06无机化学术语(I)课件

信息检索与文献阅读（化学0701-0702）2009年10月10日信息检索与文献阅读2009年10月10日第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）第三部分信息检索（16学时）第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子、分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学化学术语

第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第一部分化学专业第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶的超声化学合成

第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟

第四章透射Laue法的X射线衍射

第五章销售合同

第六章专利说明书

第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础

第二章超星图书馆

第三章中国期刊网

第四章维普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美国化学文摘（CA）

第七章专利

第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础教材和参考书：

1、魏高原，

化学专业基础英语知识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大学出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自编讲义)。3、

陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。4、

万锡仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注释，

化学专业基础英语（II），

北京大学出版社，2001。

教材和参考书：课堂教学内容安排第一节课教学要求说明词汇预习课文阅读理解第二节课课文阅读理解（续）答疑布置课后作业课堂书面练习课堂教学内容安排第一节课第二节课Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms

第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语

1、无机化学术语（I）Chapter6第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分一、教学要求掌握：常用的无机化学的化学术语和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和理解。熟悉：无机化学（中文）

了解：不常用的元素的英文名称

。一、教学要求二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressions）periodictable元素周期表electronicstructure电子结构periodicity周期性classical经典的wavelength波长frequency频率wavenumber波数diffraction衍射二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressionobstacle障碍物quantum量子quantized量子化quantumtheory量子理论photoelectriceffect光电效应photon光子whole-numbermultiple整数倍Einstein爱因斯坦obstacle障碍物shineon照到...上device器件automaticdooropener自动开门器radiantenergy辐射能量quantummechanics量子力学Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple海森堡测不准原理momentum动量shineon照到...上simultaneously同时地

directional方向的maintain保持angularmomentum角动量groundstate基态excitedstate激发态quantumnumber量子数radius（radii）半径simultaneously同时地lowestenergyorbital最低能量轨道multiplier乘数atomicorbital原子轨道thefourquantumnumber四个量子数specificenergy特定能量

Schrödinger

equation薛定谔方程spinquantumnumber自旋量子数principalquantumnumber主量子数lowestenergyorbital最低能量轨道angularmomentumquantumnumber

角量子数magneticquantumnumber磁量子数pindown使…约束electronconfiguration电子组态Pauliexclusionprinciple不相容原理

Hund'sprinciple洪特规则subshell亚层angularmomentumquantumnumbeparamagnetism顺磁性diamagnetism反磁性magneticfield磁场unpairedelectron未成对电子group族period周期noblegas惰性气体paramagnetism顺磁性representativeelement主族元素

transitionelement

过渡元素alkalimetal碱金属alkalineearthmetal碱土金属transuranium超铀的metal金属nonmetal非金属semiconductingelement半导体元素representativeelement主族元素三、课文的阅读理解

学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。三、课文的阅读理解学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教periodictable,electronicstructure（元素周期表，电子结构）

Theperiodictablegroupstheelementsinorderofincreasingatomicnumberinsuchawaythatelementswithsimilarpropertiesfallneareachother.Astheatomicnumberincreases,thenumberofelectronsineachatomalsoincreases.periodictable,electronicstr

Afullappreciation正确评价ofelectronicstructure--howtheelectronsarearrangedinatoms--isessential必要的forunderstandingthesimilaritiesandperiodicitiesoftheelements.Understandingelectronicstructure,inturn,requiresabriefexcursionintoclassicalandmodernphysics.(Theword"classical"isgenerallyusedforanythingthatwasestablishedandimportantinthepast.)

Afullappreciation正确评价ofel

2.wavelength,frequency,wavenumber,diffraction

（波长、频率、波数和衍射）

Wavelength(,Greeklambda)isthedistancebetweenanytwosimilarpointsonadjacentwaves.Thefrequency(,Greeknu)oflightisthenumberofcompletewaves,alsoknownasthenumberofcycles,passingagivenpointinaunitoftime.

(Noticethatthespeedoflightisequaltotheproductand,i.e.,c=.)2.wavelength,frequency,wThewavenumberisthenumberofwavelengthsperunitoflengthcovered,i.e.=1/.Diffractionisthespreadingofwavesastheypassobstaclesoropenings，小孔comparableinsizetotheirwavelength.Thewavenumberisthenumber

3.quantum,quantized,quantumtheory,photoelectriceffect,photon（量子、量子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）

Lightcanberegardedasmadeupofparticleseachofwhichcarriesadefiniteamountofenergy,referredtoasaquantum.Something(物理量)thatisquantized使量子化isrestrictedtoamountsthatarewhole-numbermultiplesofthebasicunit,orquantum,fortheparticularsystem.

3.quantum,quantized,Quantumtheoryisageneraltermfortheidea

thatenergyisquantizedandtheconsequencesofthatidea.Quantumtheoryisagen

Byassumingthatlightisquantized,Einsteinwasabletoexplainthephotoelectriceffect,inwhichelectronsarereleasedbycertainmetals(particularlyCsandtheotheralkalimetals,Li,Na,K,andRb(Rubidium))whenlightshines照耀on照到...上them.(Thephotoelectriceffectisusedinpracticaldevicessuchasautomaticdooropeners(开门器).)Aquantumofradiantenergyiscalledaphoton.Byassumingtha

4.quantummechanics,Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple,momentum（量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）

"Mechanics"isthestudyofmotion,andquantummechanics(is)thatreferstothestudyofthemotionofentities实体

thataresmallenoughandmovefastenoughtohavebothobservablewavelikeandparticlelikeproperties.

4.quantummechanics,HeisenbeWhatiscalledtheHeisenberguncertaintyprinciplemaybestatedasfollows:Itisimpossibletoknowsimultaneouslyboththeexactmomentumandtheexactpositionofanelectron.WhatiscalledtheHeisenbe(Momentumismasstimesvelocity.Itexpressesnotonlythetendencyofamovingbodytokeepmoving,butalso,sincevelocityisadirectionalquantity,tomaintainthedirectionofitsmotion.)(Momentumismasstimesveloci5.angularmomentum,groundstate,excitedstates,quantumnumber角动量、基态、激发态和量子数

5.angularmomentum,groundst

Angularmomentum,whichisgivenbymasstimesvelocitytimestheradiusofabody'smotion,isameasureofthetendencyofabodytokeepmovingonacurvedpath.Thelowestenergyorbital,theoneinwhichthesingleelectroninahydrogenatomnormallyresides,isthegroundstateforthatelectron.Angularmomentum,whichis

Thestatesofenergyhigherthanthegroundstateareexcitedstates,reachedbytheelectronwhentheatomhasabsorbedextraenergy.Aquantumnumberisawhole-numbermultiplierthatspecifiesanamountofenergy.Thestatesofenergyhighe

6.atomicorbital,thefourquantumnumbers(原子的轨道和四个量子数)Theregioninwhichanelectronwithaspecificenergywillmostprobablybelocatediscalledanatomicorbital.Thedesignationoftheorbital"location"ofanelectronrequiresfourquantumnumbers.Independentofanyexperiencedevidence,threeofthemarisefromsolutionsofthe

Schrodingerequation.6.atomicorbital,the

Afourthquantumnumber,thespinquantumnumberms(=-1/2,+1/2),isneededtocompletethedesignationofeachindividualelectronwithinanatom(becausetheelectroncanoccupytheorbitalintwodifferentorientations).Thefirstquantumnumber,theprincipalquantumnumbern,identifies确定themainenergylevels(likethebalconies).AfourthquantumnumbThesecond,thesubshell亚层quantumnumberl(=0,1,2,...n-1)(traditionallycalledeithertheangularmomentumorazimuthal方位角的quantumnumber)identifiessublevelsofenergy亚能级withinthemainenergylevel(liketherowsineachbalcony).Thesecond,thesubshell亚层quan

Thethirdquantumnumberistheorbitalquantumnumberml(=-l,...,0,...+l)(traditionallycalledthemagneticquantumnumber)--itpinsdown（使…约束）

thelocationofindividualelectronsinorbitals(liketheseatsineachrow).Thethirdquantumnumbe7.electronconfiguration,Pauliexclusionpriciple,Hund'sprinciple（电子组态，Pauli不相容原理,Hund's规则）

Theelectronicconfigurationofanatomisthedistributionamongthesubshellsofalloftheelectronsintheatom.Pauliexclusionprinciple:Notwoelectronscanhavethesame(four)quantumnumbers.Hund'sprinciple：

Orbitalsofequalenergyareeachoccupiedbyasingleelectronbeforeanyofthemacquiresasecondelectron.7.electronconfiguration,Pau

8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism（顺磁性,反磁性）

Paramagnetism顺磁性isthepropertyofattractiontoamagneticfieldshownbysubstancescontainingunpairedelectrons.Diamagnetism反磁性isthepropertyofrepulsionbyamagneticfieldandshowstheabsenceofunpairedelectrons.8.paramagnetism,diamagnet

9.group(family),period,noblegas（族(家族的)，周期,惰性气体）

Theelementsinasingleverticalcolumnintheperiodictablearereferredtoasmembersofagrouporfamily.Ahorizontalrowintheperiodictableiscalledaperiod.Eachperiodendswithanoblegas--anelementinwhichallenergysublevels（亚层）thatareoccupiedarecompletelyfilled.9.group(family),period,10.representativeelements,transitionelements（主族元素和过渡元素）Theelementsinwhichthesandpsublevelsarefillingarecalledtherepresentativeelements,whichincludealkalimetals(GroupI),alkalineearthmetals(GroupⅡ),chalcogens(GroupVI)andhalogens(GroupVII).Thetransitionelementsincludeallelementsinwhichthedorfsublevelsarefilling.

10.representativeelements,t

Thesearereferredtoasthed-transitionelementsandthef-transitionelements.(Thelanthanidesandtheactinidesaref-transitionelements.)Sometimesthef-transitionelementsarecalledtheinnertransitionelements.Scandium,yttrium,andallofthesixth-periodelementsfromlanthanumtolutetiumarealsoknownastherareearthelements.Followinguranium(Z=92)comethetransuraniumelements.Thesearereferredtoas11.metals,nonmetals,semiconductingelements（

金属、非金属、半导体元素）

Bothinpositionintheperiodictableandinproperties,thesemiconductingelementsfallbetweenthemetalsandthenonmetals.11.metals,nonmetals,semicon12.chemicalbond,valenceelectrons,Lewissymbol

Inwritingadefinitionofthechemicalbondwemustdistinguishchemicalbondingfromother,weakerandlesslong-lastingforces.12.chemicalbond,valenceele

Wechoosetodefinethechemicalbondasaforcethatactsstronglyenoughbetweentwoatomsorgroupsofatomstoholdthemtogetherinadifferentspecies

thathasmeasurableproperties.Valenceelectronsaretheelectronsthatareavailabletotakepartinchemicalbonding.Wechoosetodefinethe

(Thenumberofvalenceelectronsinanatomofarepresentativeelementequalstothegroupnumberofthatelement.)InaLewissymboltheouterelectronsareindicatedbydots(orcircles,orx‘s,etc.)arrangedaroundtheatomicsymbol.Thepairingoftwoelectrons（成对电子）inthesameorbitalisrepresentedbytwodotsonthesamesideofthesymbol.(Thenumberofvalenceele13.chemicalstability,octetrule,chemicalreactivity（化学稳定性,八电子规则,化学反应性）

Thenoble惰性的gasesfallattheendofeachperiodintheperiodictableandasagroup（they）aretheleastreactiveofalltheelements.Thisresistancetochemicalchange,orchemicalstability,iscreditedto,把...归给thecompletelyfilledoutersandpsubshellsofthenoblegases.13.chemicalstability,octetAccordingtotheoctetrule,atomstendtocombinebygain,loss,orsharingofelectronsothattheouterenergylevelofeachatomholds(拥有)orsharesfourpairsofelectrons.Sodiumisasilverymetalthathashighchemicalreactivity,thatis,atendencytoundergochemicalreactions.Accordingtotheoctetrule,a14.metallicbonding,ionicbonding(金属键、离子键）

Metallicbondingistheattractionbetweenpositivemetalionsandsurrounding,freelymobileelectrons.Ionicbondingistheattractionbetweenpositiveandnegativeions.14.metallicbonding,ionicbo四、答疑

一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。四、答疑一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行1．TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2．TranslatethistextintoChinese.

五、课后作业1．Translatethetechnicalterm

复习内容：1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；2、本课文的全文翻译。预习内容：第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语

1、无机化学术语（II）复习内容：预习内容：六、课堂练习六、课堂练习06无机化学术语(I)课件Theacitivityofacatalystisproperlyexpressedastherateperunitarea(usuallyperm2)ofactivesurface,andcomparisonsbetweendifferentcatalystshavetobemadeonthisbasis.

Evenwhentheinertmaterialispresent,measurementofthetotalsurfaceareaisamatterofgreatimportance.Itisnormallydesirableforthecatalysttohaveahighsurfacearea,butthereisalimittowhatcanbeachievedmerelybymakingtheparticlesizeverysmall.Theacitivityofacatalystis07Valuesofmolarmasscalculatedusingtheidealgaslawaregoodonlytotheextentthatthegasbehavesasanidealgas.However,allrealgasesapproachidealgasbehavioratverylowpressures,soacommontechniqueforobtainingveryaccuratemolarmassesistomeasurethedensityofagasatvariouslowpressures,将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题：07Valuesofmolarmasscalculcalculated/pfromthedata,plotd/pagainstp,extrapolatethecurvetop=0tofindtheintercept,andcalculatethemolarmass,M,usingM--(intercept)RTwhereR=0.0820568L.atm/(K.mol).FindthemolarmassforSO2fromthefollowingdataat0℃:pinatm0.10.0110.0010.0001(d/p)ing/(L.atm)2.8649742.8588002.8581832.858121

Assumethatthetemperatureandpressurevaluesareexact.calculated/pfromthedata,pThankYou!ThankYou!信息检索与文献阅读（化学0701-0702）2009年10月10日信息检索与文献阅读2009年10月10日第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）第三部分信息检索（16学时）第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子、分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学化学术语

第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第一部分化学专业第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶的超声化学合成

第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟

第四章透射Laue法的X射线衍射

第五章销售合同

第六章专利说明书

第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础

第二章超星图书馆

第三章中国期刊网

第四章维普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美国化学文摘（CA）

第七章专利

第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础教材和参考书：

1、魏高原，

化学专业基础英语知识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大学出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自编讲义)。3、

陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。4、

万锡仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注释，

化学专业基础英语（II），

北京大学出版社，2001。

教材和参考书：课堂教学内容安排第一节课教学要求说明词汇预习课文阅读理解第二节课课文阅读理解（续）答疑布置课后作业课堂书面练习课堂教学内容安排第一节课第二节课Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms

第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语

1、无机化学术语（I）Chapter6第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分一、教学要求掌握：常用的无机化学的化学术语和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和理解。熟悉：无机化学（中文）

了解：不常用的元素的英文名称

。一、教学要求二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressions）periodictable元素周期表electronicstructure电子结构periodicity周期性classical经典的wavelength波长frequency频率wavenumber波数diffraction衍射二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressionobstacle障碍物quantum量子quantized量子化quantumtheory量子理论photoelectriceffect光电效应photon光子whole-numbermultiple整数倍Einstein爱因斯坦obstacle障碍物shineon照到...上device器件automaticdooropener自动开门器radiantenergy辐射能量quantummechanics量子力学Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple海森堡测不准原理momentum动量shineon照到...上simultaneously同时地

directional方向的maintain保持angularmomentum角动量groundstate基态excitedstate激发态quantumnumber量子数radius（radii）半径simultaneously同时地lowestenergyorbital最低能量轨道multiplier乘数atomicorbital原子轨道thefourquantumnumber四个量子数specificenergy特定能量

Schrödinger

equation薛定谔方程spinquantumnumber自旋量子数principalquantumnumber主量子数lowestenergyorbital最低能量轨道angularmomentumquantumnumber

角量子数magneticquantumnumber磁量子数pindown使…约束electronconfiguration电子组态Pauliexclusionprinciple不相容原理

Hund'sprinciple洪特规则subshell亚层angularmomentumquantumnumbeparamagnetism顺磁性diamagnetism反磁性magneticfield磁场unpairedelectron未成对电子group族period周期noblegas惰性气体paramagnetism顺磁性representativeelement主族元素

transitionelement

过渡元素alkalimetal碱金属alkalineearthmetal碱土金属transuranium超铀的metal金属nonmetal非金属semiconductingelement半导体元素representativeelement主族元素三、课文的阅读理解

学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。三、课文的阅读理解学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教periodictable,electronicstructure（元素周期表，电子结构）

Theperiodictablegroupstheelementsinorderofincreasingatomicnumberinsuchawaythatelementswithsimilarpropertiesfallneareachother.Astheatomicnumberincreases,thenumberofelectronsineachatomalsoincreases.periodictable,electronicstr

Afullappreciation正确评价ofelectronicstructure--howtheelectronsarearrangedinatoms--isessential必要的forunderstandingthesimilaritiesandperiodicitiesoftheelements.Understandingelectronicstructure,inturn,requiresabriefexcursionintoclassicalandmodernphysics.(Theword"classical"isgenerallyusedforanythingthatwasestablishedandimportantinthepast.)

Afullappreciation正确评价ofel

2.wavelength,frequency,wavenumber,diffraction

（波长、频率、波数和衍射）

Wavelength(,Greeklambda)isthedistancebetweenanytwosimilarpointsonadjacentwaves.Thefrequency(,Greeknu)oflightisthenumberofcompletewaves,alsoknownasthenumberofcycles,passingagivenpointinaunitoftime.

(Noticethatthespeedoflightisequaltotheproductand,i.e.,c=.)2.wavelength,frequency,wThewavenumberisthenumberofwavelengthsperunitoflengthcovered,i.e.=1/.Diffractionisthespreadingofwavesastheypassobstaclesoropenings，小孔comparableinsizetotheirwavelength.Thewavenumberisthenumber

3.quantum,quantized,quantumtheory,photoelectriceffect,photon（量子、量子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）

Lightcanberegardedasmadeupofparticleseachofwhichcarriesadefiniteamountofenergy,referredtoasaquantum.Something(物理量)thatisquantized使量子化isrestrictedtoamountsthatarewhole-numbermultiplesofthebasicunit,orquantum,fortheparticularsystem.

3.quantum,quantized,Quantumtheoryisageneraltermfortheidea

thatenergyisquantizedandtheconsequencesofthatidea.Quantumtheoryisagen

Byassumingthatlightisquantized,Einsteinwasabletoexplainthephotoelectriceffect,inwhichelectronsarereleasedbycertainmetals(particularlyCsandtheotheralkalimetals,Li,Na,K,andRb(Rubidium))whenlightshines照耀on照到...上them.(Thephotoelectriceffectisusedinpracticaldevicessuchasautomaticdooropeners(开门器).)Aquantumofradiantenergyiscalledaphoton.Byassumingtha

4.quantummechanics,Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple,momentum（量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）

"Mechanics"isthestudyofmotion,andquantummechanics(is)thatreferstothestudyofthemotionofentities实体

thataresmallenoughandmovefastenoughtohavebothobservablewavelikeandparticlelikeproperties.

4.quantummechanics,HeisenbeWhatiscalledtheHeisenberguncertaintyprinciplemaybestatedasfollows:Itisimpossibletoknowsimultaneouslyboththeexactmomentumandtheexactpositionofanelectron.WhatiscalledtheHeisenbe(Momentumismasstimesvelocity.Itexpressesnotonlythetendencyofamovingbodytokeepmoving,butalso,sincevelocityisadirectionalquantity,tomaintainthedirectionofitsmotion.)(Momentumismasstimesveloci5.angularmomentum,groundstate,excitedstates,quantumnumber角动量、基态、激发态和量子数

5.angularmomentum,groundst

Angularmomentum,whichisgivenbymasstimesvelocitytimestheradiusofabody'smotion,isameasureofthetendencyofabodytokeepmovingonacurvedpath.Thelowestenergyorbital,theoneinwhichthesingleelectroninahydrogenatomnormallyresides,isthegroundstateforthatelectron.Angularmomentum,whichis

Thestatesofenergyhigherthanthegroundstateareexcitedstates,reachedbytheelectronwhentheatomhasabsorbedextraenergy.Aquantumnumberisawhole-numbermultiplierthatspecifiesanamountofenergy.Thestatesofenergyhighe

6.atomicorbital,thefourquantumnumbers(原子的轨道和四个量子数)Theregioninwhichanelectronwithaspecificenergywillmostprobablybelocatediscalledanatomicorbital.Thedesignationoftheorbital"location"ofanelectronrequiresfourquantumnumbers.Independentofanyexperiencedevidence,threeofthemarisefromsolutionsofthe

Schrodingerequation.6.atomicorbital,the

Afourthquantumnumber,thespinquantumnumberms(=-1/2,+1/2),isneededtocompletethedesignationofeachindividualelectronwithinanatom(becausetheelectroncanoccupytheorbitalintwodifferentorientations).Thefirstquantumnumber,theprincipalquantumnumbern,identifies确定themainenergylevels(likethebalconies).AfourthquantumnumbThesecond,thesubshell亚层quantumnumberl(=0,1,2,...n-1)(traditionallycalledeithertheangularmomentumorazimuthal方位角的quantumnumber)identifiessublevelsofenergy亚能级withinthemainenergylevel(liketherowsineachbalcony).Thesecond,thesubshell亚层quan

Thethirdquantumnumberistheorbitalquantumnumberml(=-l,...,0,...+l)(traditionallycalledthemagneticquantumnumber)--itpinsdown（使…约束）

thelocationofindividualelectronsinorbitals(liketheseatsineachrow).Thethirdquantumnumbe7.electronconfiguration,Pauliexclusionpriciple,Hund'sprinciple（电子组态，Pauli不相容原理,Hund's规则）

Theelectronicconfigurationofanatomisthedistributionamongthesubshellsofalloftheelectronsintheatom.Pauliexclusionprinciple:Notwoelectronscanhavethesame(four)quantumnumbers.Hund'sprinciple：

Orbitalsofequalenergyareeachoccupiedbyasingleelectronbeforeanyofthemacquiresasecondelectron.7.electronconfiguration,Pau

8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism（顺磁性,反磁性）

Paramagnetism顺磁性isthepropertyofattractiontoamagneticfieldshownbysubstancescontainingunpairedelectrons.Diamagnetism反磁性isthepropertyofrepulsionbyamagneticfieldandshowstheabsenceofunpairedelectrons.8.paramagnetism,diamagnet

9.group(family),period,noblegas（族(家族的)，周期,惰性气体）

Theelementsinasingleverticalcolumnintheperiodictablearereferredtoasmembersofagrouporfamily.Ahorizontalrowintheperiodictableiscalledaperiod.Eachperiodendswithanoblegas--anelementinwhichallenergysublevels（亚层）thatareoccupiedarecompletelyfilled.9.group(family),period,10.representativeelements,transitionelements（主族元素和过渡元素）Theelementsinwhichthesandpsublevelsarefillingarecalledtherepresentativeelements,whichincludealkalimetals(GroupI),alkalineearthmetals(GroupⅡ),chalcogens(GroupVI)andhalogens(GroupVII).Thetransitionelementsincludeallelementsinwhichthedorfsublevelsarefilling.

10.representativeelements,t

Thesearereferredtoasthed-transitionelementsandthef-transitionelements.(Thelanthanidesandtheactinidesaref-transitionelements.)Sometimesthef-transitionelementsarecalledtheinnertransitionelements.Scandium,yttrium,andallofthesixth-periodelementsfromlanthanumtolutetiumarealsoknownastherareearthelements.Followinguranium(Z=92)comethetransuraniumelements.Thesearereferredtoas11.metals,nonmetals,semiconductingelements（

金属、非金属、半导体元素）

Bothinpositionintheperiodictableandinproperties,thesemiconductingelementsfallbetweenthemetalsandthenonmetals.11.metals,nonmetals,semicon12.chemicalbond,valenceelectrons,Lewissymbol

Inwritingadefinitionofthechemicalbondwemustdistinguishchemicalbondingfromother,weakerandlesslong-lastingforces.12.chemicalbond,valenceele

Wechoosetodefinethechemicalbondasaforcethatactsstronglyenoughbetweentwoatomsorgroupsofatomstoholdthemtogetherinadifferentspecies

thathasmeasurableproperties.Valenceelectronsaretheelectronsthatareavailabletotakepartinchemicalbonding.Wechoosetodefinethe

(Thenumberofvalenceelectronsinanatomofarepresentativeelementequalstothegroupnumberofthatelement.)InaLewissymboltheouterelectronsareindicatedbydots(orcircles,orx‘s,etc.)arrangedaroundtheatomicsymbol.Thepairingoftwoelectrons（成对电子）inthesameorbita