考研考博-英语-广东文艺职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广东文艺职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

InGermany,incontrastwithFrance,friendshipismuchmoreclearlyamatteroffeeling,Adolescents,boysandgirls,fromdeeplysentimentalattachments,walkandtalktogether-notsomuchtopolishtheirwitsastosharetheirhopesandfearsanddreamstoformacommonfrontagainsttheworldofschoolandfamilyandtojoininakindofmutualdiscoveryofeachother'sandtheirowninnerlife.Withinthefamily,theclosestrelationshipoveralifetimeisbetweenbrothersandsisters.Outsidethefamily,menandwomenfindintheirclosestfriendsofthesamesexthedevotionofasister,theloyaltyofabrother.Appropriately,inGermanyfriendsusuallyarebroughtintothefamily.Childrencalltheirfather'sandtheirmother'sfriends“uncle”and“aunt”.BetweenFrenchfriends,whohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofview,livelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife.ButforGermans,whosefriendshipsarebasedoncommonfeelings,deepdisagreementonanysubjectthatmatterstobothisregardedasatragedy.Liketiesofkinship,tiesoffriendshiparemeanttobeabsolutelybinding.YoungGermanswhocometotheUnitedStateshavegreatdifficultyinestablishingsuchfriendshipwithAmericans.Weviewfriendshipmoretentatively,subjecttochangesinintensityaspeoplemove,changetheirjobs,marry,ordiscovernewinterests.

【答案】与法国不同,在德国,友谊更注重感觉。青少年,男孩和女骇之间,他们有着很深的情感依赖,总是很亲密地走在一起,与其说是为了彰显各自的聪明才智,不如说是为了分享他们的希望、恐惧和梦想,以此来形成一条对抗学校和家庭生活的统一阵线；来取得来自他们各自和自己内心世界的一些姑且叫共识的东西。在家庭里,长至一生且最密切的是兄弟姐妹之间的关系；在家庭外,人们在同性间最亲密的朋友身上发现如姐妹般的奉献,如兄弟般的忠诚。在德国,朋友经常被带进家庭,孩子们叫他们父母的朋友“叔叔”和“阿姨”。在法国,人们会挑选有着相同见解和观念的人作为朋友,朋友之间会为了生活的空间和态度的分歧激烈的争执。但对于友谊建立在双方共同的感觉的德国人来说,如果在双方都认为重要的问题上产生了尖锐的分歧,那就是极大的不幸。就像亲属关系一样,友谊的纽带是绝对有约束力的。来到美国的年轻德国人很难与美国人建立这样的友谊。我们对友谊的看法更具试探性,随着人们搬家、换工作、结婚或发现新的兴趣爱好,友谊的强度会发生变化。

2.单选题

Weallknowthatpeoplewhocannot（）betweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blind.

问题1选项

A.distinct

B.distinction

C.distinguish

D.distinctive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形近词辨析。distinct“明显的；独特的”；distinction“区别；差别•’；distinguish“区分；辨别”；distinctive“有特色的；与众不同的”。whocannot后面需要接动词，故C项正确。句意：我们大家都知道不能辨别颜色的人就是色盲。

3.单选题

Somepeoplefeelthereisagreatdealof（）betweenreligionandscience.

问题1选项

A.combat

B.fight

C.conflict

D.battle

【答案】C

【解析】combat"战斗,搏斗";fight"打架,战斗";conflict"冲突,争执";battle"斗争,作战"。句意：有些人认为宗教和科学之间有很多冲突。选项C符合句意。

4.单选题

The352kilometer-longThamesisthelongestriverinEngland.ItisalittlerivercomparedtheNile,Amazon,orMississippi.Yet,theThameshasbeenuniqueinshapingthehistoryofEngland.

WhentheNormansconqueredEngland,therewereonlymarshybanksalongtheThames.Likethepeoplewhohadbeenlivingalongtheriver,theyusedtheThamesashighwayandbuiltthecityLondiniumonitsnorthbank.

TodaytheThamesmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Itis,forexample,a“sportingriver”torowers,butaworkingriverformenofcommerce.AndpaintersandwritersregardtheThamesasasourceofinspiration.

WhilebeingagreatbenefittoLondonandLondoners,theThamescapbeadangerousenemy.Chiefamongitsdangersisflooding.Topreventtheriverfromflooding,theworld’slargestmovablefloodbarrierwasbuiltin1972.Thebarrier’sgatescanstandeighteenmetersabovetheriver’ssurfacewhenafloodstrikes.

Rightnowlargeofficebuildings,skyscrapersandartandrecreationcomplexesarerisingtochangetheskylineofLondon.TheThameshasneverceasedtodevelop,anditwillcontinuetoplayanimportantpartinthelifeofLondoners.

1.TheauthordoesnotsaythattheThamesisagreatbenefitto（

）.

2.TheThamesis

（

）

theNile,Amazon,orMississippi.

3.TopreventtheThamesfromflooding,theLondonersbuilt

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementssupportstheideathattheThamesisofgreatimportancetothelifeofLondoners?

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?

问题1选项

A.rowers

B.businessmen

C.writers

D.farmers

问题2选项

A.longerthan

B.aslongal

C.shorterthan

D.notshorterthan

问题3选项

A.hydraulicmachines

B.amovablefloodbarrier

C.asteelgatebetweenconcretepiers

D.athickstonewellintheriver

问题4选项

A.TheThamesmeansdifferentthingstoDifferentpeople

B.TheThamesgivesstrengthtomanygreatpaintersandwriters

C.TheThamesmirrorstheebbandflowofLondon

D.TheThamesisthelongestriverinEngland

问题5选项

A.TheThamesusedtobedeveloped

B.TheThamesfloodssometimes

C.TheNormansbuiltthecityLondinium

D.PaintersdrawtheirinspirationfromtheThames

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节判断题。文章关于泰晤士河给哪些人带来利益的描述在第三段:Itis,forexample,a“sportingriver”torowers,butaworkingriverformenofcommerce.AndpaintersandwritersregardtheThamesasasourceofinspiration(例如，对于划手来说，这是一条“运动之河”，但对于商业人士来说，这是一条工作之河。画家和作家认为泰晤士河是灵感的源泉)。因此四个选项中,泰晤士没有带来利益的是D项“农民”。

2.判断推理题。第一段将泰晤士河,尼罗河,亚马逊河和密西西比河做了比较:itisalittlerivercomparedtheNile,Amazon,orMississippi(对比尼罗河,亚马逊河和密西西比河,泰晤士河只能算作一条小河流)。由此推断泰晤士河短一些。故选C项。

3.细节事实题。文中第四段提到“topreventtheriverfromflooding,theworld'slargestmovablefloodbarrierwasbuiltin1972”，可知为了防止洪水的爆发，1972年建立了世界上最大的移动式防洪屏障。答案为B。

4.主旨大意题。文章第二段讲了泰晤士河见证了伦敦的衰落，文中最后一段讲了现在伦敦建立了高楼大厦以及伦敦的变化，可见泰晤士河见证了伦敦的衰落。C项“泰晤士河见证了伦敦的起伏”比较能概括全文

5.细节事实题。四个选项为:A:泰晤士河曾经是繁荣的,错误,第二段说泰晤士河以前旁边只有沼泽河岸。

5.单选题

Themanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher（

）attitudetowardcustomers.

问题1选项

A.impartial

B.mild

C.hostile

D.opposing

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“公正的”；B选项“温和的”；C选项“敌对的，敌意的”；D选项“反对的”。句意：经理训斥了其中一位女销售一顿，因为她对客户的（）态度。

如果女孩的态度好的话，经理就不会训斥她，所以答案排除A，B；D选项一般是处于对立的双方才会用的形容词，而顾客和客户的关系并不是对立的，而且这里形容的是态度，所以答案选C，恶意的态度。

6.单选题

Patientsusuallydescribethefeelingas_______andinsomecasesitcantriggerdepression.

问题1选项

A.distracting

B.distorting

C.distressing

D.disabling

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.distracting使人分心的B.distorting（v.）使变形，扭曲，使失真

C.distressing使人痛苦的，令人苦恼的D.disabling（v.）使丧失能力，使伤残

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】横线处形容thefeeling，结合itcantriggerdepression，可知这种感觉让人感到极其不适，distressing符合语境，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。

【句意】患者通常描述这种感觉很痛苦，在某些情况下，这种感觉会引发抑郁。

7.单选题

Inordertoexplainthesocioeconomicachievement,inthefaceofdisadvantagesduetoracialdiscriminationofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandtheirdescendants,sociologistshavetypicallyappliedeitherculturallybasedorstructurallybasedtheories—butneverbothtogether.Touseaneconomicmetaphor,culturallybasedexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthesupplysideofthelabormarket,emphasizingthequalitiesimmigrantgroupsbringwiththemforcompetitionintheUnitedStateslabormarket.Suchexplanationsreflectahuman-capitalperspectiveinwhichstatusattainmentisseenasaresultofindividuals’abilitytogenerateresources.Structurallybasedexplanations,ontheotherhand,examinethemarketconditionoftheimmigrants’hostsociety,particularlyitsdiscriminatorypracticesandtheirimpactonthestatusattainmentprocessofimmigrantgroups.Intheeconomicmetaphor,structuralexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthedemandsideofthelabormarket.

InordertounderstandthesocioeconomicmobilityofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants,onlyananalysisofsupply-sideanddemand-sidefactorstogether,inthecontextofhistoricalevents,willsuffice.Ontheculturalorsupplyside,differencesinimmigrationpatternandfamilyformationresultedindifferentratesofsocioeconomicachievementforChineseandJapaneseimmigrants.Forvariousreasons,Chineseimmigrantsremainedsojournersanddidnot(exceptforurbanmerchants)establishfamilies.Theywerealsohamperedbyethnicconflictinthelabormarket.Japaneseimmigrants,ontheotherhand,werelessconstrained,madethetransitionfromsojournertosettlerwithinthefirsttwodecadesofimmigration,andleftlow-wagelabortoestablishsmallbusinessesbasedonahouseholdmodeofproduction.Chinesesojournerswithoutfamiliesweremorevulnerabletodemoralization,whereasJapaneseimmigrantsfacedsocietalhostilitywiththeemotionalresourcesprovidedbyastablefamilylife.OnceChineseimmigrantsbegantoestablishnuclearfamiliesandproduceasecondgeneration,institutinghouseholdproductionsimilartothatestablishedbyJapaneseimmigrants,theirsocioeconomicattainmentsoonparalleledthatofJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.

Onthestructuralordemandside,changesininstitutionalconstraints,immigrationlaws,labormarkets,andsocietalhostilitywererootedinthedynamicsofcapitalisteconomicdevelopment.Earlycapitalistdevelopmentgeneratedademandforlow-wagelaborthatcouldnotbefulfilled.EarlyChineseandJapaneseimmigrationwasaresponsetothisdemand.Inanadvancedcapitalisteconomy,thedemandforimmigrantlaborismoredifferentiated:skilledprofessionalandtechnicallaborfillsemptypositionsintheprimarylabormarketand,withthetraditionalunskilledlow-wagelabor,createstwoimmigrantsteams.ThehighlevelsofeducationattainedbythedescendantsofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirconcentrationinstrategicstatessuchasCaliforniapavedthewayforthemovementofthesecondgenerationintotheexpandingprimarylabormarketintheadvancedcapitalisteconomythatexistedaftertheSecondWorldWar.

56.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

57.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

58.Whichoneofthefollowingcanbestbedescribedasasupply-sideelementinthelabormarket,assuchelementsareexplainedinthepassage?

59.ItcanbeinferredthatwhichoneofthefollowingwasanelementoftheexperienceofbothChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsintheUnitedStates?

60.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthor’sanalysisofthesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsdiffersfromthatofmostsociologistsprimarilyinthatmostsociologists______.

问题1选项

A.OnlyananalysisthatcombinesanexaminationofthecultureofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantgroupsandthesocioeconomicstructureofthehostcountrycanadequatelyexplainthesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.

B.ThesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendantshastakenplaceinthecontextofaculturallybasedemphasisontheeconomicwelfareofthenuclearfamily.

C.ThesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsisbestexplainedbyanexaminationoftheirculturalbackgrounds,inparticulartheirlevelofeducationalattainment.

D.OnlythemarketstructureofthecapitalisteconomyoftheUnitedStatesinwhichsupplyhashistoricallybeenregulatedbydemandcanaccountforthesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.

问题2选项

A.resolvingthedifferencesbetweenschoolsofthought

B.challengingatentativeanswertoaquestion

C.advancingasynthesisofapproachestoanissue

D.outliningtheachievementsofagroup

问题3选项

A.Developmentofanadvancedcapitalisteconomy.

B.Highvalueplacedbyimmigrantsonwork.

C.Concentrationofsmallbusinessesinagivengeographicalarea.

D.Needforworkerswithvaryingdegreesofskill.

问题4选项

A.Slowaccumulationofcapital.

B.Rapidestablishmentofnuclearfamilies.

C.Rapidacquisitionoftechnicalskills.

D.Initialstatusassojourners.

问题5选项

A.emphasizethedisadvantageouseffectsofracialdiscrimination

B.focusonasingletypeoftheoreticalexplanation

C.addresstheeffectsoftheinteractionofcausalfactors

D.excludethefactorofadevelopingcapitalisteconomy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】56.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地表达了这篇文章的主要思想？”。文章主要讲的是中日移民及其后代的社会经济成就。文章第二段首句提到InordertounderstandthesocioeconomicmobilityofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants,onlyananalysisofsupply-sideanddemand-sidefactorstogether,inthecontextofhistoricalevents,willsuffice.（要了解中日移民及其后代的社会经济流动性，在历史事件的背景下，只有将供给侧和需求侧因素结合起来分析才足够。），由此可知，为了了解中国和日本移民者以及他们后裔的社会经济流动性，只要做出一个在历史事件的背景下的供应方和需求方的因素分析就足够了；故A项“只有结合考察中国和日本移民群体的文化和东道国的社会经济结构的分析，才能充分解释中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就”正确。B项“中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就，是在强调核心家庭经济福利的文化背景下取得的”，第二段最后一句提到OnceChineseimmigrantsbegantoestablishnuclearfamiliesandproduceasecondgeneration,institutinghouseholdproductionsimilartothatestablishedbyJapaneseimmigrants,theirsocioeconomicattainmentsoonparalleledthatofJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.（一旦中国移民开始建立核心家庭并产生了第二代，建立了与日本移民相似的家庭生产，他们的社会经济成就很快与日本移民及其后代并立。），由此可知在文化背景下，中日移民的社会经济成就是由于建立了家庭生产，但这只是供给侧方面的因素，另外还有需求侧方面的因素，所以B项不正确。C项“对中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就，最好的解释是考察他们的文化背景，特别是他们的教育程度”，文化背景只是供给侧的一部分因素，只在文章第二段出现，因此C选项太片面。D项“只有美国资本主义经济的市场结构，在历史上供给是由需求调节的，才能解释中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就”，这里进行的是需求侧方面的分析，只在文章第三段出现，D项也很片面。因此该题选A。

57.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者主要关心的是什么？”。文章开篇指出Inordertoexplainthesocioeconomicachievement,inthefaceofdisadvantagesduetoracialdiscriminationofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandtheirdescendants,sociologistshavetypicallyappliedeitherculturallybasedorstructurallybasedtheories—butneverbothtogether.（为了解释这一社会经济成就，面对华裔和日本移民及其后代因种族歧视而产生的劣势，社会学家通常采用基于文化或基于结构的理论，但从未将两者结合起来。），由此可知以往的两种分析方法都是分开使用的，从未被结合在一起来解释移民问题。接着作者在第二段第一句提到onlyananalysisofsupply-sideanddemand-sidefactorstogether,inthecontextofhistoricalevents,willsuffice.（只有将供给侧和需求侧因素结合起来分析才足够），由此可知C项“推动综合解决问题的方法”符合。A项“解决思想流派之间的分歧”，文中并未提及分歧。B项“对一个问题的试探性答案提出挑战”，文章作者通篇概述了影响中日移民社会经济成就的因素，没有提到挑战。D项“概述一个小组的成就”太笼统。因此该题选C。

58.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪一个可以最好地被描述为劳动力市场中的供给侧要素，因为这些要素在文章中被解释为什么？”。文章第一段指出Touseaneconomicmetaphor,culturallybasedexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthesupplysideofthelabormarket,emphasizingthequalitiesimmigrantgroupsbringwiththemforcompetitionintheUnitedStateslabormarket.Suchexplanationsreflectahuman-capitalperspectiveinwhichstatusattainmentisseenasaresultofindividuals’abilitytogenerateresources.（用一个经济学的比喻，基于文化的解释强调了劳动力市场供给面的重要性，强调了移民群体在美国劳动力市场竞争中所带来的素质。这种解释反映了一种人力资本的观点，在这种观点中，地位的获得被视为个人产生资源能力的结果。），由此可知劳动力市场中的供给侧要素是移民群体在劳动中所表现出来的素质和对工作的重视；故B项“移民对工作的重视”正确。A项“发达资本主义经济的发展”，最后一段第四句有提到Inanadvancedcapitalisteconomy,thedemandforimmigrantlaborismoredifferentiated（在发达的资本主义经济中，对移民劳动力的需求更加分化），可知A项是需求侧要素的内容，与题干不符。C项“小企业集中在一个特定的地理区域”和D项“对具有不同技能的工人的需求”文章未提及。因此该题选B。

59.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断，下列哪一项是中国和日本移民在美国的经历的一个要素？”。文章第二段第三句Forvariousreasons,Chineseimmigrantsremainedsojournersanddidnot(exceptforurbanmerchants)establishfamilies.（由于种种原因，中国移民仍然是寄居者，没有成家，城市商人除外）和第五句Japaneseimmigrants,ontheotherhand,werelessconstrained,madethetransitionfromsojournertosettlerwithinthefirsttwodecadesofimmigration.（另一方面，日本移民受到的限制较少，在移民的头20年里，他们从旅居者过渡到定居者）可知中国移民和日本移民在美国必须经历的是作为一个旅居者的地位生存，故D项“作为旅居者的初始地位”正确。第二段最后一句提到OnceChineseimmigrantsbegantoestablishnuclearfamiliesandproduceasecondgeneration,institutinghouseholdproductionsimilartothatestablishedbyJapaneseimmigrants,theirsocioeconomicattainmentsoonparalleledthatofJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.（一旦中国移民开始建立核心家庭并产生了第二代，建立了与日本移民相似的家庭生产，他们的社会经济成就很快与日本移民及其后代并立。），由此可知中国和日本移民在美国要想在社会经济上有所成就，最好的办法就是建立核心家庭，但是核心家庭的建立是社会经济成就的原因之一，不是中日移民在美国要经历的一个要素，因此B项“核心家庭的快速建立”不正确。A项“资本的缓慢积累”文中未提到；C项“技术技能的快速掌握”，最后一段第四句提到skilledprofessionalandtechnicallaborfillsemptypositionsintheprimarylabormarketand,withthetraditionalunskilledlow-wagelabor,createstwoimmigrantsteams.（熟练的专业劳动力和技术劳动力填补了初级劳动力市场的空缺，与传统的低工资的非熟练劳动力一起，形成了两股移民大军），由此可知，劳动市场分为熟练的专业劳动力与技术劳动力和非熟练劳动力，所以C项不正确。因此该题选D。

60.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断，作者对中日移民及其后代的社会经济成就的分析，与大多数社会学家的分析不同，主要在于大多数社会学家的分析……”。由文章第一句Inordertoexplainthesocioeconomicachievement,inthefaceofdisadvantagesduetoracialdiscriminationofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandtheirdescendants,sociologistshavetypicallyappliedeitherculturallybasedorstructurallybasedtheories—butneverbothtogether.（为了解释这一社会经济成就，面对华裔和日本移民及其后代因种族歧视而产生的劣势，社会学家通常采用基于文化或基于结构的理论，但从未将两者结合起来。）可知，社会学家是只通过文化或者结构的原因来分析的，因此B项“专注于单一类型的理论解释”符合题意。A项“强调种族歧视的不利影响”，第一段倒数第二句提到Structurallybasedexplanations,ontheotherhand,examinethemarketconditionoftheimmigrants’hostsociety,particularlyitsdiscriminatorypracticesandtheirimpactonthestatusattainmentprocessofimmigrantgroups.（另一方面，基于结构的解释审查了移民东道国社会的市场条件，特别是其歧视性做法及其对移民群体获得地位过程的影响。），由这句可知，强调种族歧视的不利影响只是指这些基于结构来分析社会经济成就的社会学家们，这只是其中一部分，所以A选项太片面。C项“处理因果因素相互作用的影响”和D项“排除资本主义经济发展的因素”在文中，作者都未提到这两项与社会学家有关。因此该题选B。

8.单选题

Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresult,officialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout$1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrew,theMidwestfloodof1993,andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterprediction,andhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation.

Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earthquakeinSanFrancisco,California,bankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyears,asspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.Forinstance,priortoHurricaneAndrewin1992,manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan$8billionindamagestotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrew,estimatedatabout$17billion,shatteredthesebeliefs.Today,estimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach$100billion.

Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiative,whichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurance,setupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprograms,effectivelyimplemented,couldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters.

Becausethestakesaresohigh,thescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicymakersalike.Hurricanes,tornadoes,floods,earthquakes,tsunamis,andvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction—forecasts,communication,anduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertainty,andbecausemuchremainstobelearned,scientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyused,however,disasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters.

1.Theresultoftheincreasingcostsinnaturaldisastersis（）.

2.ThedifferencebetweentheactuallosscausedbyHurricaneAndrewandthelossestimatedbyinsurancecompaniesbeforethehurricaneis（）.

3.Thepurposeofinsurancecompaniestosupportdisasterpredictionresearchisthat（）.

4.Theword“tsunamis”(Line3,Para.4)mostlikelyrefersto（）?

5.Thekeyfactortoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisastersis（）.

问题1选项

A.greatlosssufferedbycommercialcompanies

B.government’sincreasedattentionondisaster

C.individual’sawarenesstonaturaldisasters

D.morefundstosupportthepredictionresearch

问题2选项

A.1billiondollars

B.8billiondollars

C.9billiondollars

D.17billiondollars

问题3选项

A.companieswanttomakemoneyfromtheinsuredplaces

B.companiesmaythushaveabetterideaofthefuturerisks

C.companiescangetmoresympathiesfromthegovernment

D.companiesintendtomakeuseofpeople’strustintheindustry

问题4选项

A.violentstormwithwhirlingwindsinthefunnel-shapedcloud

B.aseriesofhugeanddestructivewaves,usuallycausedbylargeearthquakesbeneaththeocean

C.mountainfromwhichlava,cinders,steam,gasesescapethroughopeningsintheearth’scrust

D.stormwithaviolentwind,esp.acycloneintheWestAtlantic

问题5选项

A.insurancecompaniesshouldbewiseenoughintheirestimatesoflosses

B.thegovernmentshouldbearsomeofthefinancialrisksofdisasterinsurance

C.thegeneralpublicshouldbemadefullyawareofthepossibledamages

D.technologyshouldbeimprovedandthreephasesofpredictionbeconsidered

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词theincreasingcost可以定位到原文首段“Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterprediction,andhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation.”，中文翻译为：这种不断增加的损失已让政府和企业为开发与灾难预测相关的技术提供了更多的资金，且已带来对预测信息有效利用的更多研究。因此D选项“更多资金去支持预测研究”符合题意。

2.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Forinstance,priortoHurricaneAndrewin1992,manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan$8billionindamagestotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrew,estimatedatabout$17billion,shatteredthesebeliefs.”，中文翻译为：例如，在1992年安德鲁飓风发生前，很多保险公司专家认为工业可能的最严重损失将至多80亿美元。而安德鲁飓风所造成的被估计大约为170亿美元的损失却打破了这些看法。可推断出C项“90亿美元”正确。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第三段“Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.”，中文翻译为：这种期望是，产生的消息将让该行业（即保险业）有更可靠的基础去决策未来灾害的风险。可知答案为B项“公司可能因此对未来风险有更好的了解”。

4.【试题解析】词汇题。根据题干关键词tsunamis可以定位到文章第四段第三句话“Hurricanes,tornadoes,floods,earthquakes,tsunamis,andvolcanoesallshowthat…”，中文翻译为：飓风、龙卷风、洪水、地震、海啸和火山都表明了……可以判断出该单词为“海啸”，因此B项“一系列巨大且破坏性的波浪，通常是海底大地震导致的”正确。

5.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第四段第三句话“Hurricanes,tornadoes,floods,earthquakes,tsunamis,andvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction―forecasts,communication,anduseofinformation.”，中文翻译为：飓风、龙卷风、洪水、地震、海啸和火山都表明，有效利用灾害预测不仅需要先进的技术，而且需要社会考虑预测的整个过程——预测、通信和信息的使用。可知答案为D“应该改进技术，考虑预测的三个阶段”。

9.单选题

Egyptiansareveryfriendlypeople,andeventhepoorestpersonwillshow______toastranger.

问题1选项

A.hostility

B.indignation

C.hospitality

D.humanity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项hostility“敌意”，B项indignation“愤慨，愤怒”，C项hospitality“好客，殷勤”，D项humanity“人道，人类”。根据前半句Egyptiansareveryfriendlypeople（埃及人非常友好）可知，空格部分应该表示“好客”。句意：埃及人非常友好，即使是最贫穷的人也会对陌生人表现出热情好客。因此，该题选择C项正确。

10.单选题

Indevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethatperceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremainindependentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityispositivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivationandcognition,tensionwill,eveninthematureadult,militate(产生作用或影响)towardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncanbeseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfromtheexternalstimulustothebehavioroftheindividual.Thechilddevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionofitsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsexistindependentofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawareness,ofpeopleandthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusandinitiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refusetorecognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhisgoal,despitethefactthathiscognitionoftheseobjectshasbeenpreviouslydemonstrated.

Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehaviorcanbeverysimplemotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwillcauseaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultinthecessationofthataction.Studieshaveshownnoevidenceoftheinfant’sfrustration;rather,itappearsthattheinfant’sattentiontotheattractiveobjectincreasesasaresultofitsnotbeinginhisgrasp.Infact,ifheholdsatoyandanotherispresented,heislikelytodropthefirstinordertoclutchthesecond.Often,oncehehastheonedesiredinhishand,helosesattentionandturnstosomethingelse.

Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbesimilarlymotivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceoftheopportunityisnotrequiredastheinstigatorofresponse.Thematureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesahypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicitrelationships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamongthem.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthewholework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitivelearningstrengthtobearinappraisingasituation.

Understandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,hisreactionsareonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andtakeintoconsiderationanticipatableevents.

Theimpactofthesocializationprocessparticularlythatofparentalandsocialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivedirectedbehavior.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestressoffear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheoverridinginfluence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrom,bodyschemathroughcognitivelearningissimilarlymanifestedintheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Auditingdevelopsfirst,readingandwritingmuchlateron.Notonlyisthisevidentinthedevelopmentoftheindividualbeingfrominfancyon,butalsointhedevelopmentoflanguageforhumankind.

Everynormalinfanthasthephysiologicalequipmentnecessarytoproducesound,butthechildmustfirstmastertheiruseforsucking,biting,andchewingbeforehecancontrolhisequipmentforuseinproducingthesoundsoflanguage.Thebabbleandchatteroftheinfan