考研英语课堂笔记

18+12+25=5512+12+30题目命题特点骨肉相连+通用素材法主题；结构性：句内的连接，句间的连接，层间的连接，段落的句子数量；丰富的词汇：高级词汇代替低级词汇语法句型：倒装句、强调举例：内容充实一、题目的命制分值：20分，160-200,240；10,80-100,120试题特点：(1)3个没有图片没有给主题，需要自己判断。论点没有给出，需要我们提取出具有社会引申含义的论点。分析的素材没有给，需要自己准备。必须要符合主流价值观或者社会期望。(3)3个有①给有图片或图表，把基本的方向进行了界定，图片中有细节性的暗示深度社会意义的信号。②有写作手法的要求：describebrieflyIntendedmeaningSuggestion(s),comment,exampIe(s)③有中文的说明，要充分理解和使用（二）考题走向.十年一变：00年之前考过的主题.四大主题(1)个人品质类：努力、奋斗、信心、选择、抗挫折、公正…(2)个人与他人关系：照顾老人、教育儿童、帮助他人、沟通(3)生活：健康、新通讯工具、节约和浪费、安全⑷社会:文化、环境、效率、保护(动物、文物)第二部分大作文一、审题.读懂图片，理解中文注释,抓住关键词.转换图片意思，成为具有社会含义的观点。(1)放大隐藏的矛盾聚焦点。(2)识别出表示条件的信息.检查主题，符合价值观(1)如果为正面话题，可以直接写正面观点。（2）如果为反面话题，先要简单肯定一下积极意义，然后转向分析其负面意义。二、图片题首段首段第1层：骨架（承接图片）+小肉（整体描述图片意思）,1句第2层：大肉，详细描述图片的细节，1-2句第3层：骨架：用套话或提出观点，1句。1,单图片(1)第1层:Aswecanseeinthispicture,afireisburningbrightlyinthedarkness.11-12把人作主语今物作主语低级词换作高级词增加描写细节的形容词，形成句内小对比，初步暴露矛盾现象Ascanbedepictedinthisdrawing,alittlelampisburningbrightlyinthevast/complete/deepdarkness/用非谓语或独立主格结构来表示主体的细节状态。…，…主语相同，非谓语4=1ikingsinging,Idecidetosingwith...主语不同时，用独立主格SheIikesA,soIdecidetodoA.SheIikingA,Idecide...主语+谓语With逻辑主语+分词结构see-show-depict-iIlustrate-clarify-portraypicture-cartoon-drawingAscanbedepictedinthisdrawing,alittlelampisburningvigorously,shiningthroughthevastdarkness./+withitslightshiningthrough...11:As...,twotouristsareseatedonaboat,eatingandthrowingoffdirtyrubbishintothecleanlake./+withdirtyfood

remainsbeingthrownoffintothecleanlakebythem.小结:首句写作公式小结:首句写作公式如图所示的句型(物、高)+优化后的句子描写整体情况，初步暴露矛盾+非谓语或独立主格描写对比性的状态。(2)第2层：详细描述细节、动作、过程。要求：使用中文注释，或用自己的话来说。LoveisjustIikethislamp;thedarkerthesurroundingis,thebrighterthislampis.和第二句之间可以加词：Obviously…;其次，两个短句之间建立从句关系.①建立结构性。先，第一句话①建立结构性。先，第一句话Obviously,loveisjustIikethislampwhichisevenbrighterinthedarkerplace.②字数不够，或者感觉没有清楚，可以用自其说的感叹句。请注意：形容词的色彩一定要和本文的主旨一致。Howamazing/impressivethiscartoonisindescribing/explainingthedeepmeaning⑶第3层：骨架：①使用套话:好事一让我们有启示；坏吧给我们警告。Thedrawer'sintentionishighIyseIf-evidentandsetsustobethough-provoking....andwarnsusofthissocialproblem/issue.②直接提出自己的观点2.双图题（对比型、一致型）⑴第1层：注意：不要开始分别描述图片内容。Twointerestingpicturesaboveattractmyattention/catchmyeyeba11sthatportrayapopular/common+aphenomenonof+n（抽象的名词:worship）ascene/sightof+n（具体名词:fate）How+adj+thetwopicturesareindescribing/portrayingoneofthemostwidespread/highlydebatedsocialproblemsconcerning...第2层:分开描述两幅图片的内容（第一幅画的中文翻译）,meanwhile/similarly,+ （第二副图）AyoungmanwritesthenameofB.onhisface,meanwhiIe,anothermanspends300yuanhavinghishaircut/madeinB'sstyle.若为对比关系,meanwhiIe可换为:…，however/nevertheless,...Although While greenhousewindandrainthunderstormgrowhealthilybloommoveout〉into"exposedto...dieatoncewitherAflowerisbloominginthegreenhouse/intheprotectionofthegreenhouse,however,itquicklywitherswhenitiomovedoutintothethunderstorm第3层：可以参考单图题。注意：始终在谈到图片的时候，要用复数(二)分析段第1句：TopicSentence,10-15w第2-4句:论证1,40w第5-7句:论证2,40w第1句：使用揭示主题的句子+主题内谷。清注意：一定要把握好情感一致性;一定要招具体人或物抽象为群体，事非事，人一定要非人。Thepicture(s)reveals(s)thatincurrentChina,manyyoungpeopIeholdtheirblindworship/reverence toidols/stars.excessive,toomuchThemeaning/implicationconveyedinthepicture(s)isthat+主题chiIdreninChinaissofragiIethattheycan'tovercomedifficulties/setbacks/obstacIesinthesocietyduetooverprotection/excessiveIovefromparents.四大通用素材1.个人品质:①Endeavor/fightingforfuture/OvercomingobstacIes/Persistency/Confidenee/Justice/Experience/Creativity/Sense ofresponsibiIities/Self-discipline/Honesty/1ndependence/BeIief...isakeytraittooursuccess.②论证1:Judgedfromthepersonalaspect,thistraitplaysanimportantroleasanindispensabIedrivingforcetOkeepupourspiritandtoassistustofulfi11thestudyandwork.②Moreover,thistrait,ifIookedonfromthesociallevel,is also animportant(significant)quaIityforanation.2.个人与他人(1)教育儿童、照顾他人、帮助他人①Itisourimportantduty/obIigation/responsibiIitytoeducateXXtherightway(properly)totakecareofXXtohelpothers.①Foronereason,fromtheindividualangle,accordingtotheTheoryofNeedputforwardbyMasIowyeverymanhastheneedofbeingeducatedproperlyofbeingIookedafterofbeingofferedahand,especia11ywhenheisinneed.③Foranotherreason,fromthesocialperspective,asocietythatadvocatesandemphasizescaringfortheo/t/mustbeaoneinwhichchiIdren/oldmen/weareabletomakehappyIiving(leadahappyIife.)⑵合作、互助、沟通①Cooperation/MutuaIheIp/CommunicationwhichisanimportantpersonalityplaysagreatroleinoureverydayIife.=(...isofgreatimportanceto...)①Aboveall,fromtheindividualaspect,inasocietywithspeed,nobodyisabletoaccompIishataskalIbyhimself.Therefore,weneedconstructiveadvice,ideasorsupportfromothers,andsimilarlyyothersarealsoinneedofourhelp.③Furthermore,...isalsosignificanttooursocietyinthat(,for)itisabletoimprovesocialefficiencyImprovemutuaIunderstanding,solveourproblems.Asocietywhichencouragesandadvocates...mustbeaonefulIofvigorandharmony.OpposeThetwopicturesrevealthatweneedmutuaIhelpinordertomakeprogressespeciallywhenindifficulties.①Aboveall,fromtheindividualaspect,whensomeoneisintroubles,heisunabIetoaccompIishataska11byhimself.Therefore,heneedsconstructiveadvice,ideasorsupportfromothers,andsimilarly,othersarealsoinneedofourhelpwhileinobstacIes3.生活⑴瘾:addictInternet,TV,computer,celIphone,superstar最好用让步的手法来写,表明其分析的立场比较客观。①Ce11phoneaddictionisacommonmentalproblem/iIInessthathasanegativeeffectonournormaIIife.©Firstofall,videsuswithentertainment,relaxationandsoon,excessiverelyingon...weakensinterpersonaIreIationshipsbyreducingthenormaIopportunitiesfortalking,dialogue,etc.Thus,itwi11makepeopIementa11yfartherandfartherawayfromeachother.©Next,undeniably,...suppliesusrich information/greatconvenience/instantcommunication,A,BandCAandBaswe11asChowever,themorewedependon...»thelessablewearetostudyandworkindependentIy.⑵健康、运动①AsaChineseproverb/adagegoes,weaIthisnothingwithoutheaIth/1ifeIiesinmotion.©Fromthepersonalaspectfwecan'tagreemorethatgoodheaIth/exercises/sportsaIwaysprovidesuswithfulIenergyandstrength,andkeepsusclearofdiseases.③Besides,fromthesocialperspective,asocietywithalIitspeopIeingoodheaIthwi11haveabetternationaIquaIityandenjoyhigherlivingstandard.④Sportsalsoworkasabridge/connection/tiebetweencountriestosetupawayforcultural/emotionalcommunication.⑶节约和浪费saveresourcessolar,generate,energy,cherishtimewaste,squanderbeawasteof...J4.社会类文化、环境(1)文化①Culturethatworksasabasicfeatureofasocietyoranationisvitalforourbeing.若考文化概念：FrompersonaIperspective,everyindividualisshapedbythecultureinwhichheIives.Thatis,thepatternofacertainculturemoreorlessdeterminesitscitizens9wayofthinking,thestyIeofIifeandthevalueofthebeing.Culture,ifassessedfromsocialangle,isahotpot/meItingpotfordifferenteIementssuchastradition, language,historicalreIicsyreIigiousbeliefandsoon.若考实物:ThisoldtempIe/buiIding/relicwhichistypicalofhistory/vaIuecarriesournationaIculture.Itnotonlyshowstousthehappeningsinthepastbutalsoconveysusimplicationsforthefuture.(3)环境，blog(二)通用素材的扩展方法1.因果轮回法由果求因：...inthat+That'sbecause+thecontinuouseffortsgiveusIastingimpetusforustogoforward.由因求果：果：ConsequentIy,wearemorecapabIetodefeat/conqueranydifficultiesinourway..正话反说方法:用without,if...not,onthecontrary等话来引导一句与前面相反意思的话,可以换用反义词或在原词前加hardly,barely,never,not.Withoutthistrait,wewi11loseourspiritandalsolosesupporttoaccompIishourlearningandtask..举例说明(1)假冒非中国古代名人-适合于文科主题PIato, Socratic, AristotIe,RousseauForexample,asPlatoremarks/asisremarkedbytheancientphiIosopherAristotIe,culture...Rousseauoncereviewedthat+真理、常理，用一般式。(2)假冒一下统计机构的数据一—适用于社会自然科学类CASSChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesCNIER:ChineseNationaIInstituteforEducationaIResearchAccordingtoareportreleasedrecentlyby…,+若列数据，最好有小数点，最好不要太接近100%(3)拿自己举例Myexperienceisjustacasetothepoint.+2简单的故事，用过去时。Ididn'tIikesportslastyear,andIfe11i11forthreetimes.论证1：个人层面+拓展论证2：社会层面+拓展（三）结论段1.第1层：总结观点注意先分后合：Comment/suggestA.Comment:AlIinalI/Tosumup/Toendup/AsfarasIamconcerned/Inmystance/Inmyeyes+mypointsofview/standpoints/viewpointsarecoming/1istedasbeIow.AlIinall,mystandpointis+观点的同义改写。...isverycrucialtoourachievement.B.suggestAlIinall,itissuggestedthat+观点的同义改写。AlIinallfitissuggestedthat...issocrucialtousthatweneedtokeepitwell.AlIinalI,mysuggestionsastothebestwaytocopewith…（负面的那个主题）areasfollows.第二层：三个角度：个人-态度/意识；社会-行动；政府-政策或法律Aboveall,everycitizenshouIdholdkeenconcernson…，then,oursocietyasawholeissupposedtotakeactionson...,lastnotleast,ourgovernmentoughttomake/formulatepolicyandlawstoencouragethisquaIity/toIimitorpunishthisdeed.第3层：套话倒装：Onlybyfollowingthemeasuresabovecanwesolvethisproblem/crackthehardnut.canwegoondoingabetterjob.省略：InEngIanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitabIeyinCaliforniaoptionaI.Ifconcernsareheld,actionstakenandpolicyandlawsmade,thisproblemwi11besolved/wecandoabetterjob.ConsistofBecomposedofCompriseofAscanbeconeIudedThenumberoftheagedismuchmorethanthatoftheyoung.Withthenumberoftheoldincreasingrapidlyandthatoftheneonatedecreasing,setouttodo

setabouttodoingsettodoinggetdowntodoing三、图表题段问题段问题1•第1层：整体描述数据趋势。(1)图表的称谓：table,chart,graph.Iinechart,barchart,piechart(2)要写出整体上的时间跨度。From1800to2000Duringthelast200yearsBetween1800and2000200yearsafter1800⑶写清楚什么事情——图表上写出来的主题,要充分摘抄图表上的主题,要判断两个主题时的彼此关系。(4)时态：一般过去时(5)趋势问题：变化+程度变化：上升：increase,goup,rise,climb,grow,ascendbeonarise,下降：decreasegodown,fall,drop,reduce,descendbeonadecIine不变：staystable,keepunchanged,staysteady变化：keepchanging,fIuctuate程度：slowly,graduallyfsiightly,dramatically,sharply,rapidlyhighflyhigh第1层写作公式:如表所示的语言+图表的主题+整体趋势和整体时间段+两个图表的主题+二者相关趋势。apositive/negativerelationlaybetweenAandB+时间段AccordingtotheIinecharts,therewasapositiverelationbetweenthepopuIationgrowthandspeciesextinetioninUSfrom1800to1900.2.描述图表的数据变化,以分段为单位起终值，最值，要注意单位（纵坐标）（1）单图N句，（NT）句N句：一个趋势一个句子（数值+时间段+主题+趋势,但是不同句子之间应该有联系词）ThedemanddecIinedgraduallyfromunit5tounit2between1965and1975.Then,inthenexttenyears,itstayedstabIeatunit2.Next,itcIimbedrapidlytounit10tenyearsafter1985.Next,itincreasedrapidlybyfivetimesin2005comparedwith1985.倍数法:描述以起点为基础上增加的倍数。句法：第一个趋势用单独的句子，后面两个趋势用before来连接。ItstayedstabIeatunit2ti111985beforeitcIhenext20years⑵双图…写第一幅图的趋势，meanwhiIe,similarly,atthesametime,第二副图的趋势。若趋势相反,即换however等词即可。Inthefirstchart,thepopulationgrewsharplyto250million200yearsafter1800,meanwhiIe,the speciesextinctionroserapidlybyseventimesbetween1600and1900.两个误区：(1)单纯的描述趋势而没有给出具体的数据；(2)不要去描述每一个数据第3层：跟图片作文一样，揩图片换为图表Tworeasonsmayaccountfor/explainthephenomenon....canbesetup/established第三部分小作文第一类书信类一、书信的要素三个点，两类语言，一种风格(-)三个点.称呼(1)和对方关系熟：DearXX(2)和对方不熟，但知道名字和身份DearProf./Dr./President+XX/MrXX(3)不认识，没有名字：DearsirormadamTowhomitmayconcern—推荐信、证明信.正文一定要和写作要求100%吻合，而且详略程度要和要求对应。.落款一般关系：Yours.Yourtruly/Yoursincerely.较好关系：Faithfullyyours.Lovefromyours.一般为Liming,但要注意特殊要求。（二）两类语言.正式语言和非正式语言的选择Iamverygladtoinviteyouto…-非正式语言，用于生活场景Ifeelveryhonoredtogivemyinvitationtoyou..文首和文末出现对应该信件类型的标志性用语。IamwritingtotelIyousomethingabout...PromotionWishyoutosucceedanger/outrage（三）一种风格条理分明，语言简洁，尽量避免用难句二、撰写介绍个人品质求职信、人社会相处能力推荐信、类希望满足某某的需求招聘启物满足个人需求的特点示、介绍信具有社会意义的特点个人的期望是常见期望列举询问信、什么求职信、需求现实情况如何描述好的情况或不好的情况离职信、类表达想获得投诉信、诉求表达想放弃建议信表达需要改变(-)介绍类1,开启层第1句话参见讲义+扩展一句IbelievethatIamtherightpersonforthisjob./TheoneIrecommendisthe…/ApplicantsshouIdbetherightone...2.主体层(1)通用素材1:个人品质IfeelI(theonerecommended/anyoneapplyingforthisjob)havethenecessaryquaIification/personalknowledge/practicalexperience/astrongsenseofresponsibiIities/creativemind/inquiringspirit.+扩展Becausethesevirtuesmakeme/makehimaprettygoodcandidatetoyouforthistask.Makesureyouhaveatleastoneortwoofthevirtuesandarereallyapropercandidateforthistask.A,B,and0A,andBaswe11as0NotonlyAandB,butalso0©Moreover,Iamgoodat/candowe11in/excelatteamworkthatcanhelpachievethegoal.Moreover,Iamaveryfriendlypersonwhocangetonwe11with...ShouId-oughtto-besupposedto+扩展Therefore,I/hecanfinishtheworkassignedtome/himwithefficiency.③表达符合希望HopeIcanmeet/amqualifiedfortherequirementsof...3.结尾段第一句参照讲义+拓展Ifyougivemethisopportunity,Iwi11returnyouwithmyfulIvalue.Anyoneinterestedinthisrecruitmentcanreachatmyphone number114120119xperiment,sampIe找人AnyoneapplyingforthisexperimentshouIdhavepracticalexperience,astrongsenseofresponsibiIity,goodattitudeandaspiritofgoodcooperation.Moreover,youshouIdhaveagoodteamworkwithotherpersons whoparticipates/participating...Therefore,youcanfinishtheexperimentassignedtoyouwith...（二）需求类.开启段先进行身份的扩展As a regularcustomer/consumer/readeratyour...(地方：store,restaurant,Iibrary)Asacreativestaff/empIoyee/clerkservingtoyourcompanyforyears,Asanordinarycitizenlivingat...foryears,+1amwriting参照讲义开启句.主体层正向意义类(1)表达个人的兴趣Iholdadeepinterestin.../Ihaveexpected...foralongtime,adishprovidedinyourcafeteriaastyleofsuitsoldatyourstorethisattractiveshow/performance/activity/meeting/seminar/conference.⑵询问信息Canyougivemesomespecificinformation?Firstofall,IcareaboutthepriceandthepossibIepromotion/discountavailable.Then,whenandwherecanIbuy/enjoythisdish/enjoyyourservice?Bytheway,forabetterpreparation/forabetterresult/forabetterunderstanding,Iwonderifyoucouldgivemeyourprecioussuggestionstomeifpossible.负向意义类：(1)表达不足的地方(需要选择态度)建议：温和投诉：强硬离职：谦卑①Ihadthoughtthatyourproduct/service/management/organization/myIivingconditionwas,ifnotperfect,atleastsatisfactory.However,thefactwas(aIittle/greatly)farawayfromexpectation.Thesalary/incoming...isfarawayfromsatisfying,whichgivesmegreatmentaIstress.+扩展质量-坏了-检查-换、退服务态度、管理-不好之处-加强管理-道歉具体污染-给个人带来的影响-相关部门关注-解决问题质量：Thequality/workingsteadinessof...issopoorthatitfaiIstoworkveryoften,/ithasfailedtoworkalreadytwice服务'管理:XXXservingtome/taIkingtomewassorudethatIaImostlostmypatience/temper.theworkingefficiencyofthewaiter/clerk/staffwasIowthatIaImostIostmypatience.工作：AlthoughItried(try)alImybesttoovercomeanyinconvenienceinmywork,Istillfound(find)ithardtogoon.生活污染：Thecontinuousterriblenoise/sme11bothersmealot,asaresult,IcanhardlyenjoyasoundsIeep(agoodIiving).②个人诉求质量：Inmyopinion,youshouIdhaveagoodcheckon...first.Furthermore,Iaskfor/requestachangeforabetteroneorareturnofmymoney.态度：Inmyopinion,youshouIdputmorestrictdiscipIinesonyourclerk/staff/waiterforabetterservice.Furthermore,IhopeIcanreceiveaformalapologyfrom...Response工作：Inthissituation,mytalentsandskillsarenotcompIeteIytransformedintothefulIvaIue.AndIfindthatIamnotabletosupportmyfamilywell.生活污染：IhopeauthoritiesconcernedshouIdtakemycompIaintsseriouslyandgivemeapromptsoIution.DearsirorMadamAsastudentstudyinginHarvarduniversityIamwritingwiththehopetofindacandidate/achiIdinneed,becauseIwanttoprovide...…，IwouldIiketoexpIainthatIcomefromaweIHoff/wealthyfamiIyandIhaveenoughfinancialabilitytosupportthischild.Theboy/girIispreferred.Boththeboyandthegirlarepreferred.Astothecandidate,Iamhopinghe/shecomesfromafamilyinpovertyintheremotewesternarea,andhe/shehasatraitofovercominganydifficultiesintheway+andfightingforfuture.Yourearlyreply/promptresponsewi11beappreciated.第二类：告示、通知一、行文三准则.准则1:标题的撰写技术(1)名词+过去分词Part-timersNeeded/Wanted(2)介宾结构ForanExchangeofSkills（3）名词结构NoticeofaMeeting.准则二：时态问题：现在时，将来时。.人称问题：通常用第3人称二、结构三部曲.要以说明通知目的句型,接着要说明：主办方+事件+时间+地点.正文内容,应该按照事情的步骤来写。.结尾的时候，要使用套话，留下联系方式：IfyouaregoingtojoinusypIeasecontactusatRoom100,Apartment911,DistricZ.oratteIephonenumber...squareinfrontofourteachingbuiIding会议：ThisdayisatimeofknowIedgeandinformation.Ideas/insightsOurdancingteachingwi11beinvitedFirst,anyoneparticipatingthis...isexpectedtoattend...ontime.Second,...Last,ourdancerswi11beskiIledandtalented,ThisSundaynightwi11beimpressivetoyou,aswepromise.ThisSundaynightwi11giveyoualotofgains/benefits,aswepromise.Ifattendingthis...,youwi11learnalot/wi11getamoreunderstandingof...单词意义用法whiIewhenwhereasAbstractMontessorriMenta11yRetarded撰写的方法：.整体阅读文章，抓:（1）独立成段的首段（短+中心）,直译（2）非独立成段，一般在首段的开始（直译）accountfor/explainThispaper/reportmainlyfocuseson+nmainlydiscusses+n（3）其余各段着重看其首句或尾句句是直接翻译;段内出现转折,那么首尾句可以用转折或让步来统合。.注意文章的结构以及对应的翻译层级⑴⑵①若遇到以上情况，处理方法:首先翻译(1)(2)第一层级,可以使用Asthefirstpoint,anotherpoint.其次，紧接对应的第一层级,翻译第二层：Anotherpointisthat...includingA,B,…Anotherpointisthat....Itconsistsoftwoaspects:.注意事项(1)翻译标题：用名词结构，大写。(2)第三人称(3)讲求语言的形合性一讲求句子之间之内的关系。1950sMajorGausesofEconomicGlobalizationEGhasbeenachievinggreatprogressdeveIopedgreatly.Severalfactorsaccountfortheprogress.Inthefirstplace,theadvanceinscienceandtechnoIogyprovidesEGwithmaterialbasisandtechnicaImeans.并列的，相同方向的短语，可以进行谓语整合InthesecondpIace,continuousandfastimprovementinmarketeconomicsystem,internationalcorpora!ionsandinternalionaIeconomicorganizationsIays/givesasolidbasisforEG.ThispointincIudesthreeaspects.First,themarketeconomicdeveIopmenthasbecomethepriorityforinternationaldevelopment.withever-increasingpowerbackboneSecond,theinternalionaIcorporationswith...havebecomethebackboneofEG.TheinternalionaIeconomicorganizationsworkastheguaranteeinitsorganization.Guarantee/Last,layahard/solidbasisforTechnicalmeansTheUseofEngIish专题一：文章特点一、行文设空原文来自于西方报告＜NewsXNYTimesXScientistAmerican>ChuckIe二、内容特点（一）开篇是文章的主题，从头到尾不变。定作者的态度（+,-）1.域句预知全文，及其适用的学术领1.域句预知全文，及其适用的学术领2.第2句预知全文。Billthatmakepayment_andA.illogicaliIlegalimproper（一）总分对照结构总——分（并列结构,对比）总-分-总Hemust…Hemust...专题二：命题规律一、三种线索设置，五种关系设置（―）线索1•句中...—…，通常在前，其次在后，有暗示词（其程度、褒贬、领域、动作顺利）Dispose=deaIwithdisposaI:atone'sdisposaI自由处理二atone5wi112•句间线索如果空前后的信息太少，上一句或下一句可能提供暗示线索。WithnoairofaformidableconductorSafetyworkingprogram3•句群线索：连续几个空集中出现,很难把握小结：先看空前后，前后少信息再看前几句；前句没有物，前后句群看,通常在后面（举例，同义重复）。（二）五种关系.对立（转折和让步）转折:buthowever（00-11）,howeveramazedour...+adj/adv=nomatterhoweverHowever,=but3/4为正确答案。Yet,nevertheIess,otherwise,butrather,nonetheless,or+句子让步：although,though,while,eventhough/if,muchas其他词:against,instead,ratherthan（而不是）+n/句子，admitting（即便假定...）ignoring（暂且先不管）,onthecontrary,bycontrast技巧：①转折和让步的区别:当前句是与后句完全相反，用转折;若为不否相反,则用让步；②转折词和让步词不能同时出现在一个句子里面。©although,because：可以放句首,可以句中（e,+?+,用But通常放在句中，前面加逗号。(...,+?+...)©though作副词讲是，可以做插入语,前提是前后句有让步关系，且空前后都有逗号选择时注意：①当选项中同时出现两个或两个以上同类词，都不选。②当出现了上位概念和下位概念时,选上位概念While-when-whereas单词意义用法while1.当2.而1.响(doing)2.+句(do/doing)3.+非谓语ingatYantai,1often...when当1.+句(do/doing)2+非谓语whereas而+句子Underratedinsureassure:使…确信〜sbofsthreassure:%bsth:使安心放心ensure=makesure+句子.因果关系原因的词：because,inthat,nowthat=since