考研考博-英语-山西水利职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西水利职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

TheEuropeanUnioncountrieswereonceworriedthattheywouldnothave（

）suppliesofpetroleum.

问题1选项

A.sufficient

B.efficient

C.potential

D.proficient

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。sufficient足够的，充足的；efficient有效率，有能力的；potential潜在的，可能的；proficient熟练的，精通的。空格处应该为一个形容词修饰suppliesofpetroleum（石油供应），根据前面部分“TheEuropeanUnioncountrieswereonceworried（欧盟国家曾一度担心……）”可知，此处应表示“充足的石油供应”，因此A项符合句意。句意：欧盟国家曾一度担心他们没有充足的石油供应。

2.单选题

WhenthetimeforJane’s（

）came,therewasgreatsorrowinthehousehold.

问题1选项

A.separation

B.departure

C.depression

D.expedition

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“离别，分别”；B选项“离开，出发”；C选项“沮丧，不景气”；D选项“远征，探险队”。句意：当时间到（），整个家庭都陷入到一种沉重的悲伤中。一般亲人启程去某个地方就会产生悲伤，所以答案选B。A选项后面应该填人，或者主语为复数，所以不选。

3.单选题

Thepilotmadealast（frantic）distresscallbeforehebailedout.

问题1选项

A.urgent

B.desperate

C.routine

D.futile

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项urgent“紧急的”；B选项desperate“绝望的”；C选项routine“常规的”；D选项futile“无效的”。句意：飞行员在跳伞前发出了最后一个绝望的求救信号。划线部分frantic是绝望的意思。因此B选项正确。

4.单选题

Bankingisaboutmoney;andnootherfamiliarcommodityarousessuchexcessesofpassionanddislike.Noristhereanyotheraboutwhichmorenonsenseistalked.Thetypeofthingthatcomestomindisnotwhatisnormallycalledeconomics,whichisinexactratherthannonsensical,andonlyinthesamewayasallsciencesareatthepointwheretheytrytopredictpeople’sbehavioranditsconsequences.Indeedmostsocialsciencesand,forexample,medicinecouldprobablybedescribedinthesameway.

However,itiscommontohearassertionsofthekind“ifyouwereleftaloneonadesertislandafewseedpotatoeswouldbemoreusetoyouthanamillionpounds”asthoughthisprovessomethingimportantaboutmoneyexcepttheundeniablefactthatitwouldnotbemuchusetoanyoneinasituationwhereveryfewofusareatalllikelytofindourselves.Moneyinfactisatoken,orsymbolicobject,exchangeableondemandbyitsholdersforgoodsandservices.Itsuseforthesepurposesisuniversalexceptwithinasmallnumberofprimitiveagriculturalcommunities.

Moneyandthepricemechanism,i.e.,thechangesinpricesexpressedinmoneytermsofdifferentgoodsandservices,arethemeansbywhichallmodernsocietiesregulatedemandandsupplyforthesethings.Especiallyimportantaretherelativechangesinpriceofdifferentgoodsandservicescomparedwitheachother.Totakerandomexamples:thepriceofhouse-buildinghasoverthepastfiveyearsrisenagooddealfasterthanthatofdomesticapplianceslikerefrigerators,butslowerthanthatofmotorinsuranceorFrenchImpressionistpaintings.Thisfacthascompleximplicationsforstudentsoftheindustry,tradeunionism,townplanning,insurancecompanies,fineartsuctions,andpolitics.Unpackingtheseimplicationsiswhateconomicsisabout,buttheirimplicationsforbankersarequitedifferent.

Ingeneral,inmodernindustrializedsocieties,pricesofservicesorgoodsproducedinacontextrequiringahighservice-content(e.g.amealinarestaurant)arescale.Itisalsoacharacteristicofhighlydevelopedeconomiesthatthenumberofworkersemployedinserviceindustriestendstoriseandthatofworkersemployedinmanufacturingtofall.Thediscomfortthistruthcauseshasbeenanimportantsourceoftensioninwesternpoliticallifeformanyyearsandislikelytoremainsoformanymore.

1.Accordingtothepassageeconomicsis（

）.

2.Inthewriter’sview,theassertionthatmoneywouldbeuselessonadesertinland（

）.

3.Modernsocietiescontrolsupplyanddemand（

）.

4.Thewritersuggeststhateconomicsisconcernedwith（

）.

5.Indevelopedeconomies,serviceindustries（

）.

问题1选项

A.similartoothersocialsciencesbecausealotofnonsenseistalkedaboutit

B.differentfromsocialscienceswhichtrytoforecastthewaypeoplebehave

C.similartoothersocialsciencesbecauseitcanforetellthetomorrow

D.differentfromsciencessuchasmedicine

问题2选项

A.illustratesonelimitationtotheimportanceofmoney

B.isonlyofimportancetopeoplestrandedinsuchplaces

C.provesthattherearemanysituationsinwhichmoneyisirrelevant

D.tellsusnothingofsignificanceaboutmoneyinacertainsituation

问题3选项

A.bydirectinterventioninthepricingofgoodsandservices

B.bymeansofmoneyandthepricemechanism

C.bykeepingawatchfuleyeonrelativepricechanges

D.byfixingpricesinspecificindustries

问题4选项

A.explainingtobankersthepricechanges

B.understandingtheeffectofrelativepricechanges

C.tryingtounderstandwhysomepricesrisefast

D.thesamefinancialconsiderationsasbanking

问题5选项

A.tendtoemployanincreasingnumberofpeople

B.employmorepeoplethanmanufacturingindustriesdo

C.causeproblemsforthewhitecollarunions

D.trytoreducetheiremployeestocombatrisingcosts

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第三句Thetypeofthingthatcomestomindisnotwhatisnormallycalledeconomics,whichisinexactratherthannonsensical,andonlyinthesamewayasallsciencesareatthepointwheretheytrytopredictpeople’sbehavioranditsconsequences从这句可知经济学在试图预测人们的行为模式及其后果方面与其他科学存在共同点，但是在其他方面则不一样。选项D“与其他科学不同，比如医学”。

2.文章第二段thisprovessomethingimportantaboutmoneyexcepttheundeniablefactthatitwouldnotbemuchusetoanyoneinasituationwhereveryfewofusareatalllikelytofindourselves提到这似乎证明了金钱的一个要义，但却无法说明一个不容否认的事实，那就是极少有人会陷身于这种金钱无用的境地。选项D符合题意，“金钱在特定的条件下是没有用的”。

3.文章第三段第一句Moneyandthepricemechanism,i.e.,thechangesinpricesexpressedinmoneytermsofdifferentgoodsandservices,arethemeansbywhichallmodernsocietiesregulatedemandandsupplyforthesethings提到金钱和价格机制，即用金钱形式的价格变化来表现不同商品和服务，是所有现代社会用以调节这些东西供需的方式，选项B“通过金钱和价格机制”符合题意。

4.文章第三段第二句Especiallyimportantaretherelativechangesinpriceofdifferentgoodsandservicescomparedwitheachother提到不同商品或服务价格上的相应变化尤其重要；第三段最后一句话Unpackingtheseimplicationsiswhateconomicsisabout,buttheirimplicationsforbankersarequitedifferent提到揭开这些含意就是经济学要做的，但是这些含意对银行家来说又很不一样。由这两处可以得知经济学主要是了解相对价格变化的含意。选项B符合题意。

5.文章最后一段Itisalsoacharacteristicofhighlydevelopedeconomiesthatthenumberofworkersemployedinserviceindustriestendstoriseandthatofworkersemployedinmanufacturingtofall提到高度发达国家的一个特点就是服务行业的就业人数在增长，而制造业的工人数量在减少。选项A符合题意。

5.写作题

Directions:Nowadays,trafficproblemremainsoneofthemostserioussituationsinurbanareas.Writeanessayof180-200wordstodiscussthistopic.Youressaymustincludetheinstructionsasfollows:

1.Presentsituations

2.Possiblereasons

3.Whatshouldbedonetosolvethisproblem

【答案】略

6.单选题

Thedeclineinmoralstandards—whichhaslongconcernedsocialanalysts—hasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans,AndJeanBethkeElshtain,forone,isglad.

Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation’smoralclimate,saysthisethics(伦理学)professorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.

Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.MaterialismandIndividualisminAmericansocietyarethebiggestobstacles.“ThethoughtthatI’minitformehasbecomedeeplyrootedinthenationalconsciousness,”MsElshtainsays.

Someofthiscanbeattributedtothedisintegrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother,shesays.Withtoday’sgreatermobilityandwithsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself.

Ina1996pollofAmericans,lossofmoralitytoppedthelistofthebiggestproblemsfacingtheU.S.AndElshtainsaysthepubliciscorrecttosensethat:DatashowthatAmericansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolenceandahighrateofbirthstounmarriedmothers.

Thedesireforahighermoralstandardisnotalament（挽歌）forsomenonexistent“goldenage,”Elshtainsays,norisitawishful（一厢情愿的）longingforatimethatdeniedopportunitiestowomenandminorities.Mostpeople,infact,favorthelesseningofprejudice.

Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety,shesays.“Slowly,yourecognizethatthethingsthatmatterarethosethatcan’tbebought.”

1.ProfessorElshtainispleasedtoseethatAmericans（）.

2.ThemoraldeclineofAmericansocietyiscausedmainlyby（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthetraditionalcommunities?

4.Inthe1950s,classroomviolence（）.

5.AccordingtoElshtain,thecurrentmoraldeclinemaybereversed（）.

问题1选项

A.haveadaptedtoanewsetofmoralstandards

B.arelongingforthereturnofthegoodolddays

C.haverealizedtheimportanceofmaterialthings

D.areawakeningtotheloweringoftheirmoralstandards

问题2选项

A.itsgrowingwealth

B.theself-centerednessofindividuals

C.underestimatingtheimpactofsocialchanges

D.theprejudiceagainstwomenandminorities

问题3选项

A.Greatmobility

B.Emphasisonindividualeffort

C.Concernforone’sneighbors

D.Ever-weakeningsocialbonds

问题4选项

A.assomethingunheardof

B.attractedalotofpublicattention

C.wasbynomeansarareoccurrence

D.begantoappearinanalysts’data

问题5选项

A.ifpeoplecanreturntothe“goldenage”

B.whenwomenandmenenjoyequalrights

C.whenpeopleridthemselvesofprejudice

D.iflessemphasisislaidonmaterialthings

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第一段的第一二句话Thedeclineinmoralstandards—whichhaslongconcernedsocialanalysts—hasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans（道德标准的下降——长期以来一直困扰着社会分析人士——终于引起了普通美国人的注意。）后文说JeanBethkeElshtain对于这个很开心，由此可知D选项“意识到他们道德标准的降低”正确。A、B、C在原文都没有提到，因此排除。

2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段第二句话MaterialismandIndividualisminAmericansocietyarethebiggestobstacles.（美国社会的物质主义和个人主义是最大的障碍。）从这句可以看出物质主义和个人主义这两点是美国社会最大的障碍，也是引发道德衰落的原因，由此可知B选项“个人的自我中心”正确。而对物质财富的崇尚，和财富本身的增长没有直接联系，因此A选项错误；C选项出现在第三段的第一句thechallengeisnottobeunderestimated（挑战不应被低估），这里的挑战就是指的Materialism和individualism，但是选项把challenge换成了change，因此属于偷换概念，C选项错误；D选项出现在倒数第二段，根据篇章分析对这一段的说明，这种歧视现象是过去那个道德水平较高时代的现象，因此绝不会是它引起了现今道德水平的下降，因此D选项也错误。

3.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到第四段Someofthiscanbeattributedtothedisintegrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother,shesays.（她说，这在一定程度上可以归因于传统社区的解体，在传统社区中，邻居们互相照顾。）由此可见，对邻居的关照是传统社区的特点，因此C选项“对邻居的关心”正确。A选项体现在Withtoday’sgreatermobilityandwithsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself.（随着当今社会流动性的增强，以及如此多的夫妻都在工作，这种纽带已经被削弱，取而代之的是对自我的更加强调。）这里提到了高流动性，高流动性实际应该是指人口居住地不断变化，邻居之间相处时间不会很长，也就无法培养良好关系，当然也不会互相关心互相照料。可以说A是造成B和D的原因之一（另一原因是双职工——夫妻二人都去上班，也就很少有机会和邻居交往），而B和D都是现今社会的特点，不是传统社区的特点，因此A、B、D不对。

4.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第五段DatashowthatAmericansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolenceandahighrateofbirthstounmarriedmothers（数据显示，美国人正艰难应对问题闻所未闻的1950年代，如课堂暴力和高速率的未婚母亲。）开头是“数据表明”，后面是数据所显示的内容。Americansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s，美国人正在同许多问题做斗争，这些问题在五十年代闻所未闻（unheardof），suchas表示例举，说明classroomviolence是problems的一个例子，由此可得A选项“是闻所未闻的”正确。C的说法与A正好相反，bynomeans，绝非；rare，极少，双重否定等于肯定，也就是说班级暴力在五十年代经常发生，是错误的；B的说法与A相互矛盾，既然闻所未闻，也就不可能投入关注；D有一定迷惑性，按照句意，班级暴力肯定存在于分析家的数据中，因为句头就有datashow。但要注意，题目的开头有一句Inthe1950s，也就是说班级暴力进入分析家的数据是在50年代。班级暴力在那时尚且闻所未闻，当然是不可能进入分析数据的。

5.事实细节题。由题干关键词可以直接定位到最后一段，Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety（除非人们找到对抗社会上物质主义的方法，否则道德滑坡是不会逆转的。）因此D选项“如果不太重视物质的东西”正确。A和C都是没有提到的，B选项不是它的条件。

7.单选题

Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe（）inmanyanimalspecies.

问题1选项

A.minimization

B.restriction

C.descent

D.decline

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析。minimization最小化；restriction限制；descent下降；decline衰退。既然是危机，表示事态比较严重，所以用衰退来形容许多动物物种最为恰当。选项D正确。

8.单选题

Our（

）withthePresidentattheairportwasexciting.

问题1选项

A.arrival

B.encounter

C.endeavor

D.refreshment

【答案】B

【解析】根据句意:我们在机场偶遇总统,这真的令人激动不已。只有选项B符合句意。

9.单选题

Herfamilycomplainedthatshewasoveractiveandspending______amountsofmoney.

问题1选项

A.extinct

B.excluding

C.excessive

D.exclusive

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项extinct“绝种的”，B项excluding“将……排除在外”，C项excessive“过度的”，D项exclusive“独有的，排外的”。根据overactive“过于活跃的”和amountsofmoney“一定金额的钱”可推测，空格部分表示“过多的，过度的”；只有C项符合。句意：她的家人抱怨她过于活跃，花钱大手大脚。因此，该题选择C项正确。

10.单选题

Atthattime,Americawasfacedwiththeproblemofprovidingjobsforthemany（）whowerepouringintothecountry.

问题1选项

A.emigrants

B.migrants

C.inhabitants

D.immigrants

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近近义词辨析。A选项emigrant“移民（迁出的）”；B选项migrant“移居者”；C选项inhabitant“居民”；D选项immigrant“移民（迁入的）”。根据后面的定语从句“whowerepouringintothecountry.涌入这个国家（美国）的人们”可知，这里指的是迁入的移民，所以选项D正确。

11.填空题

ThoseAsianAmericanswhosefamilieshavebeenlivingintheUnitedStatesforseveralgenerationsresenttobesingledoutandstereotypedaspartofasupermajority.Theyfeelthattheirachievementsareonlycomparabletowhatother

A

B

C

D

immigrantgroupshavedoneinthepast.

【答案】Btobesingledout改为beingsingledout

【解析】【考查点】动词。

【解题思路】根据短语resentdoingsth.确定此处应为beingsingledout。

【句意】那些已经在美国生活了好几代的亚裔美国人愤恨被孤立出来，并被定义为绝大多数的一部分。他们觉得自己的成就只能与其他移民群体过去的成就相媲美。

12.单选题

Morecarewill（

）youagainstmakingsomanymistakes.

问题1选项

A.ensure

B.guarantee

C.convince

D.assure

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。convince意为“使相信，说服，使承认”，ensure、guarantee和assure都含有“保证”的意思。ensure指确保某种行为一定会发生；guarantee指对某事物的品质或人的行为“提出担保”，对事物、商品等质量、性能等方面的欺诈行为做出保证；assure指向某人保证某事一定会发生（内含有让某人放心之意，以消除疑虑）assuresb.ofsth/assuresb.that...

句意：多加小心会确保你不会犯这么多的错误。

13.单选题

TheStoicsandtheEpicureans,however（

）intherestoftheirsystems,agreedinholdingthemselvesboundtoprovethattheirrespectivemaximsofconductwerethedictatesofnature.

问题1选项

A.irresponsible

B.irreconcilable

C.irreproachable

D.irremediable

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。irresponsible“不可靠的”；irreconcilable“矛盾的”；irreproachable“无可指责的”；irremediable“不能挽回的”。句意：斯多葛学派和伊壁鸠鲁派在其余的体系中是矛盾的，但是他们一致认为必须证明他们各自的行为准则是符合自然要求的。选项B符合题意。

14.单选题

QuestionsgrewoverSilvioBerlusconi’sabilitytoholdhiscoalitiontogether,afterheonlynarrowlywonavoteof（）inthelowerhouseofItaly’sparliament.

问题1选项

A.confidence

B.account

C.thanks

D.support

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项confidence“信心，信任，秘密”；B选项account“账户，解释，账目，账单，理由，描述”；C选项thanks“谢谢”；D选项support“支持，帮助，支撑物，支撑，扶持，物质援助，安慰”。句意：西尔维奥•贝卢斯科尼(SilvioBerlusconi)在意大利议会下院仅以微弱优势赢得一票支持后，人们对他维持联盟团结的能力产生了质疑。avoteofsupport投票支持，因此D选项正确。

15.填空题

[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.

[B]Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

[C]Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions—like,say,tennisgames.Parisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

[E]Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

[F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin—inoneway.

[G]Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“yes,”andIyell,“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.

1.____→2.____→F→3.____→4.____→C→5.____

【答案】1.E

2.D

3.G

4.B

5.A

【解析】1.段落排序解题若首段未给出，首先需要大家通读全部选项首句话，本文首句话中的句间衔接关系排除选首段。本篇文章中，A选项第一句话中含有指代关系词these，故根据该词确定本选项直接排除，B选项有ofcause衔接上下文的词出现，D选项可以作为首段的可能选项，E选项也可以作为首段的可能选项，G选项首句中含有betterway比较级，故本题的答案应在D或E选项中得出，根据D选项人物Carnegie和E选项人物DaleCarnegie的名称特点，可以得知首次出现应为全名形式，故本题的答案应为E选项。

2.首段为Carnegie的观点信息，故下段复现应为该人物的观点承接，通过扫读剩下的选项可知该题只有D选项可以承接。

3.该题上一段最后一句话为“Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin—inoneway.”可知thesetricks是对上文信息的否定，下文应该复现winarguments的肯定的表述，根据选项分析可知G选项首句Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments，正好与F选项尾句形成首尾衔接。

4.该题上段为G段，尾句讲述的是Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.而根据衔接可确定G段讲述的是成功的讨论，B选项首句notsosuccessful正衔接上文，转折讲述不成功的案例。

5.上段C选项中Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.最后这几句话主要讲的是有关于谈话的四种手段，正好与A选项首句中的Thesetools形成呼应关系，故本题答案应为A选项。

16.翻译题

Therolesofadmissionintotheworldeconomynotonlyreflectlittleawarenessofdevelopingpriorities,theyareoftencompletelyunrelatedtosensibleeconomicprinciples.Forinstance,WTOagreementsonantidumping,subsidiesandcountervailingmeasures,agriculture,textiles,andtrade-relatedintellectualpropertyrightslackanyeconomicrationalebeyondthemercantilistinterestofanarrowsetofpowerfulgroupsinadvancedindustrialcountries.Bilateralandregionaltradeagreementsaretypicallyfarworse,astheyimposeeventighterprerequisitesondevelopingcountriesinreturnforcrumbsofenhanced“marketaccess”.Forexample,theAfricanGrowthandOpportunityActsignedbyU.S.PresidentClintoninMay2000providesincreasedaccesstotheU.S.marketonlyifAfricanapparelmanufacturersuseU.S.producedfabricandyams.ThisrestrictionseverelylimitsthepotentialeconomicspilloverinAfricancountries.

【答案】加入世界经济的作用在于不仅反映出人们对发展重点的认识不足，而且往往与合理的经济原则完全无关。例如，WTO关于反倾销、补贴和反补贴措施、农业、纺织品以及与贸易有关的知识产权等的协议，除了发达工业国家中少数强大集团的重商主义利益之外，缺乏其他任何经济依据。而双边和区域贸易协定通常要糟糕得多，因为它们要求发展中国家满足更严格的先决条件，来换取少量的“市场准入”。例如，美国总统克林顿2000年5月签署的《非洲增长与机会法案》规定，非洲服装制造商只有使用美国生产的织物和棉纱，才能扩大进入美国市场的机会。这一限制严重限制了非洲国家潜在的经济溢出效应。

17.单选题

Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwiceaslikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded-andcancomebacktohaunt（困扰）you—appearstobethekeytothefinding.

JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca,NewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationforeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.

Hisresultstobepresentedattheconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectedemailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachmentofemailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.

ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldberereadandwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone.

Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime-inaninstantmessageorphonecall,say-thaniftheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefoundmanyliesarespontaneousresponsestoanunexpecteddemand,suchas:“Doyoulikemydress?”

Hancockhopeshisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.But,givenresult,workassessmentwherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.

1.Hancock’sstudyfocuseson（

）.

2.Hancock’sresearchfindingsurprisedthosewhobelievedthat（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whyarepeoplemorelikelytotellthetruththroughcertainmediaofcommunication?

4.AccordingtoHancockthetelephoneisapreferablemediumforpromotingsalesbecause（

）

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Theconsequencesoflyinginvariouscommunicationsmedia.

B.Thesuccessofcommunicationstechnologiesinconveyingideas

C.Peoplearelesslikelytolieininstantmessages

D.People’shonestylevelsacrossarangeofcommunicationsmedia

问题2选项

A.Peoplearelesslikelytolieininstantmessages

B.Peopleareunlikelytolieinface-to-faceinteractions

C.Peoplearemostlikelytolieinemailcommunication

D.Peoplearetwiceaslikelytolieinphoneconversations

问题3选项

A.Theyareafraidofleavingbehindtracesoftheirlies.

B.Theybelievethathonestyisthebestpolicy.

C.Theytendtoberelaxedwhenusingthosemedia

D.Theyaremostpractisedatthoseformsofcommunication

问题4选项

A.salesmencantalkdirectlytotheircustomers

B.salesmenmayfeellessrestrainedtoexaggerate

C.salesmencanimpresscustomersasbeingtrustworthy

D.salesmenmaypassoninstantmessageseffectively

问题5选项

A.honestyshouldbeencouragedininterpersonalcommunications

B.moreemployerswilluseemailstocommunicatewiththeiremployees

C.suitablemediashouldbechosenfordifferentcommunicationpurposes

D.emailisnowthedominantmediumofcommunicationwithinacompany

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据第二段最后两句：Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationforeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.汉考克从而计算出各种媒介下每次谈话中的说谎数量。他发现电子邮件中谎话的比例占14%,即时消息中占21%,面对面交谈时占27%,令人惊讶的是电话交谈中说谎的比例竟高达37%。确定汉考克的研究关注的是人们在不同媒介下的诚实度，D选项‘使用不同通讯媒介时人们的诚实度‘正确。A选项’各种媒介撒谎的后果‘，文章没有提到，C选项‘人们在选择通讯技术方面的偏好’，文章没有提到，B选项‘现代通讯技术在表达思想方面所取得的成功’，文章只提到通讯技术，没有提及其在表达方面的成功信息，所以排除，

2.根据第五段第一句话：Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime-inaninstantmessageorphonecall...：人们在发送即时消息或是打电话等实时交流时更容易说谎。A选项‘人们很少在实时交流中说谎’错误。根据第三段第三句：Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchanges：另外一些专家认为人们在面对面交流时，更易于说谎，B选项‘人们不太可能在面对面交流中说谎’错误。D选项电话交谈时说谎的几率是两倍。这是汉考克教授的研究结果，与题目所问不符，错误。根据第二段最后一句告诉读者汉考克教授发现用电子邮件交流时说谎的比例最低，而用电话交流时比例最高。根据第三段：Hisresults...havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectedemailerstobethebiggestliars...：一些专家认为人们在电子邮件中最易于说谎，因此汉考克教授的研究结果令他们吃惊，所以C选项‘人们最有可能在电子邮件中说谎‘符合题意。

3.根据第四段第二句：Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount：当人们知道交流内容日后可能被拿来与他们对证时，就不太敢说谎了。这说明人们害怕留下撒谎的记录，所以A选项‘人们害怕留下撒谎的记录‘正确。B选项‘他们相信诚实是最好的策略’、C选项‘运用那些媒介时人们往往很轻松’文中都没有提及，排除。根据第三段最后一句：peopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.人们在进行面对面的交流时说的谎话会多一些，因为我们最擅长于这种形式的交流，确定D选项‘在使用那些媒介时，人们更老练。’与题目的意思相反，排除。

4.A选项‘销售人员可以直接与顾客交谈’。C选项‘销售人员可以给顾客留下值得信任的印象’。D选项‘销售人员可以有效地传递即时信息’。这三个选项文章未提及。排除。根据第六段第二句：...thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.电话可以作为销售的最好媒介，因为在打电话时，雇员们有勇气夸大其词，确定B选项‘销售人员可以放松地夸大其词。’正确。

5.根据最后一段：...thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.But,givenresult,workassessmentwherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.电话可以作为销售的最好媒介。因为打电话时，雇员们有勇气夸大其词。但考虑到结果，注重诚信的工作业绩评定最好还是通过电子邮件开展。确定C选项‘为了不同的交际目的，可以选择不同的媒介形式’正确。A选项‘人际交流中应该鼓励诚实’、B选项‘更多的雇主会使用电子邮件与员工交流’、D选项‘现在电子邮件是公司内主要的交流媒介’与原文不符，排除。

18.单选题

The（）totheCollinsfortunewillbeamillionairewhenMr.Collinsdies.

问题1选项

A.winner

B.heir

C.descendant

D.peer

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。winner“胜利者”；heir“继承人”；descendant“后裔，子孙”;peer“贵族，同龄人”。根据whenMr.Collinsdies可知空格处是“继承人”，选项B符合题意。句意：柯林斯先生去世后，他的继承人将成为百万富翁。

19.单选题

Thediscoveryofthesunkenship（

）ancientshipbuildingtechn