武汉科技大学620外国专业综合2005-2017(2005-2009,2012-2017有答案)考研真题+答案

武汉科技大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目及代码：专业综合336说明：1.适用招生专业：外国语言学及应用语言学 共3页2.答题内容写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效。eADVANCEDENGLISH(70%)Explaineachofthefollowingculturalfiguresortermsbriefly:(15%)BlackHumorNiccoloMachiavelliTenCommandmentsMalthusianPopulationTheoryTheGreatDepressionIdentifythefiguresofspeechinthefollowingsentences:(10%)AlltheperfumesofArabiawillnotsweetenthislittlehand.Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.Empireofferedafewmenasourceofprofit,manymenasenseofmissionand,totheanonymouseverymanofEurope'sslums,asenseofpride.Graypeacepervadedthewilderness-ringedArgentinaBayinNewfoundland.Theyoungmoonliesonherbacktonightasisherhabitinthetropics,andas,Ithink,issuitableifnotseemlyforavirgin.Vocabulary(20%)Explainthemeaningofthefollowingprefixesorsuffixesasitalicizedinthefollowingwords:a)Pseudoclassicsb)ultravioletc)加呼astd)dictatorshipe)fleshyWriteoutthefullformsofthefollowingshortenings,acronymsorblends:a)Radarb)MITc)flud)Stagflatione)quakeReadingComprehension(25%)IntellectualAdvancementandEmotionalDegenerationAmazing,howaconversationthatstartsoutonaninnocentnote,cansuddenlyzoomintosomethingasin-depthashumanityandthereasonsbehinditsperformance.Theotherdayafriendofminementionedthefactthatmanyoftheadvantagesthatwenowtakefbrgranted,suchaspersonalcomputers,cellularphones,andmanymoreminiaturizedelectronicequipment,arethedirectresultsofoureffortstoputamanonthemooninthesixties.Myfriendwasthereforequitedisturbedbyvariousgroups*currentoppositiontowardspaceexploration.Myresponsetohisaggravationwasthatmaybetheseopposinggroupsconsiderthatthereisstillsomuchtobecleanedupamongstourselves,andthatwecouldusepartofthehumongouscapitalinvestedinspaceexplorationtoprotectourenvironment,fundtheeconomicallylessfortunateonesonourownearth,andreducefamine.(1)Thispromptedtheconversationinthedirectionofshortsightedness.Myfriendconcludedthatwe,humanbeings,areinconsideratecreatures,unabletointeractwithhonestyandintegrity,incapableoftoleratingdifferenceswithoutinstitutionalizingthem,andinepttowardhavingprideforourindividualityratherthanforthegroupwehappentobepartof.Hestatedthathumanityseemstodwellinaneverlastingstageofinfancyqimpotenttorisetowardmaturity.(2)Thisreallyfueledmypipe.IdeclaredtomyfriendA-andthismayoffendsomereadersevenmoreatfirstimpulseA-thathiscrywasnothingnew,fbrhumanityhasaherd-likementality,whichmayexplainthesuccessofinstitutionssuchasthechurchthroughoutmanycenturies.Mostofusarestillgroup-thinkersratherthanindividualconcluders.(3)Weseemtobeincapableofobtainingastatewheremassiveprogressiskey.Toomanyofuswilltryeverythingtopreventothersfromgettingahead.Insteadofbecominginspiredbytherunnersamongus,wedoeverythinginourpowertoslowthemdown.Backstabbingandbadmouthingarethereforeprimaryskillsinmanyacorporateenvironment.Theconceptofspiritualityintheworkplaceisabeautifulone,butohsohardtorealizegivenourjustdescribedtendencies.Weareinsearchforleadership,butourhumanleadershavetheirownsetofflaws,fbrthehumanraceisafallibleone.Andthismay,then,betheexplanationfbrourneedtofindabove-humanleaders,whichvariousreligionsnamedifferently,sothatwecangainsomesatisfactionfromthose.Abriefoverviewofourhistoryteachesusthat,indeed,wemadeprogressinourinventionsinordertoincreasetheeasewithwhichwemovethroughlife.Weinventedheatingequipment,coolingdevices,transportationtools,masscommunicationcontrivances,variousresearchcomponentstoexploreourownworldandwhateverisoutsideofit,andnumerousothercogs.But,unfortunately,itseemsthateverytimethequalityofourlifeprogresses,ourmentalityregresses.Atthesametimethatwedevelopourgreatinventions,wralsocultivatemaster-skillsinmakingeachother'slifeimpossible.(4)Worse:werefusetomaketheprogressweobtaininonepartofourplanetavailabletootherparts,therebydirectlycontradictingourreligiousteachingsthatweareallbrothersandsisters,andthatweshouldsharewithoneanother.Thebarebonedtruthis,thatwedon'ttrustoneanother,and,sadlyenough,don'thaveanyreasonto!Manyauthorsandphilosophershavestateditbefore:ourspeciesismovingatadazzlingspeedtowardself-destruction.Weseemtotakeprideinfindingourselvesinthisdownwardmentalspiral.Ormaybewejustdeliberatelykeepourselvesblindforthistruth.Butregardlesswhichoneoftheabovedescribedapproachesyouperceiveasthetruth;weshouldseriouslystartwonderingifourraceisemotionallynotdevelopinginareversedway.(5)Perhapsourancientancestors,intheirunthinkablyprimitiveways,werethemostperfectonesinemotionalintelligence.Andperhaps,then,thepriceforintellectualadvancementisemotionaldegeneration.Soundslikedoomthinking?Ifyouthinkso,justconsideryourwork-environment.Lookaroundyouthenexttimeyou'rethere.Evaluateyourcolleagues,supervisors,andsubordinates.Considerwhatyourgutfeelingtellsyouaboutthem.Doyoutrustallofthem?Totally?Orareyouoneofthemanymembersofourworking-classwhorealizethattherearenumerousones,outsideourcircleofacquaintances,butalsoinsideofit,whoareimpatientlywaitingtotakeourplaceshouldweevenslightlystumble?Paraphrasetheunderlinedsentencesorpartsinthearticle.WriteasummaryofthepassageinChinese(wordlimit:150words)oLINGUISTICS(50%)Definethefollowingterms:(20%)StressSemanticchangeSenserelationsSociolinguisticsTheCo-operativeprincipleWhatareuselectionalrestrictions”？Whatroledotheyplayintransformationalgrammar?(15%)HowdoesHallidayrelatethefunctionsperformedbylanguagetoitsstructures,orsystems?(15%)reeLANGUAGETEACHING(30%)Whatissyllabus?Listthemajorfactorsinsyllabusdesign.(10%)Somestudentsfeelpuzzled,saying“Ihavebeentoldtolearnlinguistics,butIdon'tseeanyrelationbetweenlinguisticsandEnglishlearning.”Canyouexplaincontributionsoflinguisticstotheresearchinlanguagelearning?(20%)武汉科技大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题参考答案课程名称：专业综合336专业名称：外国语言学及应用语言学 共5页SectionOneADVANCEDENGLISH(70%)V.Explaineachofthefollowingculturalfiguresortermsbriefly:(15%)BiackHumorAtermderivedfromBlackComedy.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktoShakespeare^time.ButnowthetermisusuallyusedtorefertosomeWestern,especiallyAmericanPost-WorldWarIIwriters.Itisakindofdesperatehumor,laughterattragicthings.Inthemeaninglessworld,man'sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.Wecandonothingbutlaugh.NiccoloMachiavelliItalianpoliticianandauthor,whosenameisnowsynonymouswithcunningandcynicalstatecraft.InhismostimportantpoliticalworksThePrinceandDiscourses,hediscusseswaysinwhichrulerscanadvancetheinterestsoftheirstates(andthemselves)throughanoftenamoralandopportunitistmanipulationofotherpeople.TenCommandmentIntheOldTestamentorHebrewBible,thelawsgivenbyGodtotheIsraeliteleaderMosesonMountSinai,engravedontwotabletsofstone.Theyare:tohavenoothergodsbesidesJehovah;tomakenoidols;nottomisusethenameofGod;tokeeptheSabbathholy;tohonorone'sparents;nottocommitmurder,adultery,ortheft;nottogivefalseevidence;nottobecovetous.TheyformthebasisofJewishandChristianmoralcodes.MalthusianPopulationTheoryAtheoryonpopulationproposedbyThomasRobertMalthus(1766-1834),anEnglisheconomistandcleric.Itarguedforpopulationcontrol,sincepopulationsincreaseingeometricratio,andfoodonlyinarithmeticratio.Thistheorysawwar,famineanddiseaseasnecessarychecksonpopulationgrowth.TheGreatDepressionistheperiodalsocalledRecessionortheSlumpduringtheearly1930s,whenworldwideeconomiccollapseprecipitatedcommercialfailureandmassunemployment.StartingintheUSAin1929,whensharepricesfellsodisastrouslythatcausedinternationalrepercussionsthatledtoRoosevelt'sNewDeal(1934).Identifythefiguresofspeechinthefollowingsentences:(10%)AlltheperfumesofArabiawillnotsweetenthislittlehand.(Hyperbole)Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.(Antithesis)Empireofferedafewmenasourceofprofit,manymenasenseofmissionand,totheanonymouseverymanofEurope'sslums,asenseofpride.(Climax)Graypeacepervadedthewilderness-ringedArgentinaBayinNewfoundland.(Transferredepithet)Theyoungmoonliesonherbacktonightasisherhabitinthetropics,andas,Ithink,issuitableifnotseemlyforavirgin.(Personification)Vocabulary(20%)Explainthemeaningofthefollowingprefixesorsuffixesasitalicizedinthefollowingwords:Pseudociassics(falseorimitation)ultraviolet(extremelyorbeyond)farecast(beforeorfront)dictatorship(statusorcondition)fleshy(fulloforcoveredwith)Writeoutthefullformsofthefollowingshortenings,acronymsorblends:Radar(radiodetectingandranging)MIT(MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology)Flu(influenza)Stagflation(stagnationinflation)Quake(earthquake)ReadingComprehension(25%)Paraphrasetheunderlinedsentencesorpartsinthearticle.Wehumanbeingsshouldputpriorityonmoreurgentneedslikeenvironmentprotection,povertyandfamineratherthanluxuriousspaceexploration.Hisopinionisthathumanityremainstobeaninfantunabletogrowupasadult.Mostofusaremerefollowersofpublicopinionwithoutanyideaofourown.Wemakegreatprogressandbreakthroughsintermsofscienceandtechnology,butatthesametimewecreateasocietyoutofharmony.Nomatterwhichabove-mentionedideayouagreeto,itishightimeforustoaskourselvesifwearereallyonthewayofemotionaldegeneration.WriteasummaryofthepassageinChinese(wordlimit:150words)当今社会科技进步日新月异，但是人们的思想道德水平却日益败坏。人类不断开发新技术如电脑，手机，微电子，空间探索等以便让我们的生活更加舒适愉快。但是社会好像每前进一步，我们的精神生活就倒退一步。我们自私、狭隘，不仅不愿分享科技成果，还千方百计阻碍他人进步，好像总也长不大的孩子。我们正在为科技进步付出精神生活倒退的代价。SectionTwoLINGUISTICS(50%)IV.Definethefollowingterms:(20%)1.Stress一referstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.ItisoneofthesuprasegmentalfeaturestodistinguishmeaninginEnglish,includingbothwordstressandsentencestress.Abasicdistinctionismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,theformerbeingmoreprominentduetoanincreaseinloudness,lengthorpitch.Semanticchange-一Semanticchangeplaysaveryimportantroleinwideningthevocabularyofalanguage.Therearethreekindsofsemanticchanges,namelybroadening,narrowingandmeaningshift.Classshiftandfolketymologyalsocontributetochangeinmeaning.E.g.bird-youngbirdanykindofbird(broadening)Girl一一youngpersonofeithersex-一youngwoman(narrowing)Bead-prayer——asmall,ball-shapedpieceofitemEngineernoun――verbSenserelations™Senseisthesemanticrelationsbetweenonelinguisticunitandanother.Itisconcernedwiththeintra-linguisticrelations,differentfromreferencewhichisabouttherelationbetweenalinguisticunitandanon-linguisticentityitrefersto.Generallyspeaking,therearethreekinds:samenessrelation(synonymy),oppositenessrelation(antonymy)andinclusivenessrelation(hyponymy)Sociolinguisitics--aninterdisciplinarystudyoflanguageuse,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety,tobemorespecific,thestructuralthingsandtheirusesinasocioculturalcontext.Therearetwoapproachesinsociolinguistics:macro-sociolinguisticsandmicro-sociolinguistics.CooperativePrinciple™ageneralprincipleproposedbyH.P.Gricewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Thereare4maxims:a)quantity■一makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired;donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.B)Quality-donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse,donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.C)Relation-berelevant.D)Manner-avoidsobscurityofexpression,avoidambiguity,bebrief,andbeorderly.Whentheprinciplesareviolated,ourlanguagebecomeindirectwithimplications.V.Whatareuselectionalrestrictions”？Whatroledotheyplayintransformationalgrammar?(15%)Transformationalgrammarisconcernedwithsyntax.ButChomskydidattempttodealwithmeaning.Selectionalrestrictions:restrictionsonselectionofNPsspecifiedbysubcategorizationrulesE.g.:Verbselicitingemotion(e.g.,scare,frighten,disgust,etc.)aretransitiveandsorequireanobjectNP(subcategorizationrule).ButNPmustbesomethingthatcanexperienceanemotionE.g.;scare[V+NP[animate]]Iscaredthewall.However,sensesviolatingselectionrestrictionsarenotconsideredwhenthereisanothersensethatsatisfiestherestrictions.Forexample,in''/drinkport,Hthenoun片"isunambiguouslyinterpretedasakindoffortifiedwine,eventhoughitalsohassensesmeaningaharbor,andtheleftsideofaship.Selectionrestrictionsareneededtopredictthosecasesinwhich"...somesentenceshavenosense,eventhoughtheirindividualwordsaremeaningful.99Suchrestrictionsontheselectionofnounswithverbsmightpreventanumberoffigurativeusagesinthelanguage.Forthisreason,manylinguistswouldratherdiscussthisissueunderthetopicofsemanticsratherthansyntax.VLHowdoesHallidayrelatethefunctionsperformedbylanguagetoitsstructures,orsystems?(15%)InHalliday'sview,therearethreestructures,orsystems,correspondingtothethreefunctionsofideational,interpersonalandtextual.Theideationalfunctionisrealizedasthetransitivitysystemintheclauseasarepresentationofexperience,inwhichtherearesixprocesses:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbalandexistentialprocesses.Actor,theso-calledlogicalsubject,isanimportantparticipantinthematerialprocesses.Theinterpersonalfunctionisrealizedasthemoodsystemintheclauseasanexchange,whichisdividedintothetwomajorpartsofMoodandResidue.AndsubjectisoneofthetwopartsofMood,theotherpartbeingthefiniteverbaloperator.Thetextualfunctionisrealizedasthethematicstructureoftheclauseasamessage.ThetwomainconstituentshereareThemeandRheme,theformerbeingthepointofdepartureofthemessage,ortheconcernoftheclause,whilethelatteristhepartinwhichtheThemeisdeveloped.SectionThreeLANGUAGETEACHING(30%)IILIssyllabusthesamewithcurriculum?Listthemajorfactorsinsyllabusdesign.(10%)Syllabusistheplanningofacourseofinstruction.Itisadescriptionofthecoursecontent,teachingproceduresandlearningexperiences.Curriculum,thoughusedinterchangeablysometimes,isusedbroadlytoincludethingslikelearninggoals,objectives,contents,processes,resourcesandmeansofevaluationplannedfbrstudentsbothinandoutoftheschool.Themajorfactorsinsyllabusdesignareparticipantsselection,processandevaluation.Participantshererefertobothteachersandlearners.Thedesignerissupposedtospecifythecharacteristicsofthelearnersandteachersandselectindividualswhomatchthosespecificationsthroughentranceexamination.Processisoneinwhichthedesigneridentifythearrangementofcontent,preparationofmaterials,selectionofteachingmethodologyandtechniquesandmeansofcourseevaluation.Evaluationistofindoutwhetherandtowhatdegreethelearnershavereachedtheteachingobjectives.Evaluationofbothkinds(internalandexternal)providesfeedbacktothewholetrainingprogram.IV.Somestudentsfeelpuzzled,saying“Ihavebeentoldtolearnlinguistics,butIdon'tseeanyrelationbetweenlinguisticsandEnglishlearning/9Canyouexplaincontributionsoflinguisticstotheresearchinlanguagelearning?(20%)Languageisalwaysthere,andwemakeuseofitautomatically,oftenwithoutanyconsciouseffort.However,alanguageisanextremelycomplex,highlyabstract,andinfinitelyproductivesystemlinkingmeaningswithsounds.Thegoaloflinguisticsistodescribelanguagesandtoexplaintheunconsciousknowledgethatallspeakershaveoftheirlanguage.Asforeignlanguagelearners,wewillfindanunderstandingoflanguageishighlyimportantinofferinginsightstoEnglishlearningasabasicsourceofinformationforthedevelopmentoftheories,explanations,andmethods.Putitsimple,linguisticscancontributetotheresearchinlanguagelearningbyprovidingmoreaccurateinformationaboutwhatlanguageisinthefirstplace.Languagelearningresearchersareconcernedwithhowteachersshouldteachandlearnersshouldlearn.Butthequestionsofwhattoteachandwhattolearnshouldbeansweredfirst.Linguisticscertainlyhasanimportantroleinansweringthesequestions.Besides,applyinglinguisticanalysistothedescriptionofthelanguageproducedbylanguagelearnerscanalsofacilitateourunderstandingofhowlearnersactuallylearnlanguage.武汉科技大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目及代码：专业综合336说明：1.适用招生专业：外国语言学及应用语言学； 共5页.答题内容写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效；.考试时间3小时，总分值150分。SectionOneADVANCEDENGLISH(70%)Explaineachofthefollowingculturalfiguresortermsbriefly:(15%)MarkTwainOscarWildeHermanWoukTheSadYoungMenExpositionExemplifythefollowingeachfigureofspeechwithasentence:(10%)SynecdocheAntithesisRhetoricalQuestionAlliterationOnomatopoeiaXLVocabulary(20%)Choosetherightwordfromthelistgivenbelowforeachblankandchangetheformifyouthinkitisnecessary. woodenroundedserendipitywithforeverseveredwhensoundedtremblingsprinkledfatepassesritualhackedstrayscreekindeedfactitiousneededatlastrevealsnamedstutteredbefittingbirthboxedmilespackInhispoetry,W.B.Yeatsoftenpraisedritualandceremonyascivilizedqualities,withoutwhichrealcivilization,(1),couldnotexist.Strangely,evenasachildinasmalltowninTexas-whereYeatshimselfwasquiteunknown,Vmsure—Ialsowasgiventoritualandceremony,asthissmallincident(2).Ihadadog,aredcockernamedIrma,whohadcometousasabitchinheat,pursuedbya(3)ofmongrels-andthusacquiredbyserendipity,justasIhadacquiredother(4),includingmythreegreyhounds.ThatfirstdayIshelteredherinmybarn.Latershegave(5)tofiveblackhounds,whosetailsweduly(6)withsharpscissors,asbefittedevenfactitiouscockers.Butonesummerday,(7)Imusthavebeenalloftwelve,Irmametasad(8):Istartedupthe'47Studebaker,poppedforward—andoversomething.ItwasIrma.Irmawasdead.Soweneededafuneral(9)herstatusanddignity.BeforelongIhad(10)upmybrothersandtwoofmycousins,andwehadneatly(11)Irma,madeawoodencross,andleft—withashovel,aBible,andmybatteredoldtrumpet—forHiddenValley,afew(12)outoftown.OurStudebakerstuttereddowndirtroads,untilwecame(13)toourdestination.Thenwe(14)outaholeunderthecottonwoodtreeonthebankofadry(15);afterthatwegentlyloweredIrma'sbox,andwithdignifiedceremonypassedtheshovelaseachofus,tearlessbutsolemn,(16)dirtovertheoldbox.Bibleinhand,IturnedtoEcclesiastestoreadofthegenerationthat(17)awayandthegenerationthatcomesinitsplace.Then,finally,(18),Ibroughtthetrumpettomylips.Athin,quivering,off-keytune(19)overIrma'sgraveasthecrosswasdrivenhome.Weknew,withchildishcertainty,thatIrmarestedatpeaceinHiddenValley(20).XII.ReadingComprehension(25%)HowtoChangeYourPointofViewDr.EdwardJennerwasbusytryingtosolvetheproblemofsmallpox.Afterstudyingcaseaftercase,hestillfoundnopossiblecure.Hehadreachedanimpasseinhisthinking.Atthispoint,hechangedhistactics.Insteadoffocusingonpeoplewhohadsmallpox,heswitchedhisattentiontopeoplewhodidnothavesmallpox.Itturnedoutthatdairymaidsapparentlynevergotthedisease.⑴FromthediscovarythatharmlesscowpoxgaveprotectionagainstdeadlysmallpoxcamevaccinationandtheendofsmallpoxasascourgeintheWesternworld.Weoftenreachanimpasseinourthinking.Wearelookingataproblemandtryingtosolveitanditseemsthereisadeadend.Itisontheseoccasionsthatwebecometense,wefeelpressured,overwhelmed,inastateofstress.Westrugglevainly,fightinotosolvetheproblem.Dr.Jennerhowever,didsomethingaboutthissituation.Hestoppedfightingtheproblemandsimplychangedhispointofview一fromhispatientstodairymaids.Picturetheprocessgoingsomethinglikethis:supposethebrainisacomputer.Thiscomputerhasabsorbedintoitsmemorybankallyourhistory,yourexperiences,yourtraining,yourinformationreceivedthroughlife;anditisprogrammedaccordingtoallthisdata.Tochangeyourpointofviewyoumustreprogramyourcomputer,thusfreeingyourselftotakeinnewideasanddevelopnewwaysoflookingatthethings.DrJenner,ineffect,byreprogramminghiscomputer,erasedtheoldwayoflookingathissmallpoxproblemandwasfreetoreceivenewalternatives.That'sallverywell,youmaysay,buthowdoweactuallydothat?DoctorandphilosopherEdwarddeBonohascomeupwithatechniqueforchangingourpointofviewandhecallsitLateralThinking.ThenormalWesternapproachtoaproblemistofightit.(2)Thesayiog,“Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetsgoing、”istypicalofthisaggressiveattitudetowardDroblem-solving.Nomatterwhattheproblemis,orthetechniquesavailablefbrsolvingit,theframeworkproducedbyourWesternwayofthinkingisfight.DrdeBonocallsthisverticalthinking;thetraditional,sequential,Aristotelianthinkingoflogic,movingfirmlyfromonesteptothenext,liketoyblocksbeingbuiltoneontopoftheother.Theflawis,ofcourse,thatifatanypointoneofthestepssnotreached,oroneofthetoyblocksisincorrectlyplaced,thenthewholestructurecollapses.Impasseisreached,andfrustration,tension,feelingsoffighttakeover.Lateralthinking,Dr.deBonosays,isanewtechniqueofthinkingaboutthings一atechniquethatavoidsthisfightaltogether,andsolvestheprobleminanentirelyunexpectedfashion.InoneofSherlockHermes'scases,hisassistant,Dr.Watson,pointedoutthatacertaindogwasofnoimportancetothecasebecauseitdidnotappeartohavedoneanything.SherlockHolmestooktheoppositepointofviewandmaintainedthatthefactthedoghaddonenothingwasutmostsignificance,foritshouldhavebeenexpectedtodosomething,andonthisbasishesolvedthecase.Lateralthinkingsoundssimple.Anditis.Onceyouhavesolvedaproblemlaterallyyouwonderhowyoucouldeverhavebeenhunguponit.(3)Thekeyismakingthatvitalshiftinemphasis,thatsidesteppingoftheproblem,insteadofattackingithead-on.Dr.A.A.Bridger,psychiatristatColumbiaUniversityandinprivatepracticeinNewYork,explainshowlateralthinkingworkswithhispatients.uManypeoplecometomewantingtostopsmoking,fbrinstance,hesays."Mostpeoplefailwhentheyaretryingtostopsmokingbecausetheywinduptellingthemselves,'No,Iwillnotsmoke;no,Ishallnotsmoke;no,1willnot;no.Icannot../It'satightandwhathappensisyouendupsmokingmore.^^“Soinsteadoflookingattheproblemfromtheoldwaysofno.andfightingit,Ishowthemawholenewpointofview—thatyouareyourbody*skeeper,andyourbodyissomethingthroughwhichyouexperiencelife.⑷Ifyoustoptothinkaboutit,there'sreallysomethinghelplessaboutyourbody.Itcandonothingforitself.Ithasnochoice,itislikeababy'sbody.Youbeginthenawholenewwayoflookingatit一’Iamnowgoingtotakecareofmyself,andgivemyselfsomerespectandprotection,bynotsmoking.9“ThereisaJapaneseparableaboutadonkeytiedtoapolebyarope.Theroperubstightagainsthisneck.Themorethedonkeyfightsandpullsontherope,thetighterandtighteritgetsaroundhisthroat—untilhewindsupdead.Ontheotherhand,assoonashestopsfighting,hefindsthattheropegetsslack,hecanwalkaround,maybefindsomegrasstoeat.That'sthesameprinciple:Themoreyoufightsomethingthemoreanxiousyoubecome—themoreyou'reinvolvedinahadpattern,themoredifficultitistoescapepain."Lateralthinking,"Dr.Bridgergoeson,“issimplyapproachingaproblemwithwhatIwouldcallanEasternflankingmaneuver.Youknow,whenazenarcherwantstohitthetargetwithabowandarrow,hedoesn'tconcentrateonthetarget,heconcentratesratheronwhathehasinhishands,sowhenheletsthearrowgo,hisfocusisonthearrow,ratherthanthetarget.ThisiswhatanEasternflankingmaneuverimplies-insteadofapproachingthetargetdirectly,youapproachitfromasidewayspointofview一laterallyinsteadofvertically.”“Ithinktheanswerliesinthatdirection,affirmsDr.Bridger.uTakethesituationwheresomeoneisinacrisis.TheChinesewordforcrisisisdividedintotwocharacters,onemeaningdangerandtheothermeaningopportunity.Weinthewesternworldfocusonlyuponthe'danger'aspectofcrisis.(5)Crisisinwesterncivilizationhascometomeandanger,period.Andyetthewordcanalsomeanopportunity.Letusnowsuggesttothepersonincrisisthatheceaseconcentratingsouponthedangersinvolvedandthedifficulties,andconcentrateinsteadupontheopportunity—forthereisalwaysopportunityincrisis.Lookingatacrisisfromanopportunitypointofviewisalateralthought.^^Paraphrasetheunderlinedsentencesorpartsinthearticle.WriteasummaryofthepassageinChinese(wordlimit:200words)SectionTwoLINGUISTICS(50%)Comparethefollowingterms:(20%)PhoneandphonemeLangueandparoleICsandUCsParadigmaticandsyntagmaticrelations.SenseandreferenceWhydosomelinguistssaythathumanlanguageiscontextindependent,whileanimallanguageiscontextdependent?(10%)WhatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechactsSearlehasspecified?Whatistheillocutionarypointofeachtype?(20%)SectionThreeLANGUAGETEACHING(30%)Whatisthemajorfactorthatcontributestothedifficultiesmostsecondlanguagelearnersencounter?(15%)Differenttheoriesofchildlanguageacquisitionhavebeena