足如同醉酒，所以医生也需要充足的睡眠，B选项“医生通常需要很少的睡眠来保持精力充沛”错误。这一段主要在表达医生睡眠不足会影响服务质量，并且明确表示住院医生睡眠被剥夺，不符合题干中“第一段暗含什么”的条件，也不是表达的主要内容，C选项“住院医生的睡眠被剥夺”错误。因此A选项正确。

3.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。作者列出了睡眠不足对医生的影响，比如第三段的最后一句Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.（我真的是站着睡着了，脸差点被埋在伤口里。）和第四段PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadside.（几乎我认识的每个外科住院医生都在下班回家的路上睡着了……我知道有三个人撞到了停着的车。另一辆撞到了路边的一家便利店。），最后总结说“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep”.（“你自己的病人变成了你的敌人。”第三个人写道，因为他们是“阻碍你睡好几个小时的唯一因素”。），表达医生因为职业的关系缺乏睡眠，在这里作者用大量篇幅举例来阐述医生缺乏睡眠的危险，B选项“举例说明缺乏睡眠给医生带来的危险”正确；这里只是表达因为要治病，医生缺乏睡眠，A选项“显示医生对病人的敌意”错误；娱乐读者不是主要目的，而是举例表达观点，C选项“用一些轶事来娱乐读者”错误；D选项“讨论医生出现睡眠问题的原因”不是表达的重点，故错误。因此B选项正确。

4.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.（它的关键条款模仿了纽约州的规定，包括每周80小时的工作时间和24小时的轮班限制。然而，大多数医生抵制这种干预。），可知医生不赞同法案中对医生工作时间如此具体和死板的规定，认为睡眠的时间段不是能够用法律规定的，不想连睡眠都要受法律束缚，D选项“政府干扰过多”正确。A选项“关于工作周和轮班的规定太具体了”和B选项“法律不能让医生睡觉，但是他的意识可以”：不是表达的主要意思。C选项“医生不应该遵守政府的规定”：文中没有这样的意思。因此D选项正确。

5.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第六段TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsa