考研考博-英语-云南民族大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-云南民族大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

1.Herwholebeingwasfilledwithavague______,whichwaslikeashadow,likeamistpassingacrosshersoul’ssummerday.

2.Asshehadforgottenherkeys,shegotintothehousebythesimple______ofclimbingthroughawindow.

3.Alltheticketsfortheconcerthadbeensold.FortunatelyIknewoneoftheactorsandbyworkingthe______wewereabletoseeit.

4.Nuclearexplosioncanbeafatal______thatwillcauseheavylossoflife.

5.ProfessorSmithpossessesa______.That’swhyheissopopularwithhisstudents.

问题1选项

A.deference

B.oracle

C.impediment

D.anguish

E.appellation

F.expedient

G.catastrophe

H.cubicle

I.charisma

J.paragon

问题2选项

A.deference

B.oracle

C.impediment

D.anguish

E.appellation

F.expedient

G.catastrophe

H.cubicle

I.charisma

J.paragon

问题3选项

A.deference

B.oracle

C.impediment

D.anguish

E.appellation

F.expedient

G.catastrophe

H.cubicle

I.charisma

J.paragon

问题4选项

A.deference

B.oracle

C.impediment

D.anguish

E.appellation

F.expedient

G.catastrophe

H.cubicle

I.charisma

J.paragon

问题5选项

A.deference

B.oracle

C.impediment

D.anguish

E.appellation

F.expedient

G.catastrophe

H.cubicle

I.charisma

J.paragon

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:F

第3题:B

第4题:G

第5题:I

【解析】【选项释义】

A.deference遵从，尊重n.B.oracle神谕，神示n.

C.impediment妨碍，阻碍n.D.anguish剧痛，极度痛苦n.

E.appellation名称，称呼n.F.expedient权宜之计，应急办法n./adj.

G.catastrophe灾难，灾祸n.H.cubicle（大房间分隔出的）小房间，隔间n.

I.charisma超凡的个人魅力，感召力n.J.paragon完人，典范n.

1.【答案】D

【解题思路】分析题目可知，空缺处缺少名词。结合修饰空格处的定语从句“这种______像阴影，像笼罩她心灵的夏日的薄雾”可知，空格处填入anguish表示“痛苦，苦恼”符合语境。因此，本题正确答案为D项。

【句意】她的整个身心充满了一种隐隐约约的痛苦，这种痛苦像阴影，像笼罩她心灵的夏日的薄雾。

2.【答案】F

【解题思路】分析题目可知，空缺处缺少名词。由句子意思“因为她忘记带钥匙，她以从爬窗子这种最简单的______进入了房间”可知，空格处填入expedient表示“应急手段”符合语境。因此，本题正确答案为F项。

【句意】由于忘了带钥匙，她以从爬窗子这种最简单的应急办法进入了房间。

3.【答案】B

【解题思路】分析题目可知，空缺处缺少work的宾语，因此应选择名词。第二句的意思是“幸运的是，我认识其中一个演员，我们通过______才看成了音乐会”，而短语worktheoracle原本表示“收买僧侣以得到所希望的神谕”，在这可引申为“走关系”，因此该题选择B项。

【句意】音乐会的票都卖完了。幸运的是，我认识其中一个演员，我们通过走关系才看成了音乐会。

4.【答案】G

【解题思路】分析题目可知，空缺处缺少名词。由前面的关键词Nuclearexplosion（核爆炸）可知，空格处表示“灾难”符合句意。因此，该题选择G项。

【句意】核爆炸可能是致命的灾难，会造成重大的生命损失。

5.【答案】I

【解题思路】分析题目可知，空缺处缺少名词。根据第二句的句意“这就是为什么他在学生中那么受欢迎”可推知，第一句中的“史密斯教授”是有超凡的个人魅力。因此，该题选择I项。

【句意】史密斯教授具有超凡的魅力。这就是为什么他在学生中那么受欢迎。

2.单选题

Nervousaboutflyinginplanes,（）.

问题1选项

A.thirtyyearsagopeopleknewnothingofspacetravel

B.peopleknewnothingofspacetravelthirtyyearsago

C.spacetravelwasunknownbypeoplethirtyyearsago

D.becausepeopleknewnothingofspacethirtyyearsago

【答案】B

【解析】考查句型结构辨析。A选项时间状语要放在句尾，跟前面句型保持一致；B选项正确，前面说的是nervous，也就是人们担心，因此后面也必须先出现人们；C选项主谓不一致，可排除；D选项缺少成分。句意：坐飞机感到紧张……。因此答案为B选项。

3.单选题

Theseriouslookingmenindulgedthemselvesinaconversationasiftheywere（）ofthenoisycrowdssurroundingthem.

问题1选项

A.negligible

B.discerned

C.ignorant

D.oblivious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negligible“微不足道的”；B选项discerned“察觉，辨别”；C选项ignorant“无知的”；D选项oblivious“健忘的”。句意：这些外表严肃的人沉浸在会话当中，似乎对周围嘈杂的人群一无所知。选项C符合句意。

4.单选题

Thecountry'sproductiondroppedwhilepricesandunemployed（

）.

问题1选项

A.under-questioned

B.out-space

C.overestimated

D.skyrocketed

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。under-question“在受盘问中”；out-space是名词，意思是“外部空间”；overestimate“对……估计过高”；skyrocket“飞涨；猛涨”。While前后是对比关系，前面提到“这个国家的生产下降”，因此后面是表示“价格和失业率在上升”，选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Rotationreferstotheturningoftheearth,（）tothemovementaroundthesun.

问题1选项

A.besidesrevolution

B.revolutionrefers

C.andrevolution

D.whilerevolutionreferring

【答案】C

【解析】考查句型结构辨析。A选项besidesrevolution“除了公转”；B选项revolutionrefers“公转”；C选项andrevolution“公转”；D选项whilerevolutionreferring“同时公转意味着”。句意：自转是指地球的转动，……是指围绕太阳的运动。A选项句子不通顺，B选项句子缺少结构，D选项需要加is，根据句意可知C选项正确。

6.单选题

Endangeredspeciesareplantsandanimalsthatareinimmediatedangerofextinction.Extinctionisactuallyanormalprocessinthecourseofevolution.Sincetheformationoftheearth,manymorespecieshavebecomeextinctthanthoseexisttoday.Thesespeciesslowlydisappearedbecauseofchangesofclimateandtheirfailuretoadapttosuchconditionsascompetitionandpredation（捕食）.Sincethe1600s,however,theprocessofextinctionhasgreatlyacceleratedasaresultofbothhumanpopulationgrowthandtechnologicalencroachment（侵犯）onnaturalecologysystems.Todaythemajorityoftheworld’senvironmentsarechangingfasterthantheabilityofmostspeciestoadapttosuchchangesthroughnaturalselection.

Speciesbecomeextinctorendangeredforanumberofreasons,buttheprimarycauseisthedestructionofnaturalhabitats（栖息地）.Drainageofwetlands（沼泽地），cuttingandclearingofforests,growthofcities,andhighwayanddamconstructionhaveseriouslyreducedavailablenaturalhabitats.Asthevarioussurroundingsbecomefragments,theremaininganimalpopulationscrowdintosmallerareas,causingfurtherdestructionofnaturalsurroundings.Speciesinthesesmallislandslosecontactwithotherpopulationsoftheirownkind,thusreducingtheirgeneticvariationandmakingthemlessadaptabletoenvironmentchanges.

Sincethe1600s,commercialexploitationofanimalsforfoodandotherproductshascausedmanyspeciestobecomeextinctorendangered.Introduceddiseasesandparasiteshavealsogreatlyreducedsomespecies.Pollutionisanotherimportantcauseoftheirextinction.

Someprivateandgovernmentaleffortshavebeenorganizedtosavedecliningspecies.Lawsweremadeinsomecountriesintheearly1900stoprotectwildanimalsfromcommercialtradeandkilling.InternationalendeavorsareshownintheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies,approvedby51nations.Itspurposeistorestrictexploitationofwildanimalsandplantsbyregulatingandrestrictingtradeincertainspecies.Howeffectivesuchlawswillbeinvariouscountries,however,dependsonenforcement（实施）andsupportbythepeopleandthecourts.Becauseofalackoflawenforcement,thewillingnessofsomesegmentsofsocietytotradeinendangeredspecies,theactivitiesofpeoplewhocatchandkillanimalsillegallyanddealerswhosupplythetrade,thefutureofmanyspeciesisindoubtinspiteoflegalprotection.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfactorcausingtherapidextinctionofmanspeciessincethe17thcentury?

2.Inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theword“islands”refersto_______.

3.Thispassagementionsallofthefollowingreasonsthatcausetheextinctionofmanspeciesexcept______.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingismostimportantinsavingdecliningspecies?

5.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheprospectofprotectingendangeredspeciesfrombeingextinct?

问题1选项

A.Humanbeingsarenotawareoftheimportanceofpreservingendangeredspecies.

B.Someendangeredspecieshavealreadyreachedtheendoftheirlifespaninevolution.

C.Thedevelopmentofhumansocietyhasgreatlyaffectednaturalecologysystems.

D.Theworld’sclimatehaschangedsogreatlythatmostspeciescannotsurvive.

问题2选项

A.thelandsthatarecompletelysurroundedbywater

B.thewildanimals’breedinggroundsprotectedbylaw

C.thepiecesoflandseparatedbymodembuildingsandroads

D.thesmallandisolatedareasinhabitedbycertainspecies

问题3选项

A.naturalselectionofspecies

B.variousnaturaldisasters

C.commercialtradeandkilling

D.destructionofnaturalsurroundings

问题4选项

A.Governmentsshouldmakesomelawstoprotectendangeredspecies.

B.Peopleshouldpaymoreattentiontotheprotectionofnaturalsurroundings.

C.Relevantlawsmustbemadeandenforcedwiththesupportofthepeople.

D.Someorganizationsshouldwarnpeoplenottotradeinendangeredanimals.

问题5选项

A.Worried.

B.Optimistic.

C.Indifferent.

D.Confident.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第五句，“theprocessofextinctionhasgreatlyacceleratedasaresultofbothhumanpopulationgrowthandtechnologicalencroachmentonnaturalecologysystems.”，可知灭绝速度加快的原因是人类人口的增长和科学技术对自然生态系统的侵犯。选项C符合题意。

2.语义题。根据第二段第三句，“Asthevarioussurroundingsbecomefragments,theremaininganimalpopulationscrowdintosmallerareas…”，可知环境变成了碎片，剩下的动物聚集在更小的区域里，下文的smallislands就是指这些区域。根据“Speciesinthesesmallislandslosecontactwithotherpopulationsoftheirownkind”，可知生活在这个小区域里的物种与其他同类中种群失去了联系。所以是孤立的。选项D符合题意。

3.细节理解题。考查对物种灭绝的原因的理解。根据文章第一段第一句，“anormalprocessinthecourseofevolution”，可知物种灭绝是进化中的一个正常过程，选项A可排除。根据第二段第一句，“…thedestructionofnaturalhabitats…”，栖息地的破坏也是物种灭绝的原因，选项D可排除。根据文章最后一段第二句，“…protectwildanimalsfromcommercialtradeandkilling.”，商业买卖和杀害也是原因，选项C可排除。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Howeffectivesuchlawswillbeinvariouscountries,however,dependsonenforcementandsupportbythepeopleandthecourts.”，使法律有效发挥作用的关键在于人们和法院的实施和支持，所以相关法律需要在人们的支持下制定和实施是最重要的。选项C符合题意。

5.作者态度题。根据文章最后一段最后一句，“thefutureofmanyspeciesisindoubtinspiteoflegalprotection.”，可知作者认为尽管有法律保护，许多物种的未来仍然尚存疑问。所以作者是担忧的态度。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

To（

）importantdatesinhistory,countriescreatespecialholidays.

问题1选项

A.commend

B.memorize

C.propagate

D.commemorate

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项commend“表扬，推荐”；B选项memorize“记忆，记住”；C选项propagate“传播，繁殖”；D选项commemorate“纪念，庆祝”。根据importantdates（重要日期）可知D选项最符合逻辑。句意：为了纪念历史上的重要日期，国家会设立特别假日。

8.单选题

Parentsoftenfallintothetrapofofferingotherfoodinorderto（

）thechildtoeat.

问题1选项

A.tempt

B.manipulate

C.incense

D.escort

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。tempt“吸引，诱使”；manipulate“操作，操控”；incense“使激怒”；escort“护送，陪同”。句意：家长们常常陷入困境，通过别的食物来吸引孩子好好吃饭。选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Mymotherraisedmeasbestasshecould,takingonoddjobsintheneighborhoodformoney.Stillwithoutafathertotellmehowtoactandwhatwasexpectedofme,Ifeltlost.IwanderedforyearsandgotinvolvedwithtoughguysontheEastSideofNewYork.Theywouldfightmadlyoveradroppedcoin.Theywouldstealtogetwhattheywanted.Iwantedtobelikethem.

ItwasluckyformethatIleftthecityandenteredaworldofdiscipline,afterfollowingmymother’sadvice.Duringthreeyearsofmilitaryservice,Ihadtimetorethinkmylife,andmythoughtsoftenrantomymother.IrealizedsuddenlyjusthowmuchofaheartacheImusthavebeentoher,howlittleIhadnoticedhersuffering.Whenmyfatherleftthisworld,mymotherwascompletelyalone.Tosupportus,mymothercleanedapartmentsandtookinwashingandironingfromtheneighbors.Andassheworkedhardatthislabor,shekeptherheadhigh.Eachweekshewouldbringapileofbookshomefromthelibraryandreadtous.Mymotherhadwantednothingmorethanformetoturnintoanhonestresponsibleman.ButIhadactedagainsther.Finally,almosttoolateIhadthesensetofeelshame.

TenyearspassedandIreturnedtotheapartmentontheEastSide.IknewIwouldn’tfallbackinwiththewrongpeople,althoughIstillwasn’tsurewhereIwasheading.Mymother,Icouldtellwasworriedaboutme.Inmyneighborhood,tobecomeapoliceofficerorafirefighterwasamarkofsignificantsocialsuccessandachievement.Formeitwasanopportunityforarealstartinlife.IwonderedifIwasuptoit,butIknewthatitwastimetotry.WhenIfoundmyselfinthebighallraisingmyhandstotakethefirefighter’soathofoffice,mymotherwassittingafewrowsbehindwithasmileofrelief.SheknewthatatlastIwasoffonlife’sroadandmovingsteadily.Hersmilesaid,“Myjobisfinallydone.”

1.Fromthisstory,wemayguessthattheEastSideofNewYorkmustbea（）area.

2.Theauthorusedtobehavehimself（）.

3.Fromthecontext,weunderstandthat“oddjobs”inthefirstparagraphrefertojobs（）.

4.Inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theauthorsays“Itwasluckyformethat...”Theluckyexperiencehetalksabouthereishisexperienceof（）.

5.WhatisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.commercial

B.rich

C.poor

D.distant

问题2选项

A.oddly

B.toughly

C.remarkably

D.badly

问题3选项

A.ofcleaning,washingandironing

B.whicharenotregularorfixed

C.whichonecanmakeextramoneywith

D.withhousework

问题4选项

A.thethreeyearsofmilitaryservice

B.leavingaworldofdiscipline

C.leavingthecityandhismother

D.fightingwithtoughguys

问题5选项

A.Afterherhusbanddied,hismotherdidallavailablejobstosupportthefamily.

B.Theauthorwassurprisedthathewasacceptedasafirefighter.

C.Theauthorfinallyrealizedthathismotheralwayswantedhimtobeanhonestandresponsibleman.

D.Infaceofpoverty,hismotherneverloweredherhead.Shebravelystruggledon.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段“Theywouldfightmadlyoveradroppedcoin.Theywouldstealtogetwhattheywanted.”他们会为一枚掉在地上的硬币疯狂地打斗,他们会去偷想要的东西。由此可以推断,这个地区很贫穷,选项C正确。

2.信息推断题。根据第二段的首句“ItwasluckyformethatIleftthecityandenteredaworldofdiscipline,...”我很幸运,在听从了母亲的建议后,我离开了这座城市,进入了一个有纪律的世界。根据“discipline”可推测,作者以前的表现应该是badly,选项D最恰当。

3.事实细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段,可知“oddjobs”是母亲做的工作。再根据第二段“Tosupportus,mymothercleanedapartmentsandtookinwashingandironingfromtheneighbors.”所以选项A符合原文。

4.事实细节题。根据第二段的第二句“Duringthreeyearsofmilitaryservice,Ihadtimetorethinkmylife,...”可知,作者觉得幸运的经历是在部队服役的三年经历。选项A正确。

5.信息推断题。根据第二段后半部分的内容可知选项A和D正确;根据第二段最后三句“Mymotherhad...thesensetofeelshame.”可知选项C也正确;所以本题选B。

10.单选题

Butthechanges,evenatthisearlystageofthe2012campaign,haveprovenmoredramaticand（）thanallbutthemost（）analysthadimagined.

问题1选项

A.exciting...pessimistic

B.unsettling...fretful

C.upsetting...optimistic

D.discomposing...lighthearted

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。Exciting“兴奋的，激动的”；pessimistic“悲观的”；unsettling“使人不安的”；fretful“焦躁的”；upsetting“令人苦恼的”；optimistic“乐观的”；discomposing“使不安”；lighthearted“无忧无虑的”。句意：但事实证明，即便是在2012年竞选早期，这些变化也比最焦躁不安的分析学家想象的更为剧烈和令人不安。选项B符合题意。

11.单选题

Theemergenceofextraterrestriallife,particularlyintelligentlife,isakeytestfortheserivalinstances.

问题1选项

A.doctrines

B.heresies

C.examples

D.debates

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项doctrinesn.主义，学说，教义；B选项heresiesn.异端邪说，异教；C选项examplesn.例子，实例；D选项debatesn.辩论，讨论。句意：外星生命，尤其是有智慧生命的出现，对于这些竞争对手情况是一个关键性的测试。因此，C选项正确。

12.单选题

TheexhibitionattheShanghaiScienceandTechnologyCenter（

）suchendangeredanimalsasthegiantpandaandtheSiberiantigeranddescribestheworkbeingdonetoprotectthem.

问题1选项

A.detects

B.exploits

C.features

D.survive

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。detect察觉，发现；exploit利用，开发；feature以...为特色；survive幸存，生还。句意：在上海科技中心举办的展览以大熊猫和东北虎等濒危动物为特色，并且描述了保护它们所做的工作。选项C符合句意。

13.单选题

Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.Ontheotherhand,itsdefinitionisdifficultformanypeople.Themeaningofthetermisconfused,buteveryoneshouldunderstanditsmeaningandobjectives.Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).

Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.Forthisreasongreatcareshouldbetakentodistinguishbetweenbeliefsandtruths.Thereisnodangeraslongasacleardifferenceismadebetweentemporaryandprovedexplanations.Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.Fromthesepositionsscientistscontinuetoexperimentandobserveuntiltheyareprovedordiscredited.Theexactstatusofanyexplanationshouldbeclearlylabeledtoavoidconfusion.

Theobjectivesofscienceareprimarilythediscoveryandthesubsequentunderstandingoftheunknown.Mancannotbesatisfiedwithrecognizingthatsecretsexistinnatureorthatquestionsareunanswerable;hemustsolvethem.Towardthatendspecialistsinthefieldofbiologyandrelatedfieldsofinterestaredirectingmuchoftheirtimeandenergy.

Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisarmedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes—forinstance,improvinghealth,raisingstandardsofliving,orcreatingnewconsumerproducts.Inthiscaseknowledgeisputtoeconomicuse.Suchanapproachisreferredtoasappliedscience.

Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.Chemistsresponsibleformanyofthediscoveriescouldhardlyhaveanticipatedthattheirfindingswouldonedayresultinapplicationsofsuchapracticalnatureasthosedirectlyrelatedtolifeanddeath.Thediscoveryofonebitofinformationopensthedoortothediscoveryofanother.Somediscoveriesseemsosimplethatoneisamazedtheywerenotmadeyearsago;however,oneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.

46.Todefinesciencewemaysimplycallit______.

47.Purescience,leadingtotheconstructionofamicroscope,______.

48.Ascientistinterestedinaddingtoourgeneralknowledgeaboutoxygenwouldprobablycallhisapproach______.

49.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorimply?

50.Thebesttitleforthepassageis______.

问题1选项

A.thestudyofunrelatedsubjects

B.anattempttoexplainnaturalphenomena

C.thestudyofunrelatedfields

D.classifiedknowledge

问题2选项

A.mayleadtoantiscientific,impureresults

B.necessarilyprecedesappliedscience,leadingtothediscoveryofacell

C.isnotalwaysaspureaswesuppose

D.necessarilyresultsfromappliedscienceandthediscoveryofacell

问题3选项

A.appliedscience

B.agriculturalscience

C.purescience

D.environmentalscience

问题4选项

A.Scientistsengagedintheoreticalresearchshouldnotbeblamedforignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries.

B.Todayfewpeoplehaveanynotionsofthemeaningofscience.

C.Inscience,itisnotdifficulttodistinguishfactfromfiction.

D.Practical-mindedpeoplecanunderstandthemeaningandobjectivesofpurescience.

问题5选项

A.TheNatureofScienceandScientists

B.BiologyandtheScientificAge

C.HypothesesandTheories

D.OnDistinguishingFactfromFiction

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】46.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“要定义科学，我们可以简单地把科学称之为……”。第一段最后一句提到Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).（为了使解释尽可能简单，假设科学被定义为分类的知识），由此可知D项“分类的知识”正确。A项“对不相关学科的研究”，原文未提及，A项不选。B项“解释自然现象的一种尝试”，第二段第四句提到Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.（例如，假设和理论是试图解释自然现象），因此B项错误。C项“对不相关领域的研究”，原文也未提及，C项错误。因此该题选D。

47.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“导致了显微镜问世的纯科学是……”。文章中最后一段最后两句指出oneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopurescienceisnotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.（我们应该记住，显微镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现；许多献身于纯科学的科学家并没有因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会得到应用），由此可知显微镜的问世是先于细胞的发现，且纯科学先于应用科学，故B项“必然先于应用科学，导致细胞的发现”正确，由此可知D项“这是应用科学和细胞发现的必然结果”是不正确的。A项“可能导致反科学、不纯的结果”和C项“并不总是像我们想象的那样纯粹”文中都没有提及。因此该题选B。

48.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“一个对扩展我们关于氧气的一般知识感兴趣的科学家可能会称他的方法为……”。根据第四段Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisarmedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes（实际上，发现新信息有两种基本方法。一种旨在满足好奇心，被称为纯科学；另一种则是将知识用于特定目的。）可以推断，对于扩展我们关于氧气的一般知识感兴趣的科学家的方法是一种纯科学，因此C项“纯科学”符合题意。A项“应用科学”错误；B项“农业科学”和D项“环境科学”文中都没有提到。因此该题选C。

49.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者暗示了下列哪一种说法？”。文章最后一句话提到Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.（许多献身于纯科学的科学家并没有因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会得到应用。），由此可知从事理论研究的科学家不应该因忽视其发现的应用而受到责备，因为大多数的理论最终都能得到应用，故A项“从事理论研究的科学家不应该因为忽视他们的发现的实用方面而受到指责”正确。B项“今天很少有人对科学的意义有任何概念”，文章首句提到Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.（“科学”这个词在现代社会被如此频繁地听到，以至于几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念），由此可知B项错误。C项“在科学上，区分事实和虚构并不难”，第二段第一句提到Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.（即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构也并不总是容易的），可知C项错误。D项“务实的人能够理解纯科学的意义和目的”，最后一段第一句提到Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.（有时，注重实际的人忽视了纯科学的意义，只想到它能立即应用于经济回报。）可知，D项也错误。因此该题选A。

50.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是什么？”。从文章大意中可知，全文都在围绕科学在每个人心中的定义与重视理论与实践的科学家进行论述，故A项“科学的本质与科学家”更能概括全文。B项“生物学和科学时代”，文章只在第三段提到了生物学；C项“假设和理论”只是第二段的一个例子；D项“论区分事实与虚构”只在第二段提到过。因此该题选A。

14.单选题

Ilearntthattherearenogenuinely,（

）animalsinthisarea,alltheanimalswerebroughtherefromotherplaces.

问题1选项

A.endangered

B.domesticated

C.indigenous

D.extinct

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。endangered意为“快要绝种的”；domesticated意为“驯化了的”；indigenous意为“本地的，土生土长的”；extinct意为“灭绝的”。由后面的alltheanimalswerebroughtherefromotherplaces（这里所有的动物都是从外地引进的）可知前面表示这个地区的动物不是土生土长的，选C。

句意：我了解到这个地区没有真正本土的动物，这里所有的动物都是从外地引进的。

15.单选题

Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain:truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensivetimeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.

Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes:stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjustmillion,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

31.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailway,monopolyisunlikelybecause（）.

32.Whatismanycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?

33.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that（）.

34.Theword“arbiters”(Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose（）.

35.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby（）.

问题1选项

A.costreductionisbasedoncompetition

B.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination

C.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist

D.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat

问题2选项

A.Indifferent

B.Supportive

C.Indignant

D.Apprehensive

问题3选项

A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad

B.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide

C.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief

D.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness

问题4选项

A.whoworkascoordinators

B.whofunctionasjudges

C.whosupervisetransactions

D.whodeterminetheprice

问题5选项

A.thecontinuingacquisition

B.thegrowingtraffic

C.thecheeringWallStreet

D.theshrinkingmarket

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】31.客观细节题。定位在第二段Anythreatofmonopolytheyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.（他们认为，来自卡车的激烈竞争消除了任何垄断的威胁）由此可以推论对于那些支持合并铁路的人来说，做到垄断运输是不可能的，因为还有卡车以及其他运输工具的威胁。因此C选项“外部竞争者将继续存在”，正确，符合题意。A选项“成本的降低是基于竞争”与题意不符可排除，B选项“服务需要跨贸易协调”定位到第二段第一句Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.（新的超级系统的拥护者认为，这些合并将大幅降低成本，更好地协调服务。）只是谈及合并的好处，与题意不符，可排除。D选项“托运人将扼住铁路的咽喉”，根据原文truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.（卡车运输成本太高，因此被铁路公司扼住了咽喉）表述有误，偷换主语，可排除。故选C。

32.观点态度题。定位在第二段Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain:truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.（但是，许多托运人抱怨说，对于长途运输的大宗商品，如煤炭、化学品和粮食，卡车运输成本太高，因此铁路就会扼住他们的咽喉。）第五段句首Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.（许多受控制的托运人还担心，他们很快将遭遇一轮大幅涨价。）以及Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.（许多托运人担心随着诺福克南方公司和统一铁路公司牢牢控制住市场，他们将可能成为买单人。）综上可知，托运人对铁路行业的整合是有顾虑和担忧的。A选项“漠不关心的”，B选项“支持的”，C选项“愤怒的”，D选项“忧虑的”。因此D选项符合题意。故选D。

33.推理判断题。定位到第三段最后一句Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensivetimeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.（觉得自己被多收费的托运人有权向联邦政府的陆路运输委员会上诉，要求降低费率，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时，而且只有在真正极端的情况下才会奏效。）由此可以推论出，托运人觉得被多收费时，是可以上诉的，但是很难奏效，除非遇