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英美文学史(英国)知识点汇总英美文学史(英国)知识点汇总英美文学史(英国)知识点汇总xxx公司英美文学史(英国)知识点汇总文件编号:文件日期:修订次数:第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计,管理制度英美文学期末复习Chapter1TheOldandMedievalPeriod中古时期AnIntroduction:最早的英国居民:CeltsIn43AD,RomanconqueredBritain,makingthelatteraprovinceofRomanEmpire.公元43年,罗马征服英国,将其变成罗马帝国的一个省份。In449JutescametoBritaintosettlethere.FollowingtheJutescameAnglesandSaxons.449年,朱特人定居英国,紧跟着是安格鲁和撒克逊人。GermanicmeanstheAnglos,theSaxonsandtheJutes.日耳曼族包括了安格鲁、萨克逊和朱特人。Anglo-Saxonpoetryisboldandstrong,mournfulandelegiacinspirit.安格鲁撒克逊诗歌大胆而有力,悲伤且忧郁。ThesetribesfromNorthernEuropetogethercreatedtheunitedkingdom--Anglo-SaxonEngland("Angle-land").这些来自北欧的部落创建了联合王国--安格鲁撒克逊英格兰(in449)TheirdialectsnaturallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAngle-ishorEnglish,theancestorofthepresent-dayEnglish.他们的方言自然而然地成为了一种单一的语言--盎格鲁语或者英语。TheoldEnglishweredividedintotwogroups:①religiousgroup②seculargroup古英语诗歌被分成两类:①宗教②世俗Thereligiousgroupismainlyonbiblicaltheme.宗教诗歌通常以圣经为主题。Beowulfisthegreatestnationalepicpoem.贝奥武夫是最伟大的民族史诗。1066,NormanConquest.1066年,诺曼人征服英格兰。NormanconquestofAnglo-SaxonEngland,underWilliam,DukeOfNormandyafterthebattleofHastingin1066,acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland.诺曼人征服了安格鲁撒克逊英格兰,在诺曼底公爵威廉的带领下,加速了英格兰的封建主义发展。NormanConquestestablishedafeudalsysteminEngland.(Politically)诺曼征服在英格兰建立了封建主义体制。(政治上)TheRome-backedCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry.(Religiously)受罗马支持的天主教堂权力超过了国家权力。(宗教上)WiththeNormanConquest,themedievalperiodofEnglishliteraturestarted.随着诺曼征服,中世纪英语文学诞生了。TheliteraturewhichNormansbroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventure.诺曼人带来英格兰的文学以其光明、浪漫爱情故事和冒险著称。Romance,whichusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,ispopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.那些使用叙述诗和三问来歌颂骑士冒险和其他英雄事迹的传奇文学,在中古世纪的文学中广受欢迎。ThestructureofRomanceislooseandepisodic,thelanguageissimpleandstraightforward.传奇文学的写作结构:松散&插话式;语言:简朴&直接ThreemajorthemeofRomance:传奇文学的三个主要主题:ThematterofFrance:aboutCharlemagneandhispeer/knights关于法国:查理曼大帝和他的骑士ThematterofGreeceandRome:aboutAlexanderthegreatandtheTrojanWarandthefallofTroy.关于希腊罗马:亚历山大帝、特洛伊战争和特洛伊之衰亡ThematterofBritain:KingArthurandhisRoundTableKnight.关于大不列颠:亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士TheauthorofSirGawainandGreenKnightistheonewhoproducedthebestromanceoftheperiod.高文爵士和绿衣骑士的作者创造了该时期最好的传奇文学。OldEnglishpoetrywasdividedintotwogroups:Thereligiousgroup&Theseculargroup.中古世纪代表文学人物:GeoffreyChaucer,WilliamLangland,JohnGower传奇文学的特点:TheNatureoftheRomance:与贵族相关1)Themes:Loyaltytothekingandthelord,whichwasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality.2)Theaudiencewasofnoblepeoplefromthecourtorthecastle.3)TheRomancehadnothingtodowiththecommonpeople.4)TheRomancewerewrittenforthenoble,ofthenobleandinmostcasesbythepoetspatronizedbythenobleFolkBallads民谣Aballadisaformofverse,oftenanarrativesettomusic.BalladswereparticularlycharacteristicofBritishandIrishpopularpoetryandsongfromthelatermedievalperioduntilthe19thcenturyandusedextensivelyacrossEuropeandlaterNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNorthAfrica.歌谣是一种体裁,通常是音乐的一种叙述。从中世纪后期到19世纪,歌谣是英国和爱尔兰流行诗歌和歌曲的显著特征,并且在欧洲被广泛使用,一直到后来的北美,澳大利亚,北非。Itsstylisticfeatureshavederivedfromtheiroralnature:民谣的文体风格源自于他们的口语性:thesimplelanguage;简单的语言itswonderfulstorywhichdealsonlywiththeculminatingincidentorclimaxofaplot.精彩的故事(只涉及情节的高潮和结局)itsdominantmoodortone.显著的情感基调和语调fulluseofhyperbole.充满了夸张手法theuseofrefrainsandotherkindsofrepetition.使用了叠句或者是其他的重复GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里·乔叟和坎特伯雷故事集GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400),FatherofEnglishpoetry,founderofEnglishrealism,forerunnerofEnglishhumanism,andthefirstgreatwriterwhowroteinEnglishlanguage杰弗里·乔叟是英国诗歌之父,英国现实主义的创始人,英国人文主义的先驱,是第一个用英语写作的伟大作家。Hehadthreeperiodinhisliterarycareer:在他的文学生涯中有三个阶段:TheFrenchperiod(TheBookoftheDuchess)法语时期:《公爵夫人的书》TheItalianperiod(TroilusandCriseyde)意大利语时期:《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》Thematureperiod(TheCanterburyTales)成熟时期:《坎特伯雷故事集》Heestablishedtherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(theheroiccouplet)inEnglishpoetry.在英语诗歌总,他在抑扬格中创建了五个重音的押韵对句(英雄双韵体)HewroteinMiddleEnglish,LondondialectfromwhichModernEnglishisdescended.他用中世纪英语,伦敦方言进行创作,伦敦方言是现代英语的起源。Hisachievements:ForerunnerofHumanism人文主义先驱ThefounderofEnglishRealism英国现实主义创始人FatherofEnglishpoetry(calledbyJohnDryden)英国诗歌之父MasterofEnglishLanguage英语语言大师heroiccouplet英雄双韵体(两行相互押韵、每行分五音步的)英雄偶句诗acoupletconsistingoftworhymedlinesofiambicpentameterandwritteninanelevatedstyle.双韵体由两行押韵的五步抑扬格组成,以一种振奋的文体写作。iambicpentameter:五步抑扬格Oneiambic=onefoot=softloud.一个抑扬格=一个音步=一个轻音+一个重音TheCanterburyTalesItdepictsarich,tapestryofmedievalsociallife,combiningelementsofallclasses,fromnoblestoworkers,frompriestsandnunstodrunkardsandthieves.坎特伯雷故事集描绘了一个丰富多彩的中世纪社会生活,结合了所有阶级元素,上至贵族、牧师和修女,下至工人、酒鬼和小偷。WhenTheCanterburyTaleswerewritten:1386坎特伯雷故事集创作时间:1386.(真正静下心创作的时间)Planned:120tales计划120个故事Completed:22and2fragments实际完成22个故事和2个故事碎片Remaining:80manuscripts遗留了80个手稿Varietyofgenres:generalprologueisestatessatire题材多样:总序为讽刺Pilgrimageasaframingdevicefortales以朝圣为故事线序言:故事发生时间:Spring朝圣人数:30(加上Chaucer本人)Whydidtheygothere(朝圣目的):Toseektheholyblissfulmartyr,quickTogivehishelptothemwhentheyweresick.去拜谢恩泽万民的殉难圣徒,因为人们有病时他给予救助。修女形象:BasedonPrioress’sportrait,canyougiveapossiblereasonwhysheisundertakingthispilgrimage【课后题】基于对修道院院长的描述,你能说一下她为什么要参加朝圣吗--Shewantstolookfortheworldlylove.Thesentences”Amorvincitomnia”means“Loveconquersall”,whichcanshowsthePrioressisasecularpersonandshedoesn’tgiveupthesecularthingsatall.她想寻找世俗的爱。“Amorvincitall”这句拉丁文意思是:爱能征服一切。从这句话可以看出她是一个世俗的人并且无法完全放弃世俗的一切。Chaucerdescribestheprioressasanexampleofthebasichumanparadox,whichplaceswhatpeopleareinoppositiontowhattheythinktheyarepretendtoportraitoftheprioressdoseseemtobeacourtlyheroineorromanceratherthanamotto"Loveconquersall'impliesherdoublepilgrimagetotheshrineofVenusandthatofChrist.DoyouthinkthePrioressisportrayedbyChaucerasaperfectladyoraperfectnun--AperfectladyWhichdetailsuggestthatthePrioressmaybetryingtoappearmoresophisticatedthanshereallyis--Thewayshetalks,thelanguagesheuses,hertablemannersandhercourtliness.WhatseemstobethemotivesofferedforthepilgrimageInwhatwaysaretheseasonandthenatureimagesimportantfactors【课后题】Themotivesofferedforthepilgrimageisthatthepilgrimslongtoseekthestrangecountriesofdistantsaintsandespecially,theywanttoseektheholymartyrinCanterbury,whogavethemhelpwhentheyweresick.Atthebeginningofthepoem,thepoetintroducesthebestseasonofgoingpilgrimagebydescribingthesweetshowerinApril,whichengendersflowers,thewestwind,whichblowsuponthetendershoots,andthesmallbirdsinthewarmsun,whicharemakingmelodies.Therefore,theseasonandnaturestimulatepeople’sdesiretogopilgrimageandsettheoptimisticatmosphere.Intheseways,theyserveastheimportantfactorsforthepoettodevelophisnarrationofthestories.Chapter2TheRenaissancePeriod文艺复兴时期(the14thcenturymid-17thcentury.)AnIntroductionRenaissancemarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.文艺复兴标志着中世纪到现代世界的过渡。ItfirststartedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利,并逐渐传遍整个欧洲。Theword“Renaissance”meansrebirthorrevival.“文艺复兴”一词意味着重生/复兴。Inessence,itisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtolifttherestrictioninallareasplacedbytheRomanCatholicChurchauthorities本质上,文艺复兴是欧洲人文主义思想家和学者尝试去摆脱中世纪欧洲那些旧封建思想并引入表达新兴资产阶级利益观点、取消罗马天主教会对所有地区的限制的一个时期。TheRenaissanceoriginallyreferstotherevivalofclassicalartsafterthedarkages.文艺复兴起初指的是古典文学的复兴。ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:1.newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology2.thereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansion3.rediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureClassicArts:Greek/Roman/Latin.Twofeaturesofrenaissance:1.Itisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.PeoplelearnedtoadmiretheGreekandLatinworksasmodelsofliteraryform.对古典文学的好奇2.Itisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.注重人本身TheWarsoftheRoseswereaseriesofEnglishcivilwarsforcontrolofthethroneofEnglandfoughtbetweensupportersoftworivalbranchesoftheroyalHouseofPlantagenet:theHouseofLancaster,associatedwitharedrose,andtheHouseofYork,whosesymbolwasawhiterose.玫瑰战争:thehouseofYorkandthehouseofLancaster.ThefinalvictorywenttoarelativeandclaimantoftheLancastrianparty,HenryTudor,whodefeatedRichardIIIattheBattleofBosworthField.TheruleofTudor.战争最后是Lancaster家族赢得王座。亨利三世建立都铎王朝。Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的关键。Itreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.文艺复兴反映了新兴资产阶级的新展望。Humanistsemphasizethedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlifeandbelievethatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.人文主义者强调人类的尊严和现世生活的重要性,他们认为人不仅仅拥有享乐权利还有完善自我和创造奇迹的能力。Theyalsoexpressedtheirrebelliousspiritagainstthetyrannyoffeudalruleandecclesiasticaldomination.人文主义者还表达了他们对封建制度和教会统治的反抗精神。ThomasMore,ChristopherMalloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.英国人文主义代表:ThomasMore,ChristopherMalloweandWilliamShakespeareHumanismbegantotakeholdinEnglandwhentheDutchscholarDesideriusErasmuscametoteachtheclassicallearning,firstatOxfordandthenatCambridge.(1466-1536)当荷兰学者来到英国传授古典学习时,人文主义开始在英格兰盛行。ReligiousReformation宗教改革主要发起人:MartinLuther马丁·路德Thosereformationsimprovedthecommonpeople’ssocialposition,andemancipatedthehumanbeings’thoughts.影响:提高了普通人的社会地位,解放人们思想。WilliamCaxton:thefirstpersonwhointroducedprintingintoEngland.第一个将印刷术传入英格兰的人StagesandTrendsofEnglishLiteratureoftheRenaissance:文艺复兴时期英国文学的发展趋势(1)ThefirststageisthepoetryfromtheintroductionoftheprintingpresstothewritingsofThomasMore,toofWyattandSurrey.第一阶段:从ThomasMore著作中对印刷术的介绍,到诗人WyattandSurrey的作品【Wyatt引入意大利十四行诗sonnet;Surrey带来无韵诗Blankverse.】(2)Thenfollowedthe“ElizabethanAge”(1558-1603),especiallythelasttwodecadesofthe16thcentury第二阶段:伊丽莎白时期,尤其是16世纪最后二十年。a.thepoetryofSidney,SpencerandthenJohnDonne(诗歌)b.thedramasoftheUniversityWitsandShakespeare(thefloweringtime)(戏剧最主流)(3)ThelaststageistheliteratureoftheJacobeanperiod.representativefigures:FrancisBacon&BenJonson.EdmundSpenser:Spenserwasthegreatestnon-dramaticpoetoftheElizabethanAge.Spenserhasbeencalledthe“poets’poet”,becauseofhisidealism,hisloveofbeauty,andhisexquisitemelody.Spenserhasexertedgreatinfluenceonlaterpoets.Representativeworks:TheFaerieQueene《仙后》WilliamShakespeareHeproduced37plays,154sonnetsandtwolongpoems.37部戏剧,154首十四行诗,两首叙述长诗。Hislifecanbedividedinto4stages:Thefirstperiod(1590-1594):apprenticeshipFourhistoryplays:1590,HenryⅥ,part2《亨利六世,中》1590,HenryⅥ,part3《亨利六世,下》1591,HenryⅥ,part1《亨利六世,上》1592,RichardIII《查理三世》TitusAndronicus《泰特斯安特洛尼克斯》Fourcomedies:

1592,TheComedyofErrors《错误的喜剧》1593,TamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》1594,TwoGentlemenofVerona《维洛那二绅士》1594,Love'sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》Onetragedy:1593,TitusAndronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Twonarrativepoems:1593,VenusandAdonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》1594,TheRapeofLucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Thesecondperiod(1595-1600):hisstyleandapproachbecamehighlyindividualized.Itisaperiodof“greatcomedies”andmaturehistoricalplays.Fivehistories:1595,RichardII《查理二世》1596,KingJohn《约翰王》1597,HenryIV,part1《亨利四世,上》1597,HenryIV,part2《亨利四世,下》1598,HenryV《亨利五世》Sixcomedies:1595,AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》1596,TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》1598,TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1598,MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》1599,AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》1600,TwelfthNight《第十二夜》TwoRomantragedies:1599,JuliusCaesar《裘力斯·凯撒》1594,RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Thethirdperiod(1601-1607):Itisaperiodof“greattragedies”and“darkcomedies”.Thetragedies:1601,Hamlet《哈姆莱特》(soliloquy)1604,Othello《奥赛罗》1605,KingLear《李尔王》1605,Macbeth《麦克白》以上四部为“四大悲剧”1607,TimonofAthens《雅典的泰门》1602,TroilusandCressida《特洛勒斯与克里西达》TwoRomantragedies:1606,AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼与克丽奥佩特拉》1607,Coriolanus《克利奥兰纳斯》Twocomedies:1603,All'sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》1604,MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》4.Thefourthperiod(1608-1612):Itistheperiodofromanticdrama.Fourcomedies:1608,Pericles,PrinceofTyre《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》1609,Cymbeline《辛伯林》1610,Winter'sTale《冬天的故事》1611,TheTempest《暴风雨》Twohistories:1612,HenryVIII《亨利八世》TwoNobleKinsmen《两贵亲》Sonnet18Sonnet18,oftenalternatelytitledShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday,isoneofthebest-knownof154sonnetswrittenbytheEnglishplaywrightandpoetWilliamShakespeare.Sonnet18isatypicalEnglishorShakespeareansonnet.Sonnet18hasthecharacteristicrhymescheme:ababcdcdefefgg.莎士比亚对文学艺术的表达:permanentByputtinghislove'sbeautyintotheformofpoetry,thepoetispreservingitforever."Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee."Thelover'sbeautywillliveon,throughthepoemwhichwilllastaslongasitcanberead.Inthesonnet,thespeakercompareshisbelovedtothesummerseason,andarguesthathisbelovedisbetter.Healsostatesthathisbelovedwillliveonforeverthroughthewordsofthepoem.课后题:WhatimagesdoesShakespeareuseinordertostrengthenthethemesummerHowdoesShakespeareusethefinalcoupletforeffectThecoupletbringsoutthethemeandcomestoaconclusion.thepoetrylastforeverandsodoesthebeautyofthelover.Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever,thusithasafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.(情人的美在诗中得到永恒)Whatisthevalueorsignificanceofthepoem’sthemetheme:praiseyourbeautyeternalofthepoemsasaformofartsTheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》人物:Shylock/Portia/Bassanio/AntonioShylock:HelendsAntonio3,000ducatswithacatch:Ifnotpaidbackontime,Antonioshouldrepayapoundofflesh.借钱给安东尼Portia:Rich,beautifulandintelligent.假扮法官裁决Shylock和Antonio的案件Bassanio:HeaskshisfriendAntonioforhelp:borrowalargesumofmoneytoengagewithPortia.向安东尼借钱娶Portia.Antonio:HehelpshisfriendBassinio,butgetsintotroublewithShylock.向Shylock借钱,陷入麻烦。Summary:ThestorymainlytalksaboutthatBassaniowantstoengagewithPortia,buthelacksofmoneysoheaskshisfriend,Antonio,forhelp.Tohelphisfriend,AntonioborrowsalargesumofmoneyfromShylock,aJew,withaclausethatifnotpaidbackontime,Antonioshouldrepayapoundofflesh.AsShylockhadbeeninsultedbyChristians,heresentsalltheChristians,includingAntonio.Afterthat,BassaniogainstheloveofPortia.However,Antonio’sshipdoesn’tcomebackandtheyareunabletorepaythemoneywhichmeanshehastorepayapoundoffleshtoShylock.NomatterhowtheybeggedShylockformercy,Shylockinsistedonobeyingthatclause.Finally,Portiapretendedasalawyer,defeatingShylockintelligentlyandsavingAntonio’slife.重点问题:IsShylockinanywayasympatheticcharacterWhyorwhynotYes,Shylockisasympatheticcharacterinsomeway.Atthattime,peopleweremoreorlesshostilityto,prejudiceagainstJews,evenoppress,exploitandexpelthem,whichmadeJewsliveahardlife.Besides,Jewsweresufferingreligiousprosecute.Theywereconsideredtobeevilandinferiorandcouldn’tbeequaltoChristians.Insuchenvironment,itisnormalthatShylockhasresentmentforotherpeople.What’smore,aftersufferingthedeathofhiswife,heraisedhisdaughteraloneandcaredmuchabouther,buthisdaughter’sbetraygavehimahugestrike.Allthesefactorsshapedthispatheticcharacter.(youcandevelopyourpointsformracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecution,Shylock'ssufferings)JohnMiltonandParadiseLost弥尔顿和《失乐园》JohnMilton,Englishpoet,pamphleteer,andhistorian,consideredthemostsignificantEnglishauthorafterWilliamShakespeare.HeisalsoaPuritanwriter.Hewasgreatlyinfluencedbyhisfamily.Receivedgoodeducationduetotheprosperityofhisfamily.弥尔顿:英国诗人,小册子学者,历史学家,及莎士比亚之后的最具影响力的英国作者,清教徒文学代表。Threeliteraryperiods:Earlyperiod:poemswritteninCambridgeandatHorton;OntheMorningofChrist’sNativity《基督诞生晨颂》,firstimportantwork.L’Allegro《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》Lycidas《利西达斯》,expressingthepathosofhisfriendEdwardKing’sprematuredeath.属于哀歌elegy。Middle-agedperiod:politicalarticlespamphlets;(背景:CivilWar)1.Areopagitica《论出版自由》aproseworkforthefreedomofthepress.2.pamphletsonreligiousreformOfReformationinEngland《论英国改革》3.DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》4.TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《再为英国人民声辩》toanswerSalmasius’accusation3.Theperiodofhisoldage:threegiantworks.ParadiseLost(masterpiece)《失乐园》ThepoemconcernsthebiblicalstoryoftheFallofMan:thetemptationofAdamandEvebythefallenangelSatanandtheirexpulsionfromtheGardenofEden.Milton'spurpose,statedinBookI,isto"justifythewaysofGodtomen"2.ParadiseRegained《复乐园》3.SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》poeticaldramaParadiseLost《失乐园》1.Milton’smasterpiece.2.Alongepicin12books.3.TakenfromtheOldTestament--TheGenesis.取自旧约-创世纪4.Majorcharacters:Satan,God,Archangel,Adam,Eve…5.ItisaboutSatan’srebellionagainstGodandtheexpulsionofAdamandEvefromtheGardenofEden.6.ThethemeofthepoemisarevoltagainstGod’sauthority.WhatdothemaincharactersresembleGod:selfishdespot(自私暴君),cruel,unjustAdamandEveembodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman,craving(longing)forknowledge.God’sangelsarefoolish,resemblingthecourtofanabsolutemonarch.SatanisarebelagainsttyrannyandSatanandhisfollowersresemblearepublicanParliament.WhatqualitiessustainhiminbottomlessperditionTheobdurateprideandsteadfasthate.Thoughthefieldmaybelost,whatisnotlosttheunconquerablewill,Andstudyofrevenge,immortalhate,Andcouragenevertosubmitoryield"WhatdoesSatansayaboutambitionToreignisworthambition,thoughinHell:BettertoreigninHellthanserveinHeaven.重点:1-20行、50-74行、105-124行SummaryofParadiseLost:Thisstorymainlytalksaboutthatthefallangel,Satan,defiedtheauthorityofGodandwassenttohell,whichmadehimwanttorevengebybreakingthenewworldcreatedbyGod.HeturnedhimselfintoasnakeandsneakedintoEden,inducingAdamandEvetoeattheforbiddenfruit.AsGodhadbeenforeseensuchscene,heaskedArchangelRaphaeltowarnAdamnottobetemptedandtellhimaboutthestoryofSatanandGod.However,Evedidn’trestrainherself,eatingtheforbiddenfruit.shealsopersuadedAdamtoeatthatfruit.Afterthat,GodwasfuriousaboutthemanddispelledthemoutoftheEdenasapunishment.Sincethen,theyhadbeenoutoftheirparadise.课后题:HowdoesSatanfeelaboutbeinginHellaccordingtothepoemSatanfeltangrywithGodforsendinghimtotheHell,sufferinggreattortures.However,hisafflictionanddismaymixedwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate.AlthoughbeingcastdownintoHell,Satandoesnotrepent(后悔)ofhisrebellionagainstGod,suggestinginsteadthattheymightgathertheirforcesforanotherattack.SatanconsidershimselftheequaltoGodinreason.How,then,doesSatanexplainhisdefeatHesaidthatevenifhewasdefeatedbyGod,hedidn’tlosehisunconquerablewill,thepursuitofrevenge,theimmortalhateaswellasthecouragenevertosubmitoryield.SowhatdidGodwinHewouldneverbegforGod’smercybecauseitismoreshamefulthanbeingdefeated.HowdoesSatanseehimselfHeregardedthisdefeatasgloryandtriedtooverthrowGodagain.Hesaid“Bettertoreigninhellthanserveinheaven”.HowisSatan’sprideastragicasitisheroicHispridelethimoutofparadiseandintothehell,whichmadehimsuffergreatpainandtortures.However,hisprideshowshisrebelliousspirittowardGod.EvenhewasdefeatedbyGod,heneverlosehisfaith.Chapter3TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主义时期(1660-1798)HistoryBackground:Politicalandmilitaryunrest政治军事动荡commercialwarconstantstrifebetweenthemonarchandtheparliamentreligiousconflictrulingclassandlaboringpoorFastdevelopmentofEnglandasanation英格兰的快速发展Athome:ActsofEnclosure圈地运动TheIndustrialRevolution工业革命Abroad:VastexpansionofBritishcolonies英国殖民扩张So,towardsthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,Englandhadbecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld.18th中期,英格兰成为世界上第一个强大的资本国家。TheEnglishbourgeoisclass英国资产阶级TheBritishbourgeoisormiddleclassbelievedinthefollowingnotionsasself-reliance,self-restraintandhardwork.英国城市资产阶级或中产阶级,相信三个理念:自律、自立、劳动致富。Thepoliticalpowerofthemiddleclasswasfirmlyestablished.AnageofEnglightment启蒙运动时期(起于法国-传遍欧洲)ItwasaEuropeanintellectualandphilosophicalmovementofthe18thcenturythatemphasizedtheuseofreasonandscientificmethod.(理性和科学方法的使用)Theenlightenersheldthatthroughtheexerciseofreasonhumanbeingscouldclearawaythedarknessofignorance,intoleranceandprejudice,andmovetowardsamorejustandbetterlife.(理性实践)Theenlightenersadvocateduniversaleducation.Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,andyetcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.问题:WhatgreateventshappenedinthisperiodRestoration王朝复辟theGreatPlague大瘟疫LondonFire伦敦火灾GloriousRevolution光荣革命2.Whywesaythisperiodisa“periodofunrest”commercialwarconstantstrifebetweenthemonarchandtheparliamentreligiousconflictrulingclassandlaboringpoorNeoclassicism:Inthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.LiteraryGenreintheNeoclassicismperiod1.PoetryPoetryshouldbelyrical(抒情的),epical(叙事的),didactic(说教的),satiricordramatic.Representative:JohnDryden,AlexanderPope2.NovelthemodernEnglishnovel现代英语小说RobinsonCrusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》thefirstsuccessfulEnglishnovel.注:RobinsonCrusoe:anadventuroustale冒险故事apictureofearlycapitalistandcolonialistactivitiesofEngland早期英国资本家和殖民活动。“firstsuccessfulEnglishnovel”(Page66)“oneoftheoriginatorsofrealisticfiction”现实主义小说创始著作之一。Representative:DanielDefoe3.Shiftshiftofinterest兴趣转变Gothicnovels哥特式小说Graveyardschool墓园学派preromanticpoems前浪漫诗歌4.DramaRepresentative:RichardBrinsley,RichardSteeleandJonathanSwiftDanielDefoe:oneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.JonathanSwift:Gulliver'sTravelsman-likecreaturesYahoosAmodestProposalthebestmodelofsatire.RichardBrinsleySheridan:theleadingfigureamongahostofplaywrights.GraveyardPoetry墓园派诗歌Thistermisappliedtoaminorbutinfluential18th-centurytraditionofmeditativepoemsonmoralityandimmortality.Thebest-knownexampleisThomasGray’s“ElegywritteninaCountryChurchyard”.《墓园挽歌》Thesemelancholicpoemsconstituteasignificantcurrentofpreromanticism.WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns(作家)WilliamBlakeHewasanon-conformistandanti-establishmentthinker.不顺从公认习惯的/反抗权威TwoCollections:SongsofInnocence1789SongsofExperience1794TwocontrarystatesofhumansoulTheformerexpressesthepoet’sdelightinlife,whilethelatter’satmosphereissadandgloomy.TheMarriageofHeavenandHell(1792):wasinfusedwithmysticismandcomplexsymbolism;isanimportantlandmarkinhispoeticcareer.Hisworks:SongsofInnocence(1789)SongsofExperience(1794)TheMarriageofHeavenandHell(1792)TheBookofUrizen(1794)TheSongofLos(1795)Milton(1802)PoemTheFourZoas(1803)Jerusalem(1804)RobertBurnsBurnswrotepoemsandsongsintheScottishdialectandinthetraditionofScottishfolksongs.Theyareshortandlyricalandmelodious.HeisregardedasavoiceoftheScottishcommonpeopleandanimportantpoetoftheperiodofpreromanticEnglishliterature.HewasconsideredapioneerintheRomantic,socialist,andliberalismmovements,satirist.Hisworks:OOnceILoved(1774)firstpoemChieflyintheScottishDialect(1786)--firstworkTheScotsMusicalMuseum(1787)ScottishsongARed,RedRose课后题【主题:Love&passion】Whyistheword“red”repeatedinthefirstlineTostiranechoeffectandintensifyhisemotion.whatothersimilesdoesthespeakerusetodescribehisloveRoseandmelody.WhatimagesdoesthespeakerusetoshowhisstrongloveforhisbelovedSeasandSun.WhatotherthemesdoesthispoemcarrybesidethelovethemeLoveandPassionJonathanSwiftandGulliver’sTravelsJonathanSwiftJonathanSwift(30November1667–19October1745)wasanAnglo-Irishsatirist,essayist,politicalpamphleteer(firstfortheWhigs,thenfortheTories),poetandclericwhobecameDeanofStPatrick'sCathedral,Dublin.HeisregardedbytheEncyclopediaBritannicaastheforemostprosesatiristintheEnglishlanguage,andislesswellknownforhispoetry.Heisoneofthegreatestwritersofsatiricprose.Hisworks:TheBattleoftheBooks《书籍之战》(1704)ATaleofaTub《无稽之谈》(1704)Drapier’sLettersAModestProposal--aclassicsatiricalworkGulliver’sTravels(1721-1725)allegoricalattackonthevanityandhypocrisyofcontemporarycourts,statesmenandpoliticalparties.Gulliver’sTravels格列夫游记(原名:TravelsintoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorld.)Thebookcontainsfourparts,eachdealingwithoneparticularvoyageduringwhichGullivermeetswithextraordinaryadventuresonsomeremoteislandafterhehasmetwithshipwreckofpiracyofsomeothermisfortune.Gulliver'sTravels(1726),asawhole,isoneofthemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlife-socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically,andmorally.Itssocialsignificanceisgreatanditsexplorationintohumannatureprofo

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