考研考博-英语-华中科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-华中科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Workingwiththementallyhandicappedrequiresconsiderable（）ofpatience;andunderstanding.

问题1选项

A.means

B.stocks

C.provisions

D.resources

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查名词辨析题。means“方法；手段”；stocks“股份；库存”；provisions“规定；条款”；resources“资源；物力”，此处resourcesofpatience表示“全部的耐心”的意思，故正确答案为选项D。句意为：与精神上有缺陷的人工作需要拿出所有的耐心和理解。

2.单选题

Inspiteofthe（

）economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.

问题1选项

A.gloomy

B.miserable

C.shadowy

D.obscure

【答案】A

【解析】考查近义词辨析。gloomy“惨淡”miserable“悲惨的，痛苦的”；shadowy“模糊的”；obscure“晦涩的，不清楚的”。inspiteof表示转折，句子意思为：尽管经济前景不景气，但是制造业的产量略有上涨。选项A符题意。

3.单选题

Heresented（

）towait.Heexpectedtheminister（

）

himatonce.

问题1选项

A.tobeasked,tosee

B.beingasked,tosee

C.tobeasked,seeing

D.beingasked,seeing

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他憎恨等待。他希望总理马上见他。resented后面一般直接接名词或者动词的现在分词形式；expect后面一般接不定式，所以答案选B。

4.单选题

Thedifferenceintoneandlanguagemuststrikeus,assoonasitisphilosophythatspeaks:thatchangeshouldremindusthatevenifthefunctionofreligionandthatofreasoncoincide.Thisfunctionisperformedinthetwocasesbyverydifferentorgans.Religionsaremany,reasonone.Religionconsistsofconsciousideas,hopes,enthusiasms,andobjectsofworship;itoperatesbygraceandflourishesbyprayer.Reason,ontheotherhand,isamereprincipleorpotentialorder,onwhichindeedwemaycometoreflectbutwhichexistsinusideallyonly,withoutvariationorstressofanykind.Weconformordonotconformtoit;itdoesnoturgeorchideus,notcallforanyemotionsonourpartotherthanthosenaturallyarousedbythevariousobjectswhichitunfoldsintheirtruenatureandproportion.Religionbringssomeorderintolifebyweightingitwithnewmaterials.Reasonaddstothenaturalmaterialsonlytheperfectorderwhichitintroducesintothem.Rationalityisnothingbutaform,anideal.constitutionwhichexperiencemaymoreorlessembody.Religionisapartofexperienceitself,amassofsentimentsandideas.Theoneisaninviolateprinciple,theotherachangingandstrugglingforce.Andyetthisstrugglingandchangingforceofreligionseemstodirectmantowardsomethingeternal.Itseemstomakeforanultimateharmonywithinthesoulandforanultimateharmonybetweenthesoulandallthatthesouldependsupon.Religion,initsintentisamoreconsciousanddirectpursuitoftheLifeofReasonthanissociety.Science,orart,fortheseapproachandfillouttheideallifetentativelyandpiecemeal,hardlyregardingthefoalorcaringfortheultimatejustificationoftheinstinctiveaims.Religionalsohasaninstinctiveandblindsideandbubblesupinallmannerofchancepracticesandintuitions;soon,however,itfeelsitswaytowardtheheartorthings,andfromwhateverquarteritmaycome,veersinthedirectionoftheultimate.

Nevertheless,wemustconfessthatthisreligiouspursuitoftheLifeofReasonhasbeensingularlyabortive.Thosewithinthepaleofeachreligionmayprevailuponthemselves,toexpresssatisfactionwithitsresults,thankstoafondpartialityinreadingthepastandgenerousdraughtsofhopeforthefuture;butanyoneregardingthevariousreligionsatonceandcomparingtheirachievementswithwhatreasonrequires,mustfeelhowterribleisthedisappointmentwhichtheyhaveoneandallpreparedformankind.Theirchiefanxietyhasbeentoofferimaginaryremediesformortalills,someofwhichareincurableessentially,whileothersmighthavebeenreallycuredbywell-directedeffort.TheGreedoracles,forinstance,pretendedtohealoutnaturalignorance,whichhasitsappropriatethoughdifficultcure,whiletheChristianvisionofheavenpretendedtobeanantidotetoournaturaldeath—theinevitablecorrelateofbirthandofachangingandconditionedexistence.Bymethodsofthissortlittlecanbedonefortherealbettermentoflife.Toconfuseintelligenceanddislocatesentimentbygratuitousfictionsisashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness.Natureissoonavenged.Anunhealthyexaltationandaone-sidedmoralityhavetobefollowedbyregrettablereactions.Whenthesecome.Therealrewardsoflifemayseemvaintoarelaxedvitality,andtheverynameofvirtuemayirritateyoungspiritsuntrainedinnaturalexcellence.Thusreligiontoooftendebauchesthemoralityitcomestosanctionandimpedesthescienceitoughttofulfill.

Whatisthesecretofthisineptitude?Whydoesreligion,soneartorationalityinitspurpose,fallsoshortofitinresults?Theansweriseasy;religionpursuesrationalitythroughtheimagination.Whenitexplainseventsorassignscauses,itisanimaginativesubstituteforscience.Whenitgivesprecepts,insinuatesideals,orremoldsaspiration,itisanimaginativesubstituteforwisdom—Imeanforthedeliberateandimpartialpursuitofallfood.Theconditionandtheaimsoflifearebothrepresentedinreligionpoetically,butthispoetrytendstoarrogatetoitselfliteraltruthandmoralauthority,neitherofwhichitpossesses.Hencethedepthandimportanceofreligionbecomesintelligiblenolessthanitscontradictionsandpracticaldisasters.Itsobjectisthesameasthatofreason,butitsmethodistoproceedbyintuitionandbyuncheckedpoeticalconceits.

1.Asusedinthepassage,theauthorwoulddefine"wisdom"as（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,sciencediffersfromreligioninthat（

）.

4.Theauthorstatesthatreligiondiffersfromrationalityinthat（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,thepursuitofreligionhasprovedtobe（

）.

问题1选项

A.thepursuitofrationalitythroughimagination.

B.anunemotionalsearchforthetruth.

C.apurposefulandunbiasedquestforwhatisbest.

D.ashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness

问题2选项

A.Religionseeksthetruththroughimagination,reason.Initssearch,utilizestheemotions.

B.Religionhasprovedanineffectivetoolinsolvingman’sproblems.

C.Scienceseeksapiecemealsolutiontoman’squestions.

D.Thefunctionsofphilosophyandreasonarethesame.

问题3选项

A.itisunawareofultimategoals.

B.itisunimaginative.

C.itsfindingsareexactandfinal.

D.itresemblessocietyandart.

问题4选项

A.itreliesonintuitionratherthanreasoning.

B.itisnotconcernedwiththeultimatejustificationofitsinstinctiveaims.

C.ithasdisappointedmankind.

D.ithasinspiredmankind.

问题5选项

A.imaginative

B.aproviderofhopeforthefuture

C.ahighlyintellectualactivity

D.ineffectual

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节题。最后一段指出:宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。故选C。

2.细节题。参照第一段的第4句话，“不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会催促或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。”即理性是非感情的。因此A项“宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情”是不正确的。

3.细节题。参考第一段倒数第二句话:(宗教)无视目的，也不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确,故选A。

4.细节题。参考第一段中:宗教的挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和谐。因此D项(它激起人类情感)正确。

5.态度方向。第二段指出：我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是流产了（很失败）。故选D项(无效)。

5.单选题

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA，“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.’’

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.

1.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin（）.

2.Theword“gizmos”(Line2，Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan（）.

4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso（）.

5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare（）.

问题1选项

A.theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

B.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

C.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

D.theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork2.Theword“gizmos”(Line2，Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）.

问题2选项

A.programs

B.experts

C.devices

D.creatures3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan（）.

问题3选项

A.fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery

B.interactwithhumanbeingsverbally

C.havealittlecommonsense

D.respondindependentlytoachangingworld4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso（）.

问题4选项

A.makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

B.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

C.improvefactoryenvironments

D.cultivatehumancreativity.5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare（）.

问题5选项

A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure

B.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

C.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

D.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：人类的创造性最初表现在_________。根据关键词“Humaningenuity”和“initially”可以定位到文章第一段开头Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring，burdensome,orjustplainnasty.（从人类产生智慧初期至今，人们一直在设计越来越巧妙的工具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的工作。），可知，C选项“发明工具以处理困难和危险的工作”，符合题意。由于讲的是最初的创造力，因此可以排除A选项“用机器来创作科幻小说”，B选项“制造业对机器的广泛使用”和D选项“精英人士对危险和枯燥的工作的巧妙的处理”。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

2.词义辨析题。题干：单词“gizmos”（第二段第一行）最有可能的意思是_________。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句话Asaresult，themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.（由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能____，尽管我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。），然后作者提及到了“工厂机械手”、“自动柜员机”以及“机器人驾驶员”等等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“gizmo”的举例和解释。而这几样东西具有一个共同的特征，即它们都是“工具”。相比四个选项，只有C选项“设备”最合适。A选项“程序”，B选项“专家”和D选项“生物”，均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

3.事实细节题。题干：根据本文，现在超越人类能力范围的是设计一种能________的机器人。根据题干定位到第三段最后一句话wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人。），因为该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思，因此我们可以判定选项D“对一个变化的世界独立应付”是可以目前不能做到，D选项符合题意。而C选项“有一些常识”，是可以做到的。第二段末尾提到therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy（已经有一些机器人系统可以进行精确到亚毫米的脑部和骨骼手术。），可知A选项“完成诸如脑手术这样的精细的工作”，是可以做到的，排除。第二段第三句话Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction（我们的银行业务是在自动柜员机完成的，它们会机械地、礼貌地感谢我们的服务。），所以现在的机器人例如自动柜员机可以进行口头交流，B选项“与人类进行口头交流”，排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。

4.事实细节题。题干：除了减少人类劳动，机器人还能够_________。寻找机器人还能够从事什么工作，这就需要对四个选项进行比较，寻找答案。A选项提到机器人能够为自己做几个决策，通过“decision”这个单词可以定位到第三段第一句话Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves.（但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。），这句话表明，目前机器人还不能独立做一些决定，所以A选项排除。通过第三段第二句话Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror（虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误），可知，B选项“通过人类干预处理一些错误”，符合题意。由最后一段第二句话Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.（他们已经制造出能够在受控的工厂环境中识别出一毫米以内的机器误差的机器人。），可知机器人是受环境控制的，所以C选项“改善工厂环境”不正确。D选项“培养人的创造性”，机器人的性能应该是由人培养的，所以D选项的说法不正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

5.作者意图题。题干：作者使用猴子的例子，为的是说机器人_________。最后一段提到Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.（但人们看一眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速的排除98%的不相干信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也无法达到这种能力。），由此可知，机器人、人工智能，虽然能为人类做很多工作，但与人的大脑智能、感知能力相比，还相差甚远。所以C选项“在聚焦相关信息方面远远不如人类”，描述正确。A选项“被期望复制人脑内部结构”，B选项“能够立即觉察到不正常情况”，D选项“最适合在受控环境下使用”，均不是作者举例子的意图。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

6.单选题

Hisfacegavehim______whenhetoldalie.

问题1选项

A.off

B.up

C.away

D.out

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项off“离开，脱掉”，giveoff表示“发出（光等），长出（枝、杈等）”；B项up“向上，上涨”，giveup表示“放弃”；C项away“离去，离开”，giveaway表示“赠送，丧失，泄露”；D项out“向外，室外”，giveout表示“分发，发出”。根据关键词hisface“他的面部”和whenhetoldalie“当他说谎时”可知，空格部分表示“泄露”，C项符合语境。句意：他说谎时，脸上的表情出卖了他。因此，该题选择C项正确。

7.单选题

Thecriticismfromthepublichas（

）thisnovel.

问题1选项

A.eclipsed

B.avenged

C.baffled

D.broadened

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意：公众的批评使这部小说黯然失色。故选A。

8.单选题

Evidence,reference,andfootnotesbythethousandtestifytoascrupulousresearcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferenttheoreticalandpoliticalpositions.

问题1选项

A.trustworthy

B.intelligent

C.diligent

D.meticulous

【答案】D

【解析】形容词词义辨析。scrupulous指小心谨慎的。trustworthy可靠的，可信赖的；intelligent聪明的；diligent用功的，费尽心思的；meticulous小心翼翼的。选项D与划线部分意思最为接近。

9.翻译题

1.Britainalmostmorethananyothercountryintheworldmostseriouslyfacetheproblemofbuildingupwards,thatistosay,ofaccommodatingaconsiderableproportionofitspopulationinhighblocksofflats.

2.ItissaidthattheEnglishmanobjectstothistypeofexistence,butifthecaseissuch,hedoesinfactdifferfromtheinhabitantsofmostcountriesoftheworldtoday.

3.Inthepastourownblocksofflatshavebeenassociatedwiththelower-incomegroupsandtheyhavelackedtheobviousprovisions,suchascentralheating,constanthotwatersupply,electricallyoperatedliftsfrombottomtothetop,andsoon,aswellassuchdetailsaseasyfacilitiesfordisposalofdustandrubbishandstorageplacesforbabycarriagesinthegroundfloor,playgroundsforchildrenonthetopofthebuildings,anddryinggroundsforwashing.

4.Itislikelythatthedisputeregardingflatsversus(对，对抗)individualhouseswillcontinuetorageonforalongtimeasfarasBritainisconcerned.

5.Thosewhoopposethebuildingofflatsbasetheircaseprimarilyontheassumptionthateveryoneprefersanindividualhomeandgarden.Theyalsoignorethehighercostofprovidingfullservicestoascatteredcommunityandthecostinbothmoneyandtimeofthejourneystowork.

【答案】1.英国几乎比世界上其他任何国家都更加需要严肃对待建筑物向高空发展的问题，也就是说，要在很高的公寓楼里面容纳下人口总数的一大部分的问题。

2.据说英国人反对这种居住方式，但是倘若情况如此的话，那么英国人确实不同于今天世界上大多数国家的居民。

3.过去，我们的住宅小区和低收入人群相联系，它们缺乏一些必须设施，比如中央供暖设备、稳定的热水供应、贯通上下的电梯等等。还有一些细节之处，如灰尘和垃圾的简单处理设施，一楼的婴儿车存放处，楼顶的儿童游乐场，以及衣服的晾晒场地。

4.就英国而言，关于公寓与私人住宅的争论很可能会持续很长一段时间。

5.那些反对建公寓的人所根据的主要理由是，他们认为每个人都想拥有单独的住宅和花园。他们还忽视了为分散的社区提供全面服务的较高成本，以及上班路上的金钱和时间成本。

10.单选题

I.Jurisprudence

ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000,theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore:“Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.”

Thousandsofotherexamplescouldbecited.TheRuleofLawisseenasafragilebutcrucialideal,andonethatisappropriatelyinvokedwhenevergovernmentstrytogettheirwaybyarbitraryandoppressiveactionorbyshort-circuitingthenormsandprocedureslaiddowninacountry’slawsorconstitution.Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.

Iwouldliketoconsidertheroleofthisidealingeneraljurisprudence,thatis,intheconceptualworkthatwedoinlegalphilosophywhenwetrytoexplainwhatlawis.Iamgoingtoarguefortwopropositions:IshallarguethatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawandourunderstandingoftheconceptoflawoughttobemuchmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareinmodernjurisprudence;IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.

Ishallargue,moreover,thatthesetwopropositionsareconnected.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.TheproceduralaspectoftheRuleofLawhelpsbringourconceptualthinkingaboutlawtolife;andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.

51.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTcorrect?

52.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTanabuseoftheRuleofLaw?

53.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

54.Whichstatementiscorrectaccordingtothe4thparagraph?

问题1选项

A.JusticeStevensdidnotagreewiththemajorityoftheJustices.

B.Theyear2000wasayearwherePresidentialelectionwasheld.

C.TheJusticesknewwhotheloserwasintheelection.

D.Ateverystageofthedebate,theRuleofLawwasinvoked.

问题2选项

A.LettingthecourtdecidethefinalresultofthePresidentialelection.

B.Arrestingsomeonewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess.

C.Agovernmentagencygivingorderstocourtsforspecificcases.

D.Puttingsomeoneintojailwithoutatrialbycourt.

问题3选项

A.thescholars’understandingoftheRuleofLawiscorrect

B.theunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizeboththesubstantiveandproceduralaspects

C.whenpeopletrytoexplainwhatlawis,theytalkabouttheRuleofLaw

D.lawsaresettled,determinaterules

问题4选项

A.OneshouldlookattheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemes.

B.TheRuleofLawshouldbeseenpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.

C.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflaw.

D.UnderstandingoflawsbothasrulesandasthoseusedincourtroomshelpstounderstandtheRuleofLaw.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】51.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore（每一个阶段，每个问题的各方都援引了《法治》，最终以大法官史蒂文斯在布什诉戈尔案中提出的著名异议告终），结合法律知识，此处的异议是指案外人对执行标的提出不同的意见，而不是大法官史蒂文斯不同意大多数人的意见，A选项“法官史蒂文斯不同意大多数法官的意见”和原文不符，同时可知D选项“辩论的每一阶段都援引了《法治》”符合原文；第一段ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000…（许多读者会记得2000年佛罗里达选举失败时的情形……）可知2000年正在进行总统选举，B选项“2000年是总统选举举行的一年”符合原文；第一段Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.（尽管我们可能永远无法完全确定今年总统选举的赢家是谁，但输家的身份是非常清楚的。这是国家对法官作为法治公正监护人的信任）可知C选项“法官们知道谁是选举中的失败者”符合原文。因此A选项符合题意。

52.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“anabuseoftheRuleofLaw”定位到原文第二段Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.（干涉法庭、在没有法律依据的情况下监禁某人、在没有正当程序保障的情况下拘留人、为党派利益操纵宪法——所有这些都被视为对法治的滥用）可知A选项“让法院决定总统选举的最终结果”，B选项“在没有任何正当程序保障的情况下逮捕某人”，D选项“未经法庭审判就把某人关进监狱”属于对《法治》的滥用，A选项属于为党派利益操纵宪法，法院不能直接决定总统选举的结果。C选项“针对特定案件向法院下达命令的政府机构”不属于原文所提到的对《法治》的滥用。因此C选项正确。

53.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.（我还认为，我们对《法治》的理解不仅应强调既定的、确定的规则的价值和它们使之成为可能的可预测性，而且还应强调法律实践的程序和辩论方面的重要性）可知作者认为对《法治》的理解还应该强调实体和程序两个方面，选B选项“对法治的理解应该强调实体和程序两个方面”，同时可知D选项“法律是既定的，确定的规则”不符合原文，原文只是说不仅应该强调既定的，确定的规则，不能过度推测出法律是既定的，确定的规则；A选项“学者们对法治的理解是正确的”和C选项“当人们试图解释什么是法律时，他们谈论的是法治”第三段未涉及，排除。因此B选项正确。

54.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第四段ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.（当我们至少部分地从程序性和辩论性的主题来理解《法治》时，要比单纯地从确定性和可预见性来理解法治时，更容易理解法治与法律概念之间的联系）可知选A选项“人们应该至少从程序和辩论主题的角度看《法治》”，同时可知B选项“法治应该纯粹从确定性和可预见性的角度来看待”和原文相悖，以及C选项“更容易把握法治与法律概念之间的联系”不完整；第四段andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.（而对法律制度的理解，既强调法庭上的辩论，也强调规则的存在和承认，为更丰富地理解法治在现代政治辩论中所包含的价值提供了基础）可知同时强调法庭上的辩论和规则的存在能帮助对法律制度的理解，而对法律制度的理解为了丰富地理解法治在现代政治辩论中所包含的价值提供了基础，D选项“将法律理解为规则和法庭上使用的规则有助于理解《法治》”和原文有偏差，排除。因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

These99pearlsandjewelsareworthalotofmoney,（

）andcollectively.

问题1选项

A.individually

B.independently

C.irrespectively

D.separately

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查副词辨析。A选项individually“单独的，单个的”；B选项independently“独立的，自立的”；C选项irrespectively“无关地，不考虑地”；D选项separately“分别地；分离地”。填入一个意义与collectively“全体地”相反的副词做状语，individually“单独的，单个的”最合适，句意为：这99颗珍珠和宝石，单个和加在一起，都值很多钱。故答案选A。

12.单选题

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Thewoman’searningsovertheyears.

B.Thekeytorunningashopatalowcost.

C.Thebusinesssuccessofthewoman’sshop.

D.Thewoman’srelationshipwithothershops.

问题2选项

A.Keepdownitsexpenses.

B.Improveitscustomerservice.

C.Expanditsbusinessscale.

D.Upgradethegoodsitsells.

问题3选项

A.Theyareingreatdemand.

B.Theyaredeliveredfreeofcharge.

C.Theyareverypopularwiththelocalresidents.

D.Theyaresoldatlowerpricesthaninothershops.

问题4选项

A.Tomaintainfriendlyrelationshipswithothershops.

B.Toavoidbeingputoutofbusinessincompetition.

C.Toattractmorecustomersintheneighborhood.

D.Tofollowthecustomofthelocalshopkeepers.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】ConversationTwo

M:[5]Yousayyourshophasbeendoingwell.Couldyougivemesomeideaofwhatdoingwellmeansinfactsandfigures?

W:Well,doingwellmeansaveraging1,200poundsormoreaweekforabout7years,makingalmostaquarterofamillionpounds.Anddoingwellmeansyourearningsarerising.Lastyearwedidslightlyover50,000andthisyearwehopetodomorethan60,000.Sothat’sgoodifwecontinuetorise.

M:Nowthat’sgrowthonearningsIassume.Whataboutyourexpenses?

W:Yes,that’sgrowth.Theexpensesofcoursegoupsteadily.Andsincewe’vemovedtothisnewshop,theexpenseshaveincreasedgreatlybecauseit’samuchbiggershop.SoIcouldn’tsayexactlywhatourexpensesare.There’ssomethingintheregionof6or7thousandpoundsayear,whichisnothigh—commerciallyspeaking,it’sverylow.[6]Andwetrytokeepourexpensesaslowaswecan.

M:[7]Andyourpricesaremuchlowerthanthesamegoodsinshopsroundabout.Howdothelocalshopkeepersfeelabouthavingashopdoingsowellintheirmidst?

W:Perhapsalotofthemdon’trealizehowwellwe’redoingbecausewedon’tmakeapointofpublicizing.Thatwasalessonwe’velearnedveryearlyon.Wewereveryfriendlywithalllocalshop-keepersandwehavebeentomentiontoalocalshopkeeperhowmuchwehavemadethatweek.Hewasveryunhappyandneverasfriendlyagain.Sowemakeapointofneverpublicizingtheamountofthemoneywemake.Butwe’reonverygoodtermswithalltheshops;noneofthemhaveevercomplainedthatwe’reputtingthemoutofbusinessoranythinglikethat.Ithinkit’sanicefunnyrelationship.[8]Maybeiftheydidknowwhatwemade,perhapstheywouldn’tbesofriendly.

5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问说话者主要谈论的是什么？在录音开头，男士就问女士能否用事实和数据来说明她的店铺经营良好。接下来女士从盈利、开支、与其他店主之间的关系三方面进行阐述。C选项“女士店铺的成功经营”最能概括对话的主要内容，因此正确。A选项“这些年女士的收入”和D选项“女士与其他店铺的关系”虽然在录音中有提及，但只是女士在讲述其店铺经营时的一些具体方面，并不是对话的主题，因此可排除；B选项“低成本经营店铺的关键因素”在录音中并没有信息提及。

6.Whatdoesthewomansayhershoptriestodo?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问女士说她的店铺试图做什么？男士问到女士店铺的开支时，女士提到其店铺在该地区一年要支出6000至7000英镑，但其实并不算多，接着还说他们会尽可能降低开支（wetrytokeepourexpensesaslowaswecan）。A选项“降低其开支”是对录音原文的同义替换，因此正确