定语从句专项讲义-高中英语牛津译林版（2020）必修第一册

第19页共19页定语从句1一、基本概念（一）定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二）先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who,whom,which,that和whose,另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when,where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.whose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语，宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）①Doyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek?（作主语）②Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.（作主语）③Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast.（作宾语）④Thisisthenewsecretary(who/whom/that)Iwouldliketointroducetoyou.（作宾语）⑤Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwithoutdelay.（作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which,that在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用that。先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如：①Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.②Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.⑵先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如：①Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.②ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.⑶先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代词时。例如：①Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.②Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.⑷先行词前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修饰时。例如：①Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.②Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.（三）宜用who,而不用that的一些情况⑴先行词是one,ones,anyone时。例如：①Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.②Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.⑵先行词是those时。例如：①Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.（四）其它情况⑴先行词既有人又有物时。例如：①Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?②Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.⑵主句已有疑问词who或which时。例如：①Whichisthebikethatyoulost?②Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?（五）与whose有关的问题⑴whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如：①Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.②Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.⑵当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用ofwhich的形式。例如：①Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.→Thebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或→Thebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Haveyouseenthepen(which)Iwrotethenotewithjustnow?（which作介词with的宾语）→HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotethenotejustnow?但是，要注意的是：⑴介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。⑵介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。⑶有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。例如：错误：Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?正确：Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?错误：Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.正确：Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。that与which,who,whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。1.Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.2.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.3.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.定语从句（二）一、“介词+关系代词”结构1.可代替when,where,why,that等关系词E.g.thereisnoreasonforwhich(why)weshouldn’tbefriends.2.介词后面的关系词不能省略。e.g.Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuyapiano.3.that前不能有介词。4.某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以跟关系副词when和wherewhy互换。e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.

ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?

Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?二、关系副词的用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhich代替where地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhich代替why原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich代替（一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when,where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。1.when在从句中作时间状语。常用onwhich,inwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等代替。e.g.Aprilthefirstisthedaywhenpeoplemakefunofothers.=Aprilthefirstisthedayonwhichpeoplemakefunofothers.2.where在从句中作地点状语。常可由inwhich,onwhich,atwhich,onwhich等取代。e.g.Thisisthehousewherehelivedtwoyearsago.=Thisisthehouseinwhichhelivedtwoyearsago.3.whywhy在定语从句中作原因状语。可用forwhich代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用forwhich代替。e.g.Thisisthereasonwhyhewentaway.=Thisisthereasonforwhichhewentaway.（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如IwillneverforgetthenightwhenImetyouforthefirsttime.=IwillneverforgetthenightonwhichImetyouforthefirsttime.ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.=ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Wedon’tknowthereasonforwhichhesuddenlyfellill.=Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhesuddenlyfellill.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。例如：Iamveryimpressedbythewayinwhichheworks.这里inwhich代表的是intheway,在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when,where和why代替。（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。试比较下面两组句子：Thisisthefactorythat/whichproducesradios.Thisisthefactorywhereradiosareproduced.第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：Thefactoryproducesradios.而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语故而应选用关系副词：Radiosareproducedinthefactory.Doyourememberthedays(that)wespenttogether?Doyourememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether?第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：Wespentthedaystogether.而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：Weworkedtogetherduringthedays.（四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法1.Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhelookatpeople.当先行词是way时，除了inwhich，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。又如：Judgingfromthewayhewalked,Ibelievehewaswoundedintheleg.2.Finallycamethedaywhenhehadtoleavehishometown.当先行词为time,moment,day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。又如：①Itwasthefirsttime(that)wehadstayedupsolate.②Themoment(that/when)hesentthemail,Johnrealizedwhatamistakehehadmade.③ShewastheonlygirlIwentsteadywithduringthefouryears(that/when)Iwasatuniversity.三、关系副词的省略：1.thetime,everytime,eachtime,themoment等后的关系副词可以省略。e.g.Bythetime(when)hewasfourteenyearsold,JimhadlearntmorethantwothousandEnglishwords.2.在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如theplace等。e.g.Thisistheplace(where)Isawhimlasttime.3.先行词thereason后面的关系副词可以省略。e.g.Thereason(why)hecamehereisquiteclear.4.当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。e.g.Iknowtheway(that)helearnsEnglish.四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法：

1.用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

判断下列句子的对错

（×）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.

（×）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.

（√）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.

（√）I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

2.准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也就能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

答案：例1D，例2A

例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.

例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.

在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。练习篇(基础篇)1.Whoisthewomanissweepingtheflooroverthere?A.who B./ C.that D.when2.ThedoctorisleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohim B.whomthenurseistalkingC.thenurseistalkingto D.whothenurseistalking3.Hetalkedaboutaheronoonehadeverheard. A.ofwhom B.fromwhom C.aboutthat D.who4.HaveyoureadthebookIlenttoyou? A.that B.whom C.when D.whose5.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone______theycantalkfrequently.A.who B.as C.aboutwhich D.withwhom6.RecentlyIboughtasecond-handcarwasverylow.A.whichprice B.thepriceofwhose C.itspriceD.whoseprice7.Lily,isHelen______youwanttointroducemeto?A.that B.who C.whom D.thegirl8.Theprofessorstalkedwithusaboutthebeautifulschoolsandtheexperiencedteachers______theyhadseen.A.that B.who C.which D.what9.Thisistheonlybus______goestothevillageschool.A./ B.that C.where D.it10.Isthereashoparound_______sellsChinaDaily?A.who B.where C.inwhich D.which11.Shewastheonlyoneofthegirlsinourclass_______acceptedascandidateforthepresidentofourStudents’Union.A.whowas B.whowere C.whohasbeen D.whohavebeen12.Sheisnolongerthesweetlittlegirl______sheusedtobe. A.what B.who C.when D.that13.Isthissinger______songsyoulikebest?A.who’s B.whose C.which Dtheonewhose14.Hegotangrywith_____wasagainsthisopinion.A.who B.whomever C.whoever D.nomatterwho15.Anyone_____withwhatIsaidmayraiseyourhand.A.whichagrees B.whoagree C.whoagreesD.whichagree16.That’sthedog______.A.we’vebeenlookingafter B.afterwhichwe’vebeenlookingC.whatwe’vebeenlookingafter D.we’vebeentakingcarefor17.Thisisthelasttime______I’llgiveyoualesson.A.when B.that C.what D.as18.Thefamily_____IstayedwithinParisarecomingtoLondon.A.whose B.which C.what D.whom19.Thisistheveryknife______Iusedtocutapplesyesterday.A.that B.bywhich C.which D.withwhich20.Chinahasmanyrivers,_____theYangtzeRiveristhelongest..A.which B.inwhich C.amongwhich D.oneofwhich21.Theusetheyare______thewastehelpstosavealotofmoney.A.madeof B.madefrom C.makingupof D.makingof22.Thattree,thebranches______arealmostbare,isaveryoldone.A.whose B.inwhich C.ofwhich D.ofit23.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson______shecouldturnforhelp. A.that B.who C.fromwhom D.towhom24.WhatisthewaySmiththoughtof______enoughmoneytobuythenewhouse?A.getting B.havinggot C.beinggot D.toget25.Jackspentasmuchtimeashecould______overhislessons.A.going B.went C.go D.togo26.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature______waterchangesintoice. A.atwhich B.onthat C.when D.ofwhich27.Iamimpressedbythefactthathemakesgooduseofeveryminute_____hecanspare. A.that B.inwhich C.inthat D.when28.Thisisthelasttime______Iwillwritetoyou. A.when B.that C.what D.as29.Idon’tliketheway______hespoketome. A.what B.bywhich C.bythat D./30.Thetrain______hewastravelingwasdelayedformorethananhour. A.bywhich B.onwhich C.forwhich D.onthat31.DoyouknowthereasonTomdidn’tcomeyesterday?A.which B.why C.who D.that32.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown______hegrewupasachild.A.which B.where C.that D.when33.Isthisthereasonshegavefornotfinishingherhomeworkyesterday?A.why B.forwhich C.that D.towhich34.Afterthewar,anewschoolwasputup______therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.that B.which C.when D.where35.Doyouknowthereason______shegotsoangryyesterday?A.why B.that C.which D.whom36.Doyoubelievethereason______hegaveforhisbeinglate?A.why B.forwhich C.which D.it37.Hehasgothimselfintoadangeroussituation______heislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.where B.which C.while D.when38.Idon’tliketheway_____youspeaktoher.A.which B./ C.ofwhich D.bywhich39.Theoldmantoldus_____thedays______hewaspoorweregone.A.that,when B.what,when C.when,that D.something,that40.Ishallneverforgettheday____ShenzhouVwaslaunched,____hasagreat

effectonmylife.

A.when;which

B.that;which

C.which;that

D.when;that41.Iwalkedinthegarden,____TomandJimweretyingabigstringontooneof

the

trees.

A.which

B.when

C.where

D.that42.Let'sputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,______theweathermaybebetter.

A.as

B.then

C.if

D.when43.Wearelivinginanagemanythingsaredoneoncomputer. A.which B.that C.whose D.when44.

Winter

is

the

time

of

year

_____

the

days

are

short

and

nights

are

long.

A.

that

B.

which

C.

when

D.

whose

45.Is

there

anyone

in

your

class

_____

family

is

in

the

city?

A.

which

B.

whose

C.

what

D.

who

46.Can

you

suggest

a

time

______

we

can

meet?

A.

which

B.

when

C.

where

D.

how

47.These

days

_____

we

spent

together

cannot

be

easily

forgotten.

A.

that

B.

when

C.

on

which

D.

at

which

48.Nearly

all

the

food

______

comes

from

animals

and

plants.

A.

that

eat

B.

is

eaten

C.

we

eat

D.

that

eats

49.This

is

_____

I

can

do

for

you

right

now.

A.

which

B.

that

C.

what

D.

as

50.I

can

still

remember

the

sitting-room

_____

my

mother

and

I

used

to

sit

in

the

evening.

A.

what

B.

which

C.

that

D.

where51.On

the

train

I

saw

a

student

_____

I

thought

was

your

sister.

A.

who

B.

whom

C.

which

D.

that

52.Egypt

is

a

country

_____

is

famous

for

its

pyramids.A.

where

B.

which

C.

in

which

D.

at

which

53.China

is

the

country

_____

he

spent

the

best

part

of

his

life.

A.

where

B.

which

C.

in

that

D.

at

which

54.Have

you

got

anything

_____

belongs

to

me?

A.

which

B.

that

C.

of

which

D.

what

55.Thisisthemagazine_____Icopiedtheparagraph.A.that B.which C.fromthat D.fromwhich56.I

didn’t

like

the

way

_____

she

treatedchildren.

A.

which

B.

that

C.

how

D.

as

57.Heistheonlyoneofthethree_____gotthenewidea.A.whohave B.whomhaveC.whohasD.whosehad58.Theboss_____departmentMsKingworkedtenyearsagolookdownuponwomen.A.inwhich B.inthat C.inwhose D.whose59.Alecaskedthepoliceman_____heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.

A.withhim

B.who

C.withwhom

D.whom

60.It

was

at

our

college

library

_____

I

borrowed

the

novel.

A.

which

B.

in

which

C.

that

D.

where

提升篇61.Wewentthroughaperiod_____communicationswereverydifficultinruralareas.(2008上海) A.which B.whose C.inwhich D.withwhich62.Humanfacialexpressionsdifferfromthoseofanimalsinthedegree_____theycanbecontrolledonpurpose.(2007重庆) A.withwhich B.towhich C.ofwhich D.forwhich63.AnimalssufferedatthehandsofMan______theyweredestroyedbypeopletomakewayforagriculturalhadtoprovidefoodformorepeople.(2008江西)A.inwhich B.forwhich C.sothat D.inthat64.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome.(2008浙江)A.what B.that C.which D.one65.Youcanonlybesureof_____youhaveatpresent;youcannotbesureofsomething_____youmightgetinthefuture.(2007安徽) A.that;whatB.what;/ C.which;that D./;that66.Women_____drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose_____don’t.(2006北京) A.who,/ B./;who C.who,who D./;/67.TheBeatles_____manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool.(2006天津) A.what B.that C.how D.as68.Inanhour,wecantraveltoplaces_____wouldhavetakenourancestorsdaystoreach.(2006上海) A.where B.when C.which D.what69.Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection________shehadcome.（2006重庆卷） A.ofwhich B.bywhich C.inwhich D.fromwhich70.Lookout!Don’tgettooclosetothehouse______roofisunderrepair.(2006福建) A.whose B.which C.ofwhich D.that71.–Mom,whatdidyourdoctorsay?--Headvisedmetolive____theairisfresher.(2006四川)A.inwhere B.inwhich C.theplacewhere D.where72.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejobs______theyarebeingtrained.(2005江西)A.inthat B.forthat C.inwhich D.forwhich73.TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess