(完整)全国大学生英语六级考试最全历年真题

2018年12月英语六级真题（第一套)PartIWriting（30minutes)Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalancejobresponsibilitiesandpersonalinterests。Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourviews.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words。PartⅡListeningComprehension（30minutes）关注公众号“春秋大道”,无偿得到全部英语四六级历年真题（更新至2018年12月）+听力原频SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations。Attheendofeachconversation，youwillhearfourquestions。Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce。Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA），B），C）andD)。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1。A)Itcanbenefitprofessionalsandnon-professionalsalike.B）Itliststhevariouschallengesphysicistsareconfronting.C）Itdescribeshowsomemysteriesofphysicsweresolved。D）Itisoneofthemostfascinatingphysicsbookseverwritten。2.A）Physicists’contributiontohumanity.B)Storiesaboutsomefemalephysicists。C）Historicalevolutionofmodernphysics。D)Women’schangingattitudestophysics.3.A）Byexposingalotofmythsinphysics。B)Bydescribingherownlifeexperiences。C)Byincludinglotsoffascinatingknowledge.D）Bytellinganecdotesaboutfamousprofessors。4.A）Itavoidsdetailingabstractconceptsofphysics。B）Itcontainsalotofthought-provokingquestions。C)Itdemonstrateshowtheycanbecomephysicists。D）Itprovidesexperimentstheycandothemselves.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard。5.A）Heistoobusytofinishhisassignmentintime。B）Hedoesnotknowwhatkidoftopictowriteon.C)Hedoesnotunderstandtheprofessor’sinstructions。D)Hehasnoideahowtoproceedwithhisdissertation.6。A）Itistoobroad.B)Itisoutdated。C)Itischallenging。D）Itisinteresting.7。A）Biography.B）Nature。C）Photography。D)Beauty。8。A)Improvehiscumulativegrade.B)Develophisreadingability。C）Sticktothetopicassigned。D)Listtheparametersfirst。SectionBDirections：Inthissection，youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce。Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA），B),C）andD）。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)TheunprecedentedhightemperatureinGreenland。B）ThecollapseoficeonthenortherntipofGreenland.C)TheunusualclodspellintheArcticareainOctober.D)TherapidchangeofArctictemperaturewithinaday.10.A)Ithascreatedatotallynewclimatepattern。B）Itwillposeaseriousthreattomanyspecies。C)Ittypicallyappearsaboutonceeverytenyears.D)Ithaspuzzledtheclimatescientistsfordecades。11.A）ExtinctionofArcticwildlife.B）IcelesssummersintheArctic。C）Emigrationofindigenouspeople。D）Betterunderstandingofecosystems。Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12。A)Agoodstart。B）Adetailedplan。C)Astrongdetermination。D）Ascientificapproach。13。A）Mostpeoplegetenergizedafterasufficientrest。B)Mostpeopletendtohavefinitesourceofenergy.C)Itisvitaltotakebreaksbetweendemandingmentaltasks。D）Itismostimportanttohaveconfidenceinone’swillpower.14。A）Theycouldkeeponworkinglonger.B)Theycoulddomorechallengingtasks.C)Theyfounditeasiertofocusonworkathand。D)Theyheldmorepositiveattitudestowardlife。15.A)Theyarepartoftheirnature.B）Theyaresubjecttochange.C）Theyarerelatedtoculture.D）Theyarebeyondcontrol.SectionCDirections：Inthissection，youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions。Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA），B）,C）andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A）Abouthalfofcurrentjobsmightbeautomated.B）Thejobsofdoctorsandlawyerswouldbethreatened。C）Thejobsmarketisbecomingsomewhatunpredictable.D)Machinelearningwouldprovedisruptiveby2013。17。A)Theyarewidelyapplicableformassiveopenonlinecourses。B）Theyarenowbeingusedbynumeroushighschoolteachers.C)Theycouldreadasmanyas10，000essaysinasingleminute。D)Theycouldgradehigh—schoolessaysjustlikehumanteacher.18。A)Itneedsinstructionsthroughouttheprocess.B)Itdosepoorlyonfrequency，high-volumetasks.C）Ithastorelyonhugeamountsofpreviousdata.D）Itisslowwhenitcomestotrackingnovelthings.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Theengineeringproblemswithsolarpower。B)Thegenerationofsteamwiththelatesttechnology。C)Theimportanceofexploringnewenergysources.D）Thetheoreticalaspectsofsustainableenergy.20.A)Drivetrainswithsolarenergy。B）Upgradethecity’strainfacilities。C）Buildanewten—kilometrerailwayline.D)Cut—downthecity’senergyconsumption。21.A)Buildatankforkeepingcalciumoxide.B)Findanewmaterialforstoringenergy。C）Recoversuper—heatedsteam。D）Collectcarbondioxidegas.22。A）Thelackofsupervisionbyboththenationandlocalgovernment。B）Theimpactofthecurrenteconomicscrisisathomeandabroad。C）Thepoormanagementofdaycentresandhomehelpservices.D）Thepoorrelationbetweennationalheathandsocialcareservices.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard。23.A)Itwasmainlyprovidedbyvoluntaryservices.B）Itmainlycaterstotheneedofprivileged.C)Itcalledforasufficientnumberofvolunteers.D)Ithasdeterioratedoverthepastsixtyyears。24.A)Theirlongerlifespans.B)Fewerhomehelpersavailable.C)Theirpreferenceforprivateservices.D)Moreofthemsufferingseriousillness。25.A)Theyareunabletopayforhealthservices.B）Theyhavelongbeendiscriminatedagainst.C)Theyarevulnerabletoillnessanddiseases。D)Theyhavecontributedagreatdealtosociety。PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes）SectionADirections：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter。PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inwhat’sprobablythecraziestheadlineI’veeverwritten，I’vereportedthat26inlivestockprotectionarehappeningwithscientistspaintingeyesonthebuttsofcows。Theexperimentisbasedupontheideathatfarmerswho’reprotectingtheirherdfromlionswouldshootandkilllionsinanefforttoprotecttheirlivestock。Whilethismakesalotofsense,itresultsinmanyliondeathsthat27wouldhavebeenunnecessary。ResearchersinAustraliahavebeen28andtestingamethodoftrickerytomakelionsthinktheyarebeingwatchedbythepaintedeyesoncowbutts。Thisideaisbasedontheprinciplethatlionsandother29arefarlesslikelytoattackwhentheyfeeltheyarebeingwatched。Asconservationareasbecomesmaller,lionsareincreasinglycomingintocontactwithhumanpopulations，whichareexpandingtothe30oftheseprotectedareas。Effortslikepaintingeyesoncowbuttsmayseemcrazyatfirst,buttheycouldmakeactualheadwayinthefightforconservation.“Ifthemethodworks,itcouldprovidefarmersinBotswana—and31—withalow—cost,sustainabletooltoprotecttheirlivestock,andawaytokeeplionssafefrombeingkilled。”Lionsare32ambush(埋伏)hunters,sowhentheyfeeltheirpreyhas33them，theyusuallygiveuponthehunt.Researchersare34testingtheirideaonaselectherdofcattle。Theyhavepaintedhalfofthecowswitheyesandlefttheotherhalfasnormal.Throughsatellitetrackingofboththeherdandthelionsinthearea,theywillbeableto35iftheirpsychologicaltrickerywillworktohelpkeepfarmersfromshootinglions。A)advancesI)otherwiseB)boundariesJ)predatorsC）challengingK)primarilyD）currentlyL)retortedE）determineM）spottedF）devisingN）testimoniesG)elsewhereO)wrestleSectionBDirections:Inthissection，youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit。Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs。Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived。Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2。ResilienceIsAboutHowYouRecharge,NotHowYouEndure［A]Asconstanttravelersandparentsofa2—year—old，wesometimesfantasizeabouthowmuchworkwecandowhenoneofusgetsonaplane，undistractedbyphones，friends，ormovies。Weracetogetallourgroundworkdone：packing,goingthroughsecurity，doingalast-minuteworkcall,callingeachother，thenboardingtheplane。Then，whenwetrytohavethatamazingworksessioninflight，wegetnothingdone.Evenworse，afterrefreshingouremailorreadingthesamestudiesoverandover,wearetooexhaustedwhenwelandtosoldieronwith（继续处理）theemailsthathaveinevitablystillpiledup。［B］whyshouldflyingdepleteus?We’rejustsittingtheredoingnothing。Whycan’twebetougher，moreresilient(有复原力的)anddeterminedinourworksowecanaccomplishallofthegoalswesetforourselves？Basedonourcurrentresearch，wehavecometorealizethattheproblemisnotourhecticscheduleortheplanetravelitself;theproblemcomesfromamisconceptionofwhatitmeanstoberesilient，andtheresultingimpactofoverworking。［C]Weoftentakeamilitaristic，“tough”approachtoresilienceanddeterminationlikeaMarinepullinghimselfthroughthemud，aboxergoingonemoreround，orafootballplayerpickinghimselfupoffthegroundforonemoreplay.Webelievethatthelongerwetoughitout,thetougherweare，andthereforethemoresuccessfulwewillbe。However,thisentireconceptionisscientificallyinaccurate.[D］Theverylackofarecoveryperiodisdramaticallyholdingbackourcollectiveabilitytoberesilientandsuccessful.Researchhasfoundthatthereisadirectcorrelationbetweenlackofrecoveryandincreasedincidenceofhealthandsafetyproblems。Andlackofrecovery—whetherbydisruptingsleepwiththoughtsofworkorhavingcontinuouscognitivearousalbywatchingourphones-iscostingourcompanies＄62billionayearinlostproductivity。［E]Andjustbecauseworkstops,itdoesn’tmeanwearerecovering.We“stop”worksometimesat5pm，butthenwespendthenightwrestlingwithsolutionstoworkproblems，talkingaboutourworkoverdinner,andfallingasleepthinkingabouthowmuchworkwe'lldotomorrow。Inastudyjustreleased,researchersfromNorwayfoundthat7。8%ofNorwegianshavebecomeworkaholics（工作狂）.Thescientistsciteadefinition“workaholism”as“beingoverlyconcernedaboutwork,drivenbyanuncontrollableworkmotivation，andinvestingsomuchtimeandeffortinworkthatitimpairsotherimportantlifeareas.”［F]WebelievethatthenumberofpeoplewhofitthatdefinitionincludesthemajoriyofAmericanworkers，whichpromptedustobeginastudyofworkaholismintheU。S.Ourstudywillusealargecorporatedatasetfromamajormedicalcompanytoexaminehowtechnologyextendsourworkinghoursandthusinterfereswithnecessarycognitiverecovery,resultinginhugehealthcarecostsandturnovercostsforemployers。[G］Themisconceptionofresilienceisoftenbredfromanearlyage。Parentstryingtoteachtheirchildrenresiliencemightcelebrateahighschoolstudentstayingupuntil3amtofinishasciencefairproject.Whatadistortionofresilience！Aresilientchildisawell-restedone.Whenanexhaustedstudentgoestoschool，heriskshurtingeveryoneontheroadwithhisimpaireddriving；hedoesn'thavethecognitiveresourcestodowellonhisEnglishtest；hehaslowerself—controlwithhisfriends；andathome，heismoodywithhisparents.Overworkandexhaustionaretheoppositeofresilienceandthebadhabitsweacquirewhenwe’reyoungonlymagnifywhenwehittheworkforce。［H]AsJimLoehrandTonySchwartzhavewritten，ifyouhavetoomuchtimeintheperformancezone，youneedmoretimeintherecoveryzone，otherwiseyouriskburnout。Gatheringyourresourcesto“tryhard”requiresburningenergyinordertoovercomeyourcurrentlylowarousallevel.Italsoworsensexhaustion.Thusthemoreimbalancedwebecomeduetooverworking，themorevaluethereisinactivitiestheallowustoreturntoastateofbalance。Thevalueofarecoveryperiodrisesinproportiontotheamountofworkrequiredofus.[I］Sohowdowerecoverandbuildresilience？Mostpeopleassumethatifyoustopdoingatasklikeansweringemailsorwrithingapaper，yourbrainwillnaturallyrecover,sothatwhenyoustartagainlaterinthedayorthenextmorning，you'llhaveyourenergyback.Butsurelyeveryonereadingthishashadtimeswhenyoulieinbedforhours,unabletofallasleepbecauseyourbrainsisthinkingaboutwork。Ifyoulieinbedforeighthours，youmayhaverested，butyoucanstillfeelexhaustedthenextday.That’sbecauserestandrecoveryarenotthesamething。［J]Ifyou’retryingtobuildresilienceatwork,youneedadequateinternalandexternalrecoveryperiods.AsresearchersZijlstra，CropleyandRydstedtwriteintheir2014paper:“Internalrecoveryreferstotheshorterperiodsofrelaxationthattakeplacewithintheframesoftheworkdayortheworksettingintheformofshortscheduledorunscheduledbreaks,byshiftingattentionorchangingtootherworktaskswhenthementalorphysicalresourcesrequiredfortheinitialtaskaretemporarilydepletedorexhausted。Ehefreetimebetweentheworkdays,andduringweekends，holidaysorvacations.”Ifafterworkyouliearoundonyourbedandgetirritatedbypoliticalcommentaryonyourphoneorgetstressedthinkingaboutdecisionsabouthowtorenovateyourhome,yourbrainhasnotreceivedabreakfromhighmentalarousalstates。Ourbrainsneedarestasmuchasourbodiesdo。[K］Ifyoureallywanttobuildresilience，youcanstartbystrategicallystopping.Giveyourselftheresourcestobetoughbycreatinginternalandexternalrecoveryperiods。AmyBlanksondescribeshowtostrategicallystopduringthedaybyusingtechnologytocontroloverworking.ShesuggestsdownloadingtheInstantorMomentappstoseehowmanytimesyouturnonyourphoneeachday。YoucanalsouseappslikeOfftimeorUnpluggedtocreatetechfreezonesbystrategicallyschedulingautomaticairplanemodes.Theaveragepersonturnsontheirphone150timeseveryday。Ifeverydistractiontookonly1minute，thatwouldaccountfor2.5hoursaday。[L]Inaddition,youcantakeacognitivebreakevery90minutestochargeyourbatteries。Trytonothavelunchatyourdesk,butinsteadspendtimeoutsideorwithyourfriends—nottalkingaboutwork.Takeallofyourpaidtimeoff，whichnotonlygivesyourecoveryperiods,butraisesyourproductivityandlikelihoodofpromotion。[M］Asforus,we'vestartedusingourplanetimeasawork—freezone,andthustimetodipintotherecoveryphase.Theresultshavebeenfantastic.Weareusuallytiredalreadybythetimewegetonaplane，andthecrowdedspaceandunstableinternetconnectionmakeworkmorechallenging.Now,insteadofswimmingupstream，werelax,sleep,watchmovies，orlistentomusic。Andwhenwegetofftheplane,insteadofbeingdepleted，wefeelrecoveredandreadytoreturntotheperformancezone。36.Ithasbeenfoundthatinadequaterecoveryoftenleadstopoorhealthandaccidents.37.Mentalrelaxationismuchneeded,justasphysicalrelaxationis.38。Adequaterestnotonlyhelpsonerecover,butalsoincreasesone’sworkefficiency。39。Theauthoralwayshasahectictimebeforetakingaflight。40.Recoverymaynottakeplaceevenifoneseemstohavestoppedworking。41.Itisadvisedthattechnologybeusedtopreventpeoplefromoverworking。42。Contrarytopopularbelief，restdoesnotequalrecovery。43。Theauthorhascometoseethathisproblemresultsfromamisunderstandingofthemeaningofresilience。44。People'sdistortedviewaboutresiliencemayhavedevelopedfromtheirupbringing。45.Peopletendtothinkthemoredeterminedtheyare,thegreatertheirsuccesswillbe.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection。Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage。Childrenwithattentionproblemsinearlychildhoodwere40％lesslikelytograduatefromhighschool,saysanewstudyfromDukeUniversity.Thestudyincluded386kindergartenersfromschoolsintheFastTrackProject，amulti-siteclinicaltrialintheU。S。thatin1991begantrackinghowchildrendevelopedacrosstheirlives.Withthisstudy，researchersexaminedearlyacademicattentionandsocio-emotionalskillsandhoweachcontributedtoacademicsuccessintoyoungadulthood。Theyfoundthatearlyattentionskillswerethemostconsistentpredictorofacademicsuccess，andthatlikabilitybypeersalsohadamodesteffectonacademicperformance。Byfifthgrade，childrenwithearlyattentiondifficultieshadlowergradesandreadingachievementscoresthantheirpeers.Asfifth—graders,childrenwithearlyattentionproblemsobtainedaveragereadingscoresatleast3％lowerthantheircontemporaries'andgradesatleast8％lowerthanthoseoftheirpeers.ThiswasaftercontrollingforIQ,socio-economicstatusandacademicskillsatschoolentry。Althoughthesemaynotseemlikelargeeffects,theimpactofearlyattentionproblemscontinuedthroughoutthechildren’sacademiccareers.Lowerreadingachievementscoresandgradesinfifthgradecontributedtoreducedgradesinmiddleschoolandtherebycontributedtoa40%lowerhighschoolgraduationrate.“Thechildrenweidentifiedashavingattentiondifficultieswerenotdiagnosedwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(注意力缺乏多动症）（ADHD）,althoughsomemayhavehadthedisorder.Ourfindingssuggestthatevenmoremodestattentiondifficultiescanincreasetheriskofnegativeacademicoutcomes，”saidDavidRabiner,anassociatedeanofDuke'sTrinityCollegeofArts&Sciences，whoseresearchhasfocusedonADHDandinterventionstoimproveacademicperformanceinchildrenwithattentiondifficulties。Socialacceptancebypeersinearlychildhoodalsopredictedgradesinfifthgrade，Childrennotaslikedbytheirfirst—gradepeershadslightlylowergradesinfifthgrade，whilethosewithhighersocialacceptancehadhighergrades。“Thisstudyshowstheimportanceofso—called‘non—cognitive'orsoftskillsincontributingtochildren’spositivepeerrelationships，which，inturn,contributetotheiracademicsuccesss，”saidKennethDodge,directoroftheDukeCenterforChildandFamilyPolicy。Theresultshighlighttheneedtodevelopeffectiveearlyinterventionstohelpthosewithattentionproblemsstayontrackacademicallyandforeducatorstoencouragepositivepeerrelationships，theresearcherssaid.“We'relearningthatstudentsuccessrequiresamorecomprehensiveapproach,onethatincorporatesnotonlyacademicskillsbutalsosocial,self-regulatoryandattentionskills,"Dodgesaid。“Ifweneglectanyoftheseareas,thechild’sdevelopmentlags。Ifweattendtotheseareas,achild'ssuccessmayreinforceitselfwithpositivefeedbackloops.”46.WhatisthefocusofthenewstudyfromDukeUniversity？A)Thecontributortochildren’searlyattention.B）Thepredictorsofchildren’sacademicsuccess。C）Thefactorsthataffectchildren’semotionalwell—being。D）Thedeterminantsofchildren’sdevelopmentofsocialskills。47。Howdidtheresearchersensurethattheirfindingsarevalid？A）Byattachingequalimportancetoallpossiblevariablesexamined。B）Bycollectingasmanytypicalsamplesaswerenecessary。C)Bypreventingthemfrombeingaffectedbyfactorsnotunderstudy。D)Byfocusingonthefamilybackgroundofchildrenbeingstudied。48。WhatdowelearnfromthefindingsoftheDukestudy？A)Modeststudentsaregenerallymoreattentivethantheircontemporaries.B)Therearemorechildrenwithattentiondifficultiesthanpreviouslythought.C）Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderaccountsformostacademicfailures。D）Children’sacademicperformancemaysufferfromevenslightinattention.49.WhatdoestheDukestudyfindaboutchildrenbetteracceptedbypeers？A)Theydobetteracademically.B）Theyareeasytogetonwith。C)Theyareteachers'favorites。D)Theycarelessaboutgrades.50。WhatcanweconcludefromtheDukestudy?A）Children’ssuccessisrelatedtotheirlearningenvironment.B)Schoolcurriculumshouldcoveragreatervarietyofsubjects。C)Socialskillsareplayingakeyroleinchildren’sdevelopment。D)Anall-roundapproachshouldbeadoptedinschooleducation。PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OnJan。9,2007,SteveJobsformallyannouncedApple’s“revolutionarymobilephone”—adevicethatcombinedthefunctionalityofaniPod，phoneandInternetcommunicationintoasingleunit,navigatedbytouch。Itwasahugemilestoneinthedevelopmentofsmartphones，whicharenowownedbyamajorityofAmericanadultsandareincreasinglycommonacrosstheglobe。Assmartphoneshavemultiplied,sohavequestionsabouttheirimpactonhowweliveandhowwework.Oftentheadvantagesofconvenient,mobiletechnologyarebothobviousandtakenforgranted,leavingmoresubtletopicsforconcerneddiscussion：Aresmartphonesdisturbingchildren'ssleep？Isaninabilitytogetawayfromworkhavinganegativeimpactonhealth？Andwhataretheimplicationsforprivacy？Buttoday,onthe10thanniversaryoftheiPhone，let’stakeamomenttoconsideralessobviousadvantage：thepotentialforsmartphonetechnologytorevolutionizebehavioralscience.That’sbecause，forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,alargeproportionofthespeciesisincontinuouscontactwithtechnologythatcanrecordkeyfeaturesofanindividual’sbehaviorandenvironment.Researchershavealreadybeguntousesmartphonesinsocialscientificresearch，eithertoquerypeopleregularlyastheyengageintheirnormalliveortorecordactivityusingthedevice’sbuilt-insensors.Thesestudiesareconfirming,challengingandextendingwhat’sbeenfoundusingmoretraditionalapproaches,inwhichpeoplereporthowtheybehavedinreallifeorparticipateinrelativelyshortandartificiallaboratory-basedtasks.Suchstudiesarejustfirststeps。Asmoredataarecollectedandmethodsforanalysisimprove，researcherswillbeinabetterpositiontoidentifyhowdifferentexperiences,behaviorsandenvironmentsrelatetoeachotherandevolveovertime,withthepotentialtoimprovepeople'sproductivityandwellbeinginavarietyofdomains。Beyondrevealingpopulation-widepa