考研考博-英语-吉林交通职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吉林交通职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ifsanityandinsanityexist,howshallweknowthem?

Thequestionisneithercapriciousnoritselfinsane.Howevermuchwemaybepersonallyconvincedthatwecantellthenormalfromtheabnormal,theevidenceissimplynotcompelling.Itiscommonplace,forexample,toreadaboutmurdertrialswhereineminentpsychiatristsforthedefensearecontradictedbyequallyeminentpsychiatristsfortheprosecutiononthematterofthedefendant'ssanity.Moregenerally,thereareagreatdealofconflictingdataonthereliability,utility,andmeaningofsuchtermsas"sanity","insanity","mentalillness,"and"schizophrenia."

Finally,asearlyas1934,Benedictsuggestedthatnormalityandabnormalityarenotuniversal.Whatisviewedasnormalinoneculturemaybeseenasquiteaberrantinanother.Thus,notionsofnormalityandabnormalitymaynotbequiteasaccurateaspeoplebelievetheyare.

Toraisequestionsregardingnormalityandabnormalityisinnowaytoquestionthefactthatsomebehaviorsaredeviantorodd.Murderisdeviant.So,too,arehallucinations.Nordoesraisingsuchquestionsdenytheexistenceofthepersonalanguishthatisoftenassociatedwith"mentalillness."Anxietyanddepressionexist.Psychologicalsufferingexists.Butnormalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity,andthediagnosesthatflowfromthemmaybelesssubstantivethanmanybelievethemtobe.

Atitsheart,thequestionofwhetherthesanecanbedistinguishedfromtheinsaneisasimplematter:Dothesalientcharacteristicsthatleadtodiagnosesresideinthepatientsthemselvesorintheenvironmentsandcontextsinwhichobserversfindthem?FromBleuler,throughKretchmer,throughtheformulatorsoftherecentlyrevisedDiagnosticandStatisticalManualoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation,thebeliefhasbeenstrongthatpatientspresentsymptoms,thatthosesymptomscanbecategorized,andimplicitly,thatthesanearedistinguishablefromtheinsane.Morerecently,however,thisbeliefhasbeenquestioned.Basedinpartontheoreticalandanthropologicalconsiderations,butalsoonphilosophical,legal,andtherapeuticones,theviewhasgrownthatpsychologicalcategorizationofmentalillnessisuselessatbestanddownrightharmful,misleading,andpejorativeatworst.Psychiatricdiagnoses,inthisview,areinthemindsoftheobserversandarenotvalidsummariesofcharacteristicsdisplayedbytheobserved.

Gainscanbemadeindecidingwhichoftheseismorenearlyaccuratebygettingnormalpeopleadmittedtopsychiatrichospitalsandthendeterminingwhethertheywerediscoveredtobesaneand,ifso,how.Ifthesanityofsuchpseudopatientswerealwaysdetected,therewouldbeprimafacieevidencethatasaneindividualcanbedistinguishedfromtheinsanecontextinwhichheisfound.Normalityisdistinctenoughthatitcanberecognizedwhereveritoccurs,foritiscarriedwithintheperson.If,ontheotherhand,thesanityofthepseudopatientswereneverdiscovered,seriousdifficultieswouldariseforthosewhosupporttraditionalmodesofpsychiatricdiagnosis.Giventhatthehospitalstaffwasnotincompetent,thatthepseudopatienthadbeenbehavingassanelyashehadbeenoutsideofthehospital,andthatithadneverpreviouslysuggestedthathebelongedinapsychiatrichospital,suchanunlikelyoutcomewouldsupporttheviewthatpsychiatricdiagnosisbetrayslittleaboutthepatientbutmuchabouttheenvironmentinwhichanobserverfindshim.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

2.Whatdoestheword"them"inthelastsentenceofthefourthparagraphreferto?

3.Theword"pejorative"couldbestbereplacedby（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestexplainthelastpartofthepassage?

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Wecanjudgepreciselywhatconstitutesnormalityandabnormality.

B.Itisnoteasytodistinguishsanityfrominsanity.

C.Itisnodoubtthatsomebehaviorsofhumanbeingsareodd.

D.Settingswherepeoplearelivinghavemuchtodowithhowweknowwhatsanityis.

问题2选项

A.Questionsfromnormalityandabnormality.

B.Thediagnoses.

C.Normalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity.

D.People.

问题3选项

A.peevish

B.depreciatory

C.negative

D.meaningless

问题4选项

A.Psychiatricdiagnosisdoesn'tinformpeopleofthepatientbutoftheenvironmentwhereheisliving.

B.Thepatientisn'tbetrayedbypsychiatristsbutbytheenvironmentwhereheisliving.

C.Psychiatristsknowmoreaboutthepatientthantheenvironmentwhereheisliving.

D.Psychiatricdiagnosisislikelytoimprovetheenvironmentwherethepatientislivingwhichdoeslittlehelptohim.

问题5选项

A.Descriptionoftheexperimentofputtingsomesanepeopleinpsychiatrichospitals.

B.Argumentagainstthedifficultyofdistinguishingthesanefromtheinsane.

C.Descriptionoftheexperimentofsaneandinsanepeopleinthesamepsychiatrichospitals.

D.Argumentforthedifficultyoffindingoutwhoarerealpatients.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第二段，“Howevermuchwemaybepersonallyconvincedthatwecantellthenormalfromtheabnormal,theevidenceissimplynotcompelling.”，可知无论我们个人多么相信我们能够分辨出正常和异常，这些证据根本就没有说服力。选项B可排除。根据文章四段，“Toraisequestionsregardingnormalityandabnormalityisinnowaytoquestionthefactthatsomebehaviorsaredeviantorodd.”，可知提出关于正常和异常的问题并不能质疑某些行为是异常的或奇怪的这一事实。选项C可排除。根据文章最后一段内容可知，人们生活的环境与了解理智的程度有很大关系，选项D可排除。综上，选项A文中未提及。选项A符合题意。

2.词义理解题。根据第四段最后一句，“Butnormalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity,andthediagnosesthatflowfromthemmaybelesssubstantivethanmanybelievethemtobe.”，可知但正常与异常、理智与疯狂，以及由此产生的分析调查，可能并不像许多人认为的那样具有实质性。可知them指代前面出现的normalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity，选项C符合题意。

3.词义理解题。pejorative“贬损的，贬抑的”；peevish“脾气坏的，易怒的”；depreciatory“贬低的，轻蔑的”；negative“否定的，消极的”；meaningless“无意义的”。句意：越来越多的观点认为，对精神疾病进行心理分类，往好处说是无用的，往坏处说是完全有害的、误导的和贬低的。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“…psychiatricdiagnosisbetrayslittleaboutthepatientbutmuchabouttheenvironmentinwhichanobserverfindshim.”，可知精神病学的诊断并很少告诉病人的情况，而是更多告诉他们所生活的环境。选项A符合题意。

5.推断题。文章最后一段主要提到了人神智是否清晰与所处的环境存在很大的关系。可推断出下文可能会对这一话题进行进一步的阐述，可能会描述一个将一些神志正常的人送入精神病院的实验。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Informationtechnologythathelpsdoctorsandpatientsmakedecisionshasbeenaroundforalongtime.CrudeonlinetoolslikeWebMDgetmillionsofvisitorsaday.ButWatsonisadifferentbeast.AccordingtoIBM,itcandigestinformationandmakerecommendationsmuchmorequickly,andmoreintelligently,thanperhapsanymachinebeforeit—processingupto60millionpagesoftextpersecond,evenwhenthattextisintheformofplainoldprose,orwhatscientistscall“naturallanguage”•

That’snosmallthing,becausesomethinglike80percentofallinformationis“unstructured”.Inmedicine,itconsistsofphysiciannotesdictatedintomedicalrecords,long-windedsentencespublishedinacademicjournals,andrawnumbersstoredonlinebypublic-healthdepartments.Atleastintheory,Watsoncanmakesenseofitall.Itcansitinonpatientexaminations,silentlylistening.Andovertime,itcanlearnandgetbetteratfiguringoutmedicalproblemsandwaysoftreatingthemthemoreitinteractswithrealcases.Watsonevenhastheabilitytoconveydoubt.Whenitmakesdiagnosesandrecommendstreatments,itusuallyissuesaseriesofpossibilities,eachwithitsownlevelofconfidenceattached.

Medicinehasneverbeforehadatoolquitelikethis.Andatanunofficialcoming-outpartyinLasVegaslastyear,duringtheannualmeetingoftheHealthcareInformationandManagementSystemSociety,morethan1,000professionalspackedalargehotelconferencehall,andanoverflowroomnearby,tohearapresentationbyMartyKohn,anemergency-roomphysicianandaclinicalleaderoftheIBMteamtrainingWatsonforhealthcare.Standingbeforeavideoscreenthatdwarfedhislargeframe,KohndescribedinhishuskyvoicehowWatsoncouldbeagamechanger—notjustinhighlyspecializedfieldslikeoncologybutalsoinprimarycare,giventhatalldoctorscanmakemistakesthatleadtocostly,sometimesdangerous,treatmenterrors.

Drawingonhisownclinicalexperienceandonacademicstudies,Kohnexplainedthataboutone-thirdoftheseerrorsappeartobeproductsofmisdiagnosis,onecauseofwhichis“anchoringbias”：humanbeings，tendencytorelytooheavilyonasinglepieceofinformation.Thishappensallthetimeindoctors，offices,clinics，andemergencyrooms.Aphysicianhearsabouttwoorthreesymptoms，seizesonadiagnosisconsistentwiththose,andsubconsciouslydiscountsevidencethatpointstosomethingelse.Oraphysicianhitsupontherightdiagnosis,butfailstorealizethatit’sincomplete,andendsuptreatingjustoneconditionwhenthepatientis,infact,sufferingfromseveral.ToolslikeWatsonarelesspronetothosefailings.Assuch,Kohnbelieves,theymayeventuallybecomeasubiquitousindoctors，officesasthestethoscope.

“Watsonfillsinforsomehumanlimitations，”Kohntoldmeinaninterview.“Studiesshowthathumansaregoodattakingarelativelylimitedlistofpossibilitiesandusingthatlist,butarefarlessadeptatusinghugevolumesofinformation.That’swhereWatsonshines；takingahugelistofinformationandwinnowingitdown.”

1.WhatisWatson?

2.WhichofthefollowingisbeyondWatsoifsability?

3.MartyKohn().

4.“Anchoringbias”().

5.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Itisapersonwhoaidsdoctorsinprocessingmedicalrecords.

B.Itisanonlinetoolthatconnectsdoctorsoverdifferentplaces.

C.Itisanintelligentcomputerthathelpsdoctorsmakedecisions.

D.Itisabeastthatgreetsmillionsofvisitorstoamedicalinstitution.

问题2选项

A.Talkwiththepatient.

B.Calculateprobability.

C.Recommendtreatment.

D.Processsophisticateddata.

问题3选项

A.gaveapresentationatanacademicconference

B.worksfortheIBMTrainingDivision

C.isashortpersonwithahuskyvoice

D.expressedoptimismforWatson

问题4选项

A.isadeviceubiquitousindoctors，offices

B.islesslikelytobecommittedbyWatson

C.happensinonethirdofmedicaltreatments

D.isawrongdiagnosiswithincompleteinformation

问题5选项

A.WatsonAsAShiningStar.

B.TheRisksOfMisdiagnosis.

C.TheRobotWillSeeYouNow.

D.IBM’sITSolutionToMedicine.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。题干：Waston是什么？由第一段第三句中“itcandigestinformationandmakerecommendationsmuchmorequickly,andmoreintelligently,thanperhapsanymachinebeforeit”可知Waston是能帮助医生和病人的智能电脑。因此选项C符合题意。

2.细节题。题干：以下哪项超出了Watsoif的能力？由第一段最后一句中“digestinformationandmakerecommendations”可得C和D选项。根据第二段最后一句中“itusuallyissuesaseriesofpossibilities,eachwithitsownlevelofconfidenceattached”可得出B选项。因此选项A符合题意。

3.细节题。题干：MartyKohn______。人名定位到第三段。由段尾的“agamechanger”可推出MartyKohn看好Waston。A选项的academicconference与原文不符合，演讲是在一次非正式亮相的聚会上进行的。MartyKohn是“aclinicalleaderoftheIBMteamtrainingWatsonforhealthcare”，而不是IBM培训部的人，所以排除B选项。由“Standingbeforeavideoscreenthatdwarfedhislargeframe”可知MartyKohn本身不矮小，是对比出的效果，排除C选项。因此D选项符合题意。

4.细节推理题。题干：“Anchoringbias”________本文第四段提到了“Anchoringbias”，“humanbeings，tendencytorelytooheavilyonasinglepieceofinformation…”，倒数第二句指出“ToolslikeWatsonarelesspronetothosefailings”，可知Waston不太容易出现这类错误。因此选项B符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。题干：下面哪个可能是这篇文章最好的标题？本文主要讲述了Waston是什么以及它在医学领域的应用。因此选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Salaryincreasesareusefultoretainandemployees,and（

）arealsoamethodofrecognizingtheemployee'scontributiontoacompany.

问题1选项

A.motivate

B.modulate

C.multiply

D.mobilize

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项motivate表示“刺激，激励，促进”；B选项modulate表示“调节，调整”；C选项multiply表示“乘，繁殖，增加”；D选项mobilize表示“动员，集合，组织”。

由句意可知，涨工资有利于保持和激发员工积极性，同时也是对员工贡献的认可。因此，motivate的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为A选项。

4.单选题

Ittookusonlyafewhoursto______thepaperoffallfourwalls.

问题1选项

A.shear

B.stroke

C.scrape

D.chip

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项shear“剪”，shearoff表示“剪断，切掉”；B项stroke“划，轻抚”；C项scrape“刮掉，擦伤”，scrapeoff表示“刮掉，擦去”；D项chip“铲，凿”，chipoff表示“切下，削去”。根据后面部分句子thepaperoffallfourwalls“四面墙上的纸”可知，C选项最符合语境。句意：我们只用了几个小时就把四面墙上的纸刮掉了。因此，该题选择C项正确。

5.单选题

______advanceandretreatintheireternalrhythms,butthesurfaceoftheseaitselfisneveratrest.

问题1选项

A.Notonlywhenthetidesdo

B.Asthetidesnotonlydo

C.Notonlydothetides

D.Dothetidesnotonly

【答案】C

【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：不仅潮汐以它们永恒的节奏前进和后退，而且海面本身也从来没有静止过。根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配notonly…but的部分倒装，notonly放在句首的倒装结构为notonly+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以C选项Notonlydothetides符合题意。因此C选项正确。

6.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingshortparagraphsinfoEnglish

花些力气教会孩子们良好的花钱习惯是非常值得的，因其带来的好处是使他们受益一生的。没有受过这些金钱教育的孩子们将一辈子为此付出代价。有些：父母不和子女谈论金钱，因为他们觉得不应该和小孩子谈论金钱，觉得没有时间，或者是认为他们没有足够的钱。作为父母，不论他们的收入如何都应该花时间教导子女有关钱的问题。大部分人对金钱所持有的固有的感受和看法都是基于儿时的经历以及家庭的价值观和信念。多数情况下，每个父母的这些经历、价值观和信念都是不同的。父母谈论这些感受和看法并建立起一条前后一致的：树立子女金钱观的途径对于孩子的健康成长非常重要。

【答案】It’sworthyoftakingefforttoteachchildrengoodhabitofspending,whichwillbebenefitfortheirwholelife.Thosechildrenwhoarenottaughttheselessonswillpaytheconsequencesforalife-time.Someparentsdon’tteachtheirchildrenaboutmoneybecausetheythinktheyshouldn’ttalkaboutmoneywithchildrenandtheydon’thavetime,ortheythinktheydon’thaveenoughmoney.Asparents,theyshouldteachchildrenaboutmoneyregardlessoftheirincome.Mostpeople‘sfeelingandopinionsaboutmoneyarebasedonchildhoodexperiencesandthevalueandbeliefsoftheirfamilies.Inmostcases,everyparenthasdifferentexperiences,valuesandbeliefs.Itisveryimportantforthehealthydevelopmentofchildrenthatparentstalkaboutthesefeelingsandopinionsandestablishaconsistentapproachtoteachtheirchildrenaboutmoney.

7.单选题

TheNewYorkmaleandtheLondonmale:twospeciesofdudesosimilar,inmanyrespectstheyseemtohavebeenseparatedatbirth.Bothstomptriumphantlyaroundfinancialandmediacapitals.Bothfeeltheyliveatthecentreoftheknownuniverse.Andbothspendfartoomuchtimeontheirhair.Buttherearemarkeddifferencesbetweenthesetribes,fromconfidenceandsenseofhumourtomatingritualsanddresssense.

Sowho’sbest?There’sonlyonewaytofindout:whollyunscientificmeansofanecdotesfrompeoplewhohavelivedinbothcities.

Masculinity

AlexanderT.,aBritish-borndoctorlivinginHarlem,thinksthat“maleness”isamuchmoreconsciouslyperformedthinginManhattanthaninLondon.“Yourclothes,whatyouorderinarestaurant,yourabilitytodeliverasincerepatteraboutyourgoalsandpassions—thesearethingsthatwillhelpgetyoulaidinNewYork.SometimestheLondonapproachofjustrelyingonbeingfunnyandself-deprecatingwillfailtoimpress.”Butonlysometimes,Alexanderstresses.“Foreverywomanwhojudgesyouharshlyforyourlackofafive-yearplan,therewillbeothersdrivensomadwithtraumabywretchedanddisgustingNewYorkmalesthatafewhoursofyoulisteningandbeinganiceguywillmakeyouseemlikethecatchofthecentury.”

Appearances

JuliaB.isafundraiserinLondon,wholivedinNewYorkforsevenyears.“Londonmendressbetteringeneral,andlookamillionmilesbetterinsuits.Forsomereason,NewYorkersareobsessedwithboxy,ill-fittingsuitjackets,WallStreettypesbeingtheworstoffenders.NewYorkmenareprobablymoremuscular,andmoreimage-consciousingeneral.”NewYorkersseemmuchmorereluctanttogrowup,shethinks.“NewYorkmentryandretaintheiryouthforlonger.Therearemore45yearoldswithskateboardsinWilliamsburg,BrooklynthanthereareinHackney.LondonmenwillwanttosettledownsoonerthanNewYorkers.Asawoman,there’smoredangerofbeingsingleinNewYorksincemenwanttostay20intheirmindsforever,sowomendon’twanttocommiteither,becausetheyseealltheseimmaturedudesaround.InLondon,menunderstandwomen’sbiologicalclocksalittlebetter."

Humour

ThecommonplaceNewYorkerhasanannoyingreputation,butgraphicdesignerMichaelL.saysthetwoyearshespentinLondonupendedthatstereotypeforhim.“Londonguyswearagrim,unpleasantfacealotofthetime.PeopleinNewYorkwerealotmorewillingtobefriendly.Andthat’swhatEnglishpeoplewilldescribeasfake.TheythinktheNewYorknicenessisnotgenuine.Sothereyouhaveit.AreyouaLondonmanseekingfun?YoushoulddefinitelyspendafewweeksinNewYork.Yoursuperiorwardrobe,maturebehaviorandrefreshingself-deprecationwilllandinfertile,man-boytraumatizedsoilintheCityThatNeverSleeps.ButLondonwomen?AvoidthesirensongoftheNewYorkmale.Nomatterhowill-temperedyourLondonfellowis,he’sabetteroverallpackagethantheflashyNewYorker.Yes,thatcharmingManhattanitejustromanticallyaskedyououtinthemiddleofthestreet.But,a)heasksouteverywomanwithapulse,and,b)heprobablyworksatadiscountshoestore.

What’syourtakeonthedifferencesbetweenNewYorkandLondonmen?Whowouldyouratherbestuckinalift,onaroadtrip,orinthebar?

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

3.WomeninNewYorkaremorelikelytostaysinglebecause（

）.

4.Whatistheauthor’swarningtoLondonwomen?

5.Theunderlinedworddudemaymeanamanwhois（

）.

问题1选项

A.AnecdotesfromLondonandNewYork

B.LondonmenversusNewYorkmen:who’sbetter?

C.Meetthemoremasculine,grooming,humorousLondonguys

D.Twospeciesacrosstheocean

问题2选项

A.WomeninNewYorkarealwaysimpressedbytheambitiousmalefriends.

B.BusinessmeninNewYorkdonotfollowtherulesofdress.

C.Sometimeswomenprefertohavealistenerincompany.

D.MichaelL,aftertwoyearsinLondon,dislikesNewYorkmalesmore.

问题3选项

A.theydonotwanttomarryanimmatureboy

B.thementherewillnotmarryuntil45

C.theyarenotinterestedinskateboards

D.thementheredonotwanttosettledowninthecity

问题4选项

A.TheNewYorkmale’snicenessisprobablyfaked.

B.TheLondonmalesareunpleasantandill-tempered.

C.TheNewYorkmaleshavehurtmanyNewYorkwomenalready.

D.ItishardtotellwhetheraNewYorkmalehasagoodjob.

问题5选项

A.muchconcernedwithhisdressandappearance

B.alwaysrudeandviolenttopeople

C.humorousandcancheerupthewomen

D.intelligentandgoodatarts

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要从三个方面对伦敦男人和纽约男人进行对比，因此B选项“伦敦男人对纽约男人：谁更好？”这个标题能更好地表现本文比较的主题。

2.推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Londonmendressbetteringeneral,andlookamillionmilesbetterinsuits.Forsomereason,NewYorkersareobsessedwithboxy,ill-fittingsuitjackets,WallStreettypesbeingtheworstoffenders.”伦敦男人一般穿得更好，穿西装看起来更好看。出于某种原因，纽约人痴迷于方形的、不合身的西装夹克，华尔街的人是罪魁祸首。可推测纽约人穿着不讲究，因此B选项“纽约的商人不遵守着装规则”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Asawoman,there’smoredangerofbeingsingleinNewYorksincemenwanttostay20intheirmindsforever,sowomendon’twanttocommiteither,becausetheyseealltheseimmaturedudesaround.”作为一个女人，在纽约单身的风险更大，因为男人想永远保持在20岁左右，所以女人也不想承诺，因为她们看到这些不成熟的男人。

可知纽约女性更有可能保持单身是由于男性心态不够成熟，因此A选项“她们不想嫁给一个不成熟的男孩”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“ButLondonwomen?AvoidthesirensongoftheNewYorkmale....Yes,thatcharmingManhattanitejustromanticallyaskedyououtinthemiddleofthestreet.But,a)heasksouteverywomanwithapulse,and,b)heprobablyworksatadiscountshoestore.”可知作者给伦敦女人的警告之一是，你无法判断约你出去的纽约男人在哪里工作，因此D选项“很难分辨纽约男人是否有很好的工作”符合题意。

5.词义题。根据文章对纽约男人和伦敦男人的比较，提到的男子气概、穿着打扮和幽默，约女性出门等方面，可知他们有幽默感，是讨女性喜欢的类型。dude意为“纨绔子弟，花花公子”，因此选C。

8.单选题

Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauction-roomtomakeoffers,or“bids”,forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoods,forthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum.

TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinauction,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalledsubhasta,meaning“underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,goodswereoftensold“bythecandle”:ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsasChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworld-famous.

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleda“lot”,isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.

Theauctioneermustknowfairlyaccuratelythecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsheissellingandheshouldbeacquaintedwithregularbuyersofsuchgoods.Hewillnotwastetimebystaringthebiddingtoolow.Hewillalsoplayontherivalriesamonghisbuyersandsucceedingettingahighpricebyencouragingtwobusinesscompetitorstobidagainsteachother.Itislargelyonhisadvicethatasellerwillfixa“reserve”pricethatisapricebelowwhichthegoodscannotbesold.Eventhebestauctioneers,however,finditdifficulttostopa“knockout”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobidagainsteachotherbutnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidderinthehopeofbuyinggoodsalatextremelylowprices.Ifsucha“knock-out”comesoff,therealauctionsalelakesplaceprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.

1.Acandleusedtobumalatauctionsales________.

2.Anauctioncataloguegivesprospectivebuyers________.

3.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe“lots”outoforderbecause________.

4.Anauctioneerlikestogethighpricesforthegoodshesellsbecause________.

5.A“knockout”isarranged________.

问题1选项

A.becausetheytookplaceatnight

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade

问题2选项

A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods

B.detailsofthegoodstobesold

C.theorderinwhichgoodsmustbesold

D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale

问题3选项

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers

问题4选项

A.thenheearnsmorehimself

B.thedealersarepleased

C.theauction-roomsbecomeworldfamous

D.itkeepsthecustomersinterested

问题5选项

A.tokeepthepriceintheauctionroomlow

B.toallowonedealeronlytomakeaprofit

C.toincreasetheauctioneer’sprofit

D.tohelptheauctioneer

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段最后一句InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,goodswereoftensold“bythecandle”:ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.（在18世纪和19世纪的英国，商品通常是“借着蜡烛”出售的：拍卖师点燃一支短蜡烛，然后在蜡烛点着的时候出价。），由此可知点蜡烛是为了限制出价时间，所以D选项“限制提出报价的时间”正确。A选项“因为拍卖在晚上进行”和B选项“作为人群聚集的信号”以及C选项“让拍卖师保持温暖”文章都没有提及，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleda“lot”,isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilhenoticesthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.（如果广告不能给出全部细节，则会打印商品目录，每一组要一起出售的商品通常会给出一个编号，称为“批次”。拍卖人不必从第一批拍品开始，按数字顺序进行拍卖；他可能会等到他知道某些商人在拍卖厅后，展示商人可能感兴趣的批次。），由此可知商品目录是为了告诉潜在买家商品拍卖的顺序，所以C选项“拍卖商品的顺序”正确。A选项“货物的当前市场价值”和D选项“拍卖会免费入场”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“待出售货物的详细信息”对应第四段第一句“拍卖通常是事先发布广告，详细说明要出售的物品以及买家可以在何时何地看到这些物品”，由此可知待出售商品的详细信息并不出现在目录上，而是出现在广告上，属于张冠李戴。因此C选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第四段第三句TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.（拍卖师不需要从第一批拍品开始，按数字顺序进行拍卖；他可能会等到他知道某些商人在拍卖厅后，展示商人可能感兴趣的批次。），结合第四段第一句Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.（拍卖通常会事先做广告，详细说明待售物品的详细情况，以及潜在买家可以在何时何地看到这些物品。），由此可知拍卖中很重要的是让对拍品感兴趣的人看到拍品及其信息，而拍卖人会等到拍品的潜在买家在场时进行拍卖，所以B选项“根据经验他知道哪些人想要买哪些东西”正确。A选项“有时想迷惑买家”，C选项“想让某些人等着”和D选项“想减少买家的数量”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段最后一句Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.（拍卖师的服务是按商品售价的百分比支付的。因此，拍卖商在尽可能提高出价方面有着直接的利益。），所以A选项“他们自己能赚更多”正确。B选项“商人们高兴”；C选项“拍卖会会更有名”和D选项“吸引顾客”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章倒数第二句Eventhebestauctioneers,however,finditdifficulttostopa“knockout”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobidagainsteachotherbutnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidderinthehopeofbuyinggoodsatextremelylowprices.（然而，即使是最好的拍卖师也发现很难阻止“拍卖勾结”，即商人事先非法协商不互相竞争，而是商定其中一人竞拍，以此用极低的价格购买商品。），由此可知拍卖勾结是为了低价买入商品，A选项“为了保持拍卖品的低价格”正确。B选项“只允许一个商人获利”对应文章最后一句Ifsucha“knock-out”comesoff,therealauctionsalelakesplaceprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.（如果这样的“拍卖勾结”成功了，真正的拍卖江湖之后会私下进行。），由此可知在拍卖厅的拍卖结束以后，他们还会再次进行拍卖，拍卖勾结不是为了让特定的一个人获利，属于曲解原文。C选项“提高拍卖商的利润”和D选项“帮助拍卖师”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

Atradegroupforliquorretailersputoutapressreleasewithanalarmingheadline:“Million