考研考博-英语-内蒙古师范大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-内蒙古师范大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Bobwasnota（

）manwhonevermadeaquickdecisionaboutanything.

问题1选项

A.bold

B.reckless

C.deliberate

D.rash

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。bold“大胆的，英勇的”；reckless“鲁莽的，不顾后果的”；deliberate“故意的，深思熟虑的”；rash“轻率的，鲁莽的”。句意：Bob不是那种在做决定之前多加思考的人。选项C符合题意。

2.单选题

Haveyoueverreceived（）ofwhathashappenedtoher?

问题1选项

A.theword

B.words

C.word

D.thewords

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项theword“这个词；某个特定的词或话”；B选项words“歌词，台词，谈话，言语”；C选项word“消息，音信，谣言，传说”；D选项thewords“特指某些单词”。句意：她发生了什么事情，你得到她的消息了吗？因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofaforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.

1.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin______.

2.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans______.

3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan______.

4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso______.

5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare______.

问题1选项

A.theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

B.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

C.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

D.theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork

问题2选项

A.programs

B.experts

C.devices

D.creatures

问题3选项

A.fulfildelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery

B.interactwithhumanbeingverbally

C.havealittlecommonsense

D.respondindependentlytoachangingworld

问题4选项

A.makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

B.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

C.improvefactoryenvironment

D.cultivatehumancreativity

问题5选项

A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure

B.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

C.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

D.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“人类的聪明才智最初是在……”。第一段第一句Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.（自人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越精巧的工具来应付危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作）可推断，人类的聪明才智最初是设计工具来解决困难危险的工作。A项“使用机器来创作科幻小说”，第一段最后一句Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.（如果科学家们还没有实现在机械上创造科幻小说，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了）可以知道，机器创造小说还没有实现，所以不选；B项“机器在制造业中的广泛使用”，这属于人类的聪明才智，但不是最初的，不符合题意所以不选；D项“精英们巧妙地处理危险而无聊的工作”，“精英”一词没有在文中提及，所以不选；C项“发明用于困难和危险工作的工具”符合题意，因此C项正确。

2.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段第一行的词语gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A选项“课程、规划”，B选项“专家”，C选项“设备”，D选项“生物”。看到第二段第一行themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.（现代世界越来越多地充斥着智能的装置，我们几乎注意不到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在却节省了大量人类劳动），推断gizmos是一种节省人类劳动力的装置；另外后面描述到了工厂的机械臂，银行自助柜台，列车上的机器人司机等为人类节省了大量的劳动力。因此选项C正确。

3.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“设计出一个什么机器人能……现在是超出人类能力范围？”。第三段最后一句DaveLavery说wecan’tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人）可知，D项“独立应对变化的世界”正确。A项“完成精细的任务，如进行脑部手术”在第二段提到过，人类为了节省劳动力制造出很多智能设备，因此此项不选；B项“用言语与人类互动”这一项在文中没有提到，因此不选；C项“有一点常识”干扰项，人类制造具有足够常识的机器人目的是为了应对多变的世界，有一点常识不是人类制造该机器人的目的，所以不选。因此该题D项正确。

4.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“除了节省劳动力以外，机器人还可以……”。第三段第二句DaveLavery说whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror（我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个特定的错误），以及第五段第二句提到theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.（他们已经制造出在可控的工厂环境中能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差的机器人），由此可知机器人除了节省劳动力以外还可以处理一些错误。A项“自己做决定”，第三段第一句提到Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewith…tomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge（但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定——这些目标引发真正的挑战）可知，让机器人自己做决定还只是一个挑战，并没有实现，所以此项错误；C项“改善工厂环境”，文中没有提到机器人可以改善环境，所以不选；D项“培养人类创造力”文中也没提到。因此该题B项正确。

5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子来论证机器人是……”。最后一段第一句提到thehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated（人类大脑中大约1000亿个神经细胞比之前想象的更有天赋，人类的感知也比之前想象的更复杂）可知，机器人与人类大脑相比，机器人的智能和感知能力还相差甚远，因为人类可以在瞬间识别出猴子的面孔而机器人做不到。A项“有望复制人类大脑的内部结构”，最后一句提到ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability（地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力）可知机器人要做到复制人类大脑还做不到，此项错误；B项“能够立即感知到异常情况”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是来证明人类大脑的感知能力比机器人更快，因此此项不选；D项“最好在受控环境中使用”，文中只是提到机器人可以在可控的环境中识别出精确的误差，没有建议在受控环境中使用，所以此项不选。故该题C项正确。

4.单选题

Thedamagetomycarwas____intheaccident,butIhavealingeringfeareventoday.

问题1选项

A.insufficient

B.ignorant

C.ambiguous

D.negligible

【答案】D

【解析】

【选项释义】

A.insufficient不充分的；不足的；不够重要的B.ignorant（对某事物）不了解的；无知的

C.ambiguous模棱两可的；含混不清的D.negligible微不足道的；不重要的

【答案】D

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】句意：在这次事故中，我的汽车的损坏……，但即使在今天，我仍然心有余悸。根据逻辑，由后半句即使在今天我仍然心有余悸可以推断，在这次事故中汽车的损坏是很小的，但是我一直很害怕。因此选D。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】在这次事故中，我的汽车的损坏微不足道，但即使在今天，我仍然心有余悸。

5.填空题

A:I’veprintedoutthereportbutIdon’thave（1）toputitin.Doyou（2）anychancehaveaclearplasticfolderthatIcould（3）?

B:How（4）thisone?It’sthekindthatIalwaysputreportsin.

A:Thanks!Thiswill（5）verywell.

【答案】1.folder

2.by

3.use

4.about

5.be

【解析】1.语义题。folder表示用来装报告的“文件夹”。

2.固定搭配。bychance碰巧,偶然。

3.语义题。句意:你有我能用的透明塑料文件夹吗?

4.常用语。Howabout你认为……怎么样。

5.语法题。空格位于助动词will和形容词well之间,因此空格应填be动词be。

6.单选题

WouldyoumindifI___youafewquestions?

问题1选项

A.amasking

B.willask

C.asked

D.shouldask

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：你介意我问你几个问题吗？根据句意可知是提出现在的条件，则主句：主语＋would/should/might/could＋动词原形，从句：动词过去式。C选项正确。

7.单选题

UnderOregon’sDeathwithDignityAct,whichcameintoforcein1997,physician-assistedsuicidehasaccountedforbetween0.06and0.14percentoftotaldeaths,orsomewherearound40peryear.TheestimatefordeathsinBritain,（

）,is650.

问题1选项

A.shouldtheproposedlegislationbecomelaw

B.aslongastheproposedlegislationbecamelaw

C.soonaftertheproposedlegislationbecomeslaw

D.theproposedlegislationshouldbecomelaw

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。由空格句中的词estimate可知这一立法建议目前在英国尚未被采纳，因此是虚拟。当if引导的虚拟条件句中谓语动词部分含有助动词should时，可省略if并把should前置，形成倒装。因此A选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Aroundtwominutesafterlaunch,theboostersoneithersideoftheshuttlewillfallaway,followedshortlyafterwardsbythegiantexternalfueltank______tothespaceship.

问题1选项

A.clasped

B.strapped

C.hindered

D.clustered

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.clasped握紧；扣紧B.strapped用带子系（或捆、扎、扣）好

C.hindered阻碍；妨碍D.clustered群聚；聚集

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词thegiantexternalfueltank（巨大外部燃料箱）和spaceship（飞船），结合常识可知，燃料箱是紧紧固定在飞船上的，故空格处表示“固定”符合句意，B项词义符合该意思，故该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】发射大约两分钟后，航天飞机两侧的助推器将脱落，紧随其后的是固定在飞船上的巨大外部燃料箱。

9.单选题

Throughouttheages,（）acommonobservation（）certaindiseasesareassociatedwithparticularemotionsandattitudes.

问题1选项

A.it’s...that

B.it’swhich

C.it’sbeen...that

D.it’sbeen...which

【答案】C

【解析】语法题。根据句子意思，可知空格应该用现在完成时态表示从古至今，选项A和B可排除。又根据特殊句型，it充当了形式主语，所以that引导真正的主语从句，that无实义，只起引导和连接作用。选项C符合题意。

10.翻译题

过去，人们并没有充分认识到污染给环境造成的影响。只是把它看成一种会熏黑房屋，弄脏河流的令人讨厌的东西。

【答案】

Inthepast,peoplewerenotfullyawareoftheimpactofpollutionontheenvironment.Weregarditasanobnoxiousthingwhichcanblackenhouseanddirtyriver.

11.单选题

Mr.Smithbecamevery（

）whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.

问题1选项

A.ingenious

B.empirical

C.objective

D.indignant

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。形容词词义辨折。ingenious“有独创性的，机灵的”；empirical“经验主义的”；objective“客观的”；indignant“愤愤不平的”。句意：当被指出犯了错误时，史密斯先生感到很气愤。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

InWesternhistory,workwasnotonlyausefulactivity,but（）whichcarriedwithitaprofoundsatisfaction.

问题1选项

A.theone

B.one

C.activity

D.work

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法结构。当先行词是不定代词theone，something等时，不能用引导词which而应该用that，所以A选项可首先排除；填空处应填入代词来指代前面提到的work，所以选项B正确；填入D选项重复，所以不正确。句意：在西方历史上，工作不仅是一种有用的活动，而且还带来了一种深深的满足感。本题选择B选项。

13.单选题

Recently,JapaneseimportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromChinahavesurgedandthereputationofChineseproductshasimprovedsubstantially,givingrisetoconcernthatChinawillsoonreplaceJapanasthe"factoryoftheworld".AnobjectiveevaluationofChina'sindustrialstrength,however,suggeststhatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforeitwillbecomeatrulyadvancedindustrialcountryonparwithJapan.

Firstofall,thehighproportionoflabor-intensiveproductsinChina'sexportsmeansthatitstradestructureistypicalofanewlyindustrializingeconomy(NIE).

Thisisdifferentfromthatofdevelopedcountries,wherethemajorexportitems,suchasmachinery,aretechnology-intensive.AlthoughChinaisincreasingitsshareoftheglobalmarketformanufacturedgoods,includingsomeinformation-technology(IT)productsthatareclassifiedashigh-tech,Chineseexportsarestillhighlyconcentratedinlower-endproducts.Intheeaseoftelevisions,forinstance,Japanspecializesinhigh-definitionandotherhigher-endmodels,whileChinaproducesstandardmodelswhoseunitvaluesaremuchlower.

ReflectingChinasemphasisonprocessingtrade,goods"madeinChina"containlargenumbersofoverseascomponents,someofwhicharemadeinJapan.AccordingtoofficialChinesestatistics,increasingexportsbyUSS1millionrequiresimportingintermediategoodsandcomponentsworth$500,000,whichdonotformpartofChina'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Moreover,theproportionofthisimportedcontentishigherforhigh-techthanforlow-techproducts.Acomputerlabeled"madeinChina"islikelytocontainalargeportionofimportedcontentsincludinganIntelcentralprocessingunit(CPU),MicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystem,andaliquidcrystaldisplaymadeinJapanorSouthKorea.

Inaddition,approximatelyhalfofChina'sexportsareproducedbysubsidiariesofforeigncompanies,towhichdividends,interestcharges,royaltiesandotherfeesmustbepaid.EvenamongChinesecompanieswithnocapitalrelationswithoverseascompanies,themajorityoftheirexportsareprocessedunderOEM(originalequipmentmanufacturing)contractsandsoldwithforeignbrandnames.Thusonlyaverysmallpercentageofthevalue-addedofproductslabeled"madeinChina"isactually"madebyChina".ThelattercorrespondstotheconceptofChina'sgrossnationalproduct(GNP),andexcludesimportchargesonintermediategoodsandinvestmentincomepaidtooverseascountries.

Chinaissoheavilydependentonforeignpartnersthatithasyettodevelopitsownedge-cuttingtechnologyandinternationallyrecognizedbrandnames.Ontopofthis;Chinesecompaniesareinferiortotheiroverseascounterpartsinvirtuallyeveryaspect,beitcapital,humanresources,orbusinessmanagement.Asaresult,Chinahasnooptionbuttolooktocheaplaborforitsexportcompetitiveness.Indeed,themajorityofChinascontributiontothevalue-addedofitsexportslieswiththecostoflabor,andtheverylowwagesinChina,averaginglessthan$100amonth,implythatthiscontributionmustbeverysmall.Assuch,thecommonassumptionthatChinesegoodsarecompetitivebecausethecountry'swagelevelsarelowholdstrueonlyforlabor-intensiveproductsanddoesnotnecessarilyapplytoindustryasawhole.Instead,China'slowwagesshouldbeinterpretedasareflectionofthefactthatitslaborproductivityispoor.ItiswhenChina'swagelevelsapproachthoseofJapan,reflectingariseinproductivity,whichChinawillreallybecomeaformidablecompetitorforJapan.

1.Whydoestheauthorsay"thereisstillalongwaytogobeforeitwillbecomeatrulyadvancedindustrialcountryonparwithJapan"?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,what'sthedifferencebetweenproductslabeled"madeinChina"andthoselabeled"madebyChina'?

3.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthecompetitivenessofJapan'sproducts?

4.Theword“subsidiaries”inParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.China'stradestructureisstilllaggingbehindthatofdevelopedcountries.

B.China'sexportgoodsarenotascompetitiveasJapan's.

C.WithoutforeignhelpandadvancedtechnologyChinacannotproducemostofitsproducts.

D.Chinaisstillfacedwiththeproblemsofbackwardtradestructure,low-techandlabor-intensiveproducts.

问题2选项

A.Productslabeled"madeinChina"arehigh-techproductswhilethelatterarenot.

B.WhetherChinaisthemanufactureroftheoriginalpartofproductsandsellsthoseproductswithChinesebrandnames.

C.WhetherChinesecompaniesaresubsidiariesofforeigncompanies.

D.WhetherChinesecompaniesaredependentonforeignpartners.

问题3选项

A.Japandoesn'texportlower-endproducts.

B.Japanisthe'factoryoftheworld".

C.Japan'smajorexportitemsarehigh-techproductsandcompetitiveinbusinessmanagement.

D.Japandoesn'tputstressonprocessinggoods.

问题4选项

A.furnishingaids

B.asumofmoney

C.assistants

D.affiliates

问题5选项

A.Chinaisn'taDevelopedCountry.

B.So-called'MadeinChina'Label.

C.JapanWon'tFear'MadeinChina'Label.

D.ChinaWillReplaceJapanastheFactoryofWorld.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段和第三段，“Firstofall,thehighproportionoflabor-intensiveproductsinChina'sexports…Chineseexportsarestillhighlyconcentratedinlower-endproducts.”，可知二三段总结了中国工业发展的问题，包括劳动密集型产品占比重过高，中国出口仍高度集中于低端产品。可推断出中国仍然面临贸易结构落后、科技含量低、劳动密集型产品等问题。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“ReflectingChinasemphasisonprocessingtrade,goods"madeinChina"containlargenumbersofoverseascomponents,someofwhicharemadeinJapan.”，可知“中国制造”的商品含有大量海外零部件，其中一些是日本制造的，这反映出中国对加工贸易的重视。根据文章第四段，“Thusonlyaverysmallpercentageofthevalue-addedofproductslabeled"madeinChina"isactually"madebyChina".”，可知产品的研发不在中国。可推断出中国制造和中国创造的区别在于中国是否是原装产品的生产商，并销售那些有中国品牌的产品。选项B符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Japanspecializesinhigh-definitionandotherhigher-endmodels,whileChinaproducesstandardmodelswhoseunitvaluesaremuchlower.”，可知日本生产高清和高端机型。根据文章第六段，“Chinaissoheavilydependentonforeignpartnersthatithasyettodevelopitsownedge-cuttingtechnologyandinternationallyrecognizedbrandnames.”，可知中国严重依赖外国合作伙伴，以至于尚未开发出自己的尖端技术和国际知名品牌。可推断出日本的主要出口产品是高科技产品，在企业管理方面具有竞争优势。选项C符合题意。

4.词义理解题。根据文章第五段，“…approximatelyhalfofChina'sexportsareproducedbysubsidiariesofforeigncompanies,towhichdividends,interestcharges,royaltiesandotherfeesmustbepaid.”，可知中国大约一半的出口产品是由外国公司的子公司生产的，必须向这些子公司支付股息、利息、特许权使用费和其他费用。可知subsidiaries意思为子公司。选项D符合题意。

5.主旨题。文章第一段提出中国很快取代日本成为“世界工厂”的观点，接下里讨论了中国工业发展过程中面临的问题，最终得出结论中国成为高端科技的工业国还需要更多的时间和努力，所以目前中国可能还不是日本的竞争对手和威胁因素。可推断出日本无惧“中国制造”是符合整个文章意思的。选项C符合题意。

14.单选题

ErnieBanks,thegreatestpower-hittingshortstopofthe20thcenturyandanunconquerableoptimist（）neverdimmedin19seasonswiththeperenniallystumblingChicagoCubs,diedFriday.

问题1选项

A.bywhichgloomydisposition

B.whosesunnydisposition

C.whichsunnydisposition

D.whosegloomydisposition

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。optimist意思是“乐观主义者”，后接定语从句对其进行修饰，从句中是指这个人的阳关开朗的性格，所以关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。句意：厄尼•班克斯是20世纪最伟大最具力量的游击手，并且是一个无敌的乐观主义者，在周五去世了。他的阳关开朗的性格在为芝加哥小熊队效力的19个赛季并没有暗淡。选项B符合题意。

15.单选题

Melissaisacomputer（）thatdestroyedfilesincomputersandfrustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.

问题1选项

A.genius

B.virus

C.disease

D.bacteria

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析和上下文语义。根据下句“destroyedfilesincomputers”可推测Melissa是一种计算机病毒，选项B符合语境。

16.翻译题

Itisalmostacommonplacethatsuccessfulforeignpolicymustgrowoutofdomesticpoliticalconsensus.CertainlythisistrueintheUnitedStateswithrespecttoenvironmentalissues,wherevirtuallyeverysuccessfulinternationalregimehashaditsrootsinU.S.domesticlaw.ThemostspectacularsuccesstheMontrealozoneagreementgrewoutoftheU.S.regulationofchlorofluorocarbons,thechiefculpritinthedestructionoftheozonelayer,beginningwithabanonaerosolspraycansinthelate1970s.Otherrelativelysuccessfulinternationalregimesforexampletolimitoilpollutionfromtankers,toregulatetradeinendangeredspecies,andtocontroldangerouspesticidesandchemicalsalsobuiltonU.S.efforts,ratherthanattemptingtoforcetheUnitedStatestochangeitswaysthroughthepressureofaninternationalregime.

Fromthebeginning,however,U.S.climatechangepolicyfollowedadifferentpath,focusingoninternationalratherthandomesticmeasures.

Tosomedegree,thisreflectedtheunderstandablereluctanceofmanygovernmentstotakedomesticactionwithoutanassurancethatotherswouldfollowsuit.Giventheglobalcausesofclimatechange,ifacountryactsalone,itsimplydrivesupitsowncostswithoutmakingameaningfuldentinsolvingtheproblem.Internationalactionisnecessarytomakedomesticclimatepolicieseffective.Toagreaterdegree,however,theinternationalfocusofU.S.climatepolicyreflectedalackofdomesticpoliticalwill.AlthoughpollsconsistentlyindicatethatAmericansareconcernedaboutclimatechange,climatechangehasuntilnowneveremergedasamajorpoliticalissueintheUnitedStates.Comeelectiontime,education,socialsecurityandtaxeshavetakeprecedenceinvoters’minds.Indeed,climatechangeusuallydoesnotevencrackthetopthreeenvironmentalconcernscleanwater,cleanairandurbansprawl.Asaresult,climateactivistshavetendedtoviewtheinternationalarenaasapotentiallymorefavorableforum.TheonlyrealattempttoenactbindingdomesticmeasuresrelatedtoclimatechangeoccurredearlyintheClintonAdministration,whenClintonproposedabroad-basedenergytaxaspartofhisfirsteconomicplan.

AlthoughClintonbilledthetaxprimarilyasarevenueratherthanaclimatechangemeasureandmadeitapplicabletoallenergysources,notjustthosethatproducegreenhousegases,thetaxwouldhavediscouragedgreenhouseemissionsbyraisingenergypricesandsomeclimatechangeactivistssawitinthatlight.Inpart,thefocusontheinternationalnegotiationswasdrivenbytheinexorablemomentumoftheinternationalclimateagendaitself,withmajormeetingspracticallyeveryyear,whichkeptclimatechangeonthefrontburner.Ironically,theseregularmeetingswhichareusuallyseenasameansofkeepingpressureonstatestoacthelpedgiveClintonacomparativelyeasywayoutpolitically.AstherepresentativeoftheUnitedStatesininternationalaffairs,theadministrationcouldtemporarilysatisfyitsenvironmentalconstituencybyacceptingstrongnationalpolicies,withouthavingtoundertaketheextremelydifficultpoliticalworkofconvincingaconservativeCongresstoenactdomesticlegislationtoreduceemissions.

Ofcourse,thisapproachcouldnotworkindefinitely,sinceinternationalpoliciestocombatglobalwarmingeventuallyrequiredomesticimplementation.Butgiventhecomplexityandseeminglynever-endingcharacterofthenegotiations,theinternationalapproachwasabletobuyconsiderabletimeforanadministrationreluctanttoexpendsignificantpoliticalcapitalathometocombatclimatechange.

Indoingso,administrationofficialscouldcomfortthemselveswiththeargumentthattheyweremakingprogressintheonlywaypossible,byputtinginplaceaninternationalsystemthatwouldbereadytousewhenAmericabecameseriousaboutclimatechange.

【答案】当然，美国在环境问题上也是如此，几乎每一个成功的国际制度都植根于美国的国内法。

在某种程度上，这反映出许多国家政府在不确定其他国家是否会效仿的情况下，不愿意采取国内行动，这是可以理解的。考虑到全球气候变化的原因，如果一个国家单独行动，只会导致成本增加，而不会取得实质性的进展。

在选举期间，选民会优先考虑到教育、社会保障和税收。

尽管克林顿将该税主要宣传为一项税收，而不是一项气候变化措施，并使其适用于所有能源，而不仅仅对于温室气体，但是本可以通过提高能源价格使税收抑制温室气体排放，而一些气候变化积极参与者正是从这个角度看问题的。

在某种程度上，对国际谈判的关注是由国际气候日常工作本身不可阻挡的势头所趋使的，几乎每年都会召开大型会议，这使气候变化问题处于首要地位。

当然，这种方法不可能无限地发挥作用，因为对抗全球变暖的国际政策最终需要国内采取一些措施。

这样一来，政策实施人员就可以安慰自己，说道他们正在以唯一可能的方式-建立一个国际体系的方法取得进展。一旦美国开始严肃对待气候变化问题时，就可以随时使用这个体系。

17.单选题

Chinawilllowerthe（）forforeignerstocometothecountryandstreamlineproceduresforthemtoinvestandstartbusinessesinChina.

问题1选项

A.measure

B.threshold

C.permit

D.statute

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项measure表示“测量，措施，程度”，B选项threshold表示“入口，门槛，开始”，C选项permit表示“许可证，执照”，D选项statute表示“法规，法令，条例”。由后文的关键信息“streamlineproceduresforthemtoinvestandstartbusinessesinChina”可知，中国会简化外国人在中国投资和创业的程序，说明中国将会降低外国人来中国的门槛。由此可知，本题正确答案为B选项。

18.单选题

Thelawyeradvisedhimtodropthe（

）,sincehestandslittlechancetowin.

问题1选项

A.event

B.incident

C.case

D.affair

【答案】C

【解析】同义词辨析题。和上一题一样，四个词是近义词，根据句意：律师劝他放弃这个案子，因为他赢的机会很小。由此可知，这里指的是案件，所以选项C更恰当。

19.单选题

Thedifferenceintoneandlanguagemuststrikeus,assoonasitisphilosophythatspeaks:thatchangeshouldremindusthatevenifthefunctionofreligionandthatofreasoncoincide.Thisfunctionisperformedinthetwocasesbyverydifferentorgans.Religionsaremany,reasonone.Religionconsistsofconsciousideas,hopes,enthusiasms,andobjectsofworship;itoperatesbygraceandflourishesbyprayer.Reason,ontheotherhand,isamereprincipleorpotentialorder,onwhichindeedwemaycometoreflectbutwhichexistsinusideallyonly,withoutvariationorstressofanykind.Weconformordonotconformtoit;itdoesnoturgeorchideus,notcallforanyemotionsonourpartotherthanthosenaturallyarousedbythevariousobjectswhichitunfoldsintheirtruenatureandproportion.Religionbringssomeorderintolifebyweightingitwithnewmaterials.Reasonaddstothenaturalmaterialsonlytheperfectorderwhichitintroducesintothem.Rationalityisnothingbutaform,anideal.constitutionwhichexperiencemaymoreorlessembody.Religionisapartofexperienceitself,amassofsentimentsandideas.Theoneisaninviolateprinciple,theotherachangingandstrugglingforce.Andyetthisstrugglingandchangingforceofreligionseemstodirectmantowardsomethingeternal.Itseemstomakeforanultimateharmonywithinthesoulandforanultimateharmonybetweenthesoulandallthatthesouldependsupon.Religion,initsintentisamoreconsciousanddirectpursuitoftheLifeofReasonthanissociety.Science,orart,fortheseapproachandfillouttheideallifetentativelyandpiecemeal,hardlyregardingthefoalorcaringfortheultimatejustificationoftheinstinctiveaims.Religionalsohasaninstinctiveandblindsideandbubblesupinallmannerofchancepracticesandintuitions;soon,however,itfeelsitswaytowardtheheartorthings,andfromwhateverquarteritmaycome,veersinthedirectionoftheultimate.

Nevertheless,wemustconfessthatthisreligiouspursuitoftheLifeofReasonhasbeensingularlyabortive.Thosewithinthepaleofeachreligionmayprevailuponthemselves,toexpresssatisfactionwithitsresults,thankstoafondpartialityinreadingthepastandgenerousdraughtsofhopeforthefuture;butanyoneregardingthevariousreligionsatonceandcomparingtheirachievementswithwhatreasonrequires,mustfeelhowterribleisthedisappointmentwhichtheyhaveoneandallpreparedformankind.Theirchiefanxietyhasbeentoofferimaginaryremediesformortalills,someofwhichareincurableessentially,whileothersmighthavebeenreallycuredbywell-directedeffort.TheGreedoracles,forinstance,pretendedtohealoutnaturalignorance,whichhasitsappropriatethoughdifficultcure,whiletheChristianvisionofheavenpretendedtobeanantidotetoournaturaldeath—theinevitablecorrelateofbirthandofachangingandconditionedexistence.Bymethodsofthissortlittlecanbedonefortherealbettermentoflife.Toconfuseintelligenceanddislocatesentimentbygratuitousfictionsisashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness.Natureissoonavenged.Anunhealthyexaltationandaone-sidedmoralityhavetobefollowedbyregrettablereactions.Whenthesecome.Therealrewardsoflifemayseemvaintoarelaxedvitality,andtheverynameofvirtuemayirritateyoungspiritsuntrainedinnaturalexcellence.Thusreligiontoooftendebauchesthemoralityitcomestosanctionandimpedesthescienceitoughttofulfill.

Whatisthesecretofthisineptitude?Whydoesreligion,soneartorationalityinitspurpose,fallsoshortofitinresults?Theansweriseasy;religionpursuesrationalitythroughtheimagination.Whenitexplainseventsorassignscauses,itisanimaginativesubstituteforscience.Whenitgivespre