留学-逻辑归纳题

归纳题逻辑题演绎题归纳题Must

betrue标准归纳解释题逻辑方法题，重庆区委书记，更被爆出大量涉及不但的不雅的信息都容易在网和上。许多涉及。从上述断定能推出以下那些结论？的信息大都涉及娱圈的绯闻也大都涉及的主要绯闻，反映了网民中存在低级趣味网上容易的网络是当代信息乐于在网络中E.有些在网络中容易的信息涉及归纳题特征：由原文推出选项

Conclude,conclusionInferImplyMust

be

truesupport,be

supported

by(注意和加强题区分）Format:…which

of

the

following

must

be

true…Which

of

the

following

conclusions

is

bestsupported

by

the

information

above?归纳题MustBe

True标准归纳题连环推 普通归 语义推 数学归理

纳

理

纳归纳题细分类提干特征：Which

of

the

following

must

be

true

on

thebasis

of

the

statements……if

the

statements

above

are

true…正确答案：仅由原文信息可以得出必然成立的选项Must

Be

True原命题=a→→b逆命题=b→→a否命题=非a→→非b逆否命题=非b→→非a命题之间的关系原命题=逆否命题逆命题=否命题命题之间的关系A

package

is

never

accepted

for

delivery

bydelivery

service

unless

it

is

within

theestablished

size

limits.

All

packagesaccepted

for

delivery

service

have

a

returnaddress.If

the

statement

above

are

true,

which

of

thefollowing

must

also

be

true?The

delivery

service

charges

more

for

heavierpackages

than

for

lighterpackages.The

delivery

service

will

always

accept

fordelivery

a

package

that

is

within

the

establishedsize

limits.If

a

package

is

within

the

established

size

limitsfordelivery

by

thedelivery

serviceno

matter

howheavy

the

package

is.A

package

that

is

not

within

theestablishedsize

limits

but

has

a

return

address

is

neveraccepted

for

delivery

by

the

delivery

service.The

delivery

service

does

not

charge

forpackages

that

must

be

returned

to

thesender.A

package

is

never

accepted

for

delivery

bydelivery

service

unless

it

is

within

the

establishedsize

limits.Not

A

unless

B

不被投递除非在限制尺寸内非B→→非AA

→→B不在限制尺寸内的都不被投递被投递的都在限制尺寸内B

是A

的必要条件

限制尺寸是被投递的必要条件原文含多个充分／必要条件正确答案：原文同义改写，或复述了原文中的信息，只是表达方式不同。MustBe

True连环推理Advertisement:

Today’s

customersexpecthighquality.

Every

advance

in

the

qualityofmanufactured

products

raises

customerexpectations.

The

company

that

is

satisfied

with

thecurrent

quality

of

its

products

will

soon

find

that

itscustomers

are

not.

At

MegaCorp,meeting

orexceeding

customer

expectations

is

our

goal.Which

of

the

followingmustbe

trueon

the

basis

ofthe

statements

in

the

advertisement

above?P:

不断提高质量→→不断提高期望到达目标

→→达到或

顾客的期望MegaCorp’scompetitors

will

succeed

inattractingcustomers

only

if

those

competitors

adoptMegaCorp’sgoal

as

their

own.A

company

that

does

not

correctly

anticipate

theexpectations

of

its

customers

is

certain

to

fail

inadvancing

the

quality

of

its

products.MegaCorp’s

goal

is

possible

to

meet

only

if

continuingadvances

in

product

quality

are

possible.If

a

company es

satisfied

with

the

quality

of

itsproducts,

then

the

quality

of

its

products

is

sure

todecline.MegaCorp’s

customers

are

currently

satisfied

with

thequality

of

its

products.不断提高质量→→不断提高期望到达目标

→→达到或

顾客的期望A→→B

B→→C正确选项：A→→C从原文的末尾出发，层层往前推寻找公共元素约掉＋头加尾法MustBe

True连环推理解法（头加尾法）原文AB正确答案：=D+ABCCD新概念必错（答案中出现原文没见过的内容必错）注意if,unless,whenever

之后的内容判断选项中出现原名题或原名题的充分推论，必定是正确答案Must

Be

True技巧总结标准归纳题标准归纳题普通归纳语义推理数学归纳提干特征：Infer,

imply,

conclude,

support…正确答案对原文各句进行一步到位的结合不要怕选“很傻很天真”的选项标准归纳题之一普通归纳题从原文的末尾出发，层层往前推寻找公共元素约掉＋头加尾法解法（头加尾法）原文AB正确答案：=D+ABCCD普通归纳题南北两极所有的冰都是有降雪形成的。极寒的空气不能保持很多的水蒸气，因此无法产生较多降雪。今年来，两极地区无一例外地出现了极寒。以上信息最有力支持了以下哪一项结论？如果两极的冰目前确实在增加，其速度也是缓慢的如果两极的空气温度大幅变暖，许多冰将融化在过去的几年里，两极的降雪一直在继续两极的冰越厚，和其接触的空气就越寒冷在两极，要使雪变成冰，空气就必须非常寒冷A

computer

equipped

with

signature-recognition

software,which

restricts

access

to

a

computer

to

those

people

whosesignatures

are

on

file,

identifies rson's

signature

byyzingnot

only

the

form

of

the

signature

but

also

suchcharacteristics

as

pen

pressure

and

signing

speed.Eventhe

most

adept

f ers

cannot

duplicate

all

ofthecharacteristics

the

program

yzes.Which

of

the

following

can

be

logicallyconcluded

from

thepassage

above?P：限权 程序=

签名

+

其他特性者不能全部特性B

全部特性CA

程序B

全部特性The

time

it

takes

to

record

and yze

asignature

makes

the

software

impracticalforeveryday

use.Computers

equippedwith

the

software

will

soonbe

installed

In

most

banks.Nobody

can

gain

access

to

a

computerequipped

with

the

software

solely

by

virtue

ofskill

at

f ingsignatures.Signature-recognition

software

has

taken

manyyears

to

develop

and

perfect.In

many

cases

even

authorized

usersaredenied

legitimate

access

to

computersequipped

with

the

software.逻辑分册Page59

Q91Increases

in

the

level

of

high-density

lipoprotein

(HDL)inthe

human

bloodstream

lower

bloodstream

cholesterollevels

by

increasing

the

body's

capacity

to

rid

itself

ofexcess

cholesterol.

Levels

of

HDL

in

the

bloodstream

ofsome

individuals

are

significantly

increased

by

aprogram

of

regular

exercise

and

weight

reduction.Which

of

the

following

can

be

correctly

inferred

from

thestatements

above?体验P:

HDL↑→→胆固醇↓经常运动+减重→→HDL↑A.

Individuals

who

are

underweight

do

notrun

any

risk

of

develo high

levels

ofcholesterol

in

the

bloodstream.错误新概念underweightB.

Individuals

who

do

not

exercise

regularlyhave

a

high

risk

of

develo

high

levels

ofcholesterol

in

the

bloodstream

late

in

life.错误精华缺失减肥原名题≠否命题经常锻炼的人胆固醇会减少=原命题不经常锻炼的人胆固醇会增加（不减少）=否命题C.

Exercise

and

weight

reduction

are

themost

effective

methods

of

loweringbloodstream

cholesterol

levels

in

humans.错误无关most

effectiveD.

A

program

of

regular

exercise

and

weightreduction

lowers

cholesterol

levels

in

thebloodstream

of

some

individuals.正确HDL↑→→胆固醇↓经常运动+减重→→HDL↑范围一致some

individualsE.

Only

regular

exercise

is

necessary

todecrease

cholesterol

levels

in

thebloodstream

of

individuals

of

averageweight.错误范围变化only新概念average

weight逻辑分册Page59

Q92When

a

caterpillar

emergesfrom

the

egg

on

a

treebranch,

it

immedia y

climbs

upward

until

it

finds

aleaf

bud

to

eat.

Biologiststhought

that

thisbehavior

displayed

an

innate

tendency

to

move

inthe

direction

opposite

to

the

pull

of

gravity. In

arecent

experiment,

a

strong

light

source

wasplaced

at

the

bottom

of

a

tree,

andcaterpillars,after

hatching,

climbed

downward.Which

of

the

following

hypotheses

is

bestsupportedby

the

statementsgiven?体验条件一：毛毛虫朝着树上面爬条件二：强光在下方，毛毛虫向下爬(A)

Caterpillars

have

an

innate

tendency

tomove

in

the

direction

of

gravity.错误和条件一(B)

Newly

hatched

caterpillars

are

unable

tosee

in

the

dark.错误无关新概念see

in

the

dark(C)

Newly

hatched

caterpillars

movetowards

the

strongest

light

source

in

theenvironment.条件一：毛毛虫朝着树上面爬条件二：强光在下方，毛毛虫向下爬(D)

Newly

hatched

caterpillars

move

towardthe

leaf

bud

nearest

to

them.错误无关和条件二无关(E)

The

eyes

of

newly

hatched

caterpillarse

less

sensitive

to

light

over

time.错误无关新概念，

e

less

sensitive特点：原文出现大量数字不用考虑数

算解法：重点关注比例，比较，变化等相对概念（数量和比例不能互推）percent,

proportion,

ratio,

per

…more,

less,

higher,

lowerincrease,

decrease标准归纳题之二数学归纳题The

number

of

patents

granted

to

inventors

by

the

UnitedStates

Patent

Office

dropped

from

56,000

in

1971to

45,000

in1978.

Spending

on

research

and

development,

which

peakedat

3

percent

of

the

gross

national

product

(GNP)

in

1964,wasonly

2.2

percent

of

the

GNP

in

1978.

During

this

period,whenthe

United

States

percentage

was

steadily

decreasing,

WestGermany

and

Japan

increased

the

percentage

of

their

GNP'sspent

on

research

and

development

to

3.2

percent

and

1.6percent,

respectively.Which

of

the

followingconclusions

is

best

supported

by

theinformation

above?US：专利↓（56，000

&

45，000）%GNP↓

（3%，2.2%）WG：%GNP↑

（3.2%）

JP：%GNP↑

（1.6%）There

is

direct

relationship

between

the

size

of

anation's

GNP

and

the

number

of

inventions

it

produces.Japan

andWest

Germanyspent

moremoney

onresearch

and

development

is

directly

related

to

thenumber

of

inventions

patented

in

that

nation.The

amount

of

money

a

nation

spends

on

researchanddevelopment

is

directly

relocated

to

the

number

ofinventions

patented

in

that

nation.Between

1964

and

1978

the

United

States

consistentlyspent

a

larger

percentage

of

its

GNP

on

research

anddevelopment

than

did

Japan.Both

West

Germanyand

Japanwill

soon

surpass

theUnited

States

in

the

number

of

patents

granted

toinvestors.OG

Page532

Q105The

cost

of

producing

radios

in

Country

Q

is

10percent

less

than

the

cost

of

producingradios

inCountry

Y.

Even

after

transportation

fees

andtariff

charges

are

added,

it

is

still

che rfor

acompany

to

importradios

fromCountry

Q

toCountry

Y

than

to

produce

radios

in

Country

Y.The

statements

above,

if

true,

bestsupportwhich

of

the

followingassertions?体验P：Q

＋10%Y

=

YQ＋trans＋tariff

<

Y从Q进口<Y制造(A)

Labor

costs

in

Country

Q

are

10

percentbelow

those

in

Country

Y.错误新概念labor

costs(B)

Importing

radios

from

Country

Q

toCountry

Y

will

eliminate

10

percent

of

themanufacturing

jobs

in

Country

Y.错误无关新概念manufacturing

jobs(C)

The

tariff

on

a

radio

imported

fromCountry

Q

to

Country

Y

is

less

than

10percent

of

the

cost

of

manufacturing

theradio

in

Country

Y.正确P：Q

＋10%Y

=

YQ＋trans＋tariff

<

Y➔➔trans＋tariff

<

10%Y(D)

The

fee

for

transporting

a

radio

fromCountryQ

to

Country

Y

is

more

than

10percent

of

the

cost

of

manufacturing

theradio

in

Country

Q.错误不一定成立P：Q

＋10%Y

=YQ＋trans＋tariff

<

YTrans>10%Q(E)

It

takes

10

percent

less

time

tomanufacture

a

radio

in

Country

Q

than

itdoes

in

Country

Y.错误无关新概念

time逻辑分册Page60Q94A

firm's

two

divisions

performedwith

remarkableconsistency

over

the

past

two

years: in

each

ofthose

years,

the

pharmaceuticals

department

hasaccounted

for

roughly

20

percent

of

dollar

salesand

40

percent

of

profits,

and

the

chemicalsdivision

for

the

balance.Which

of

the

following

can

properlybe

inferredregarding

thepast

two

years

fromthestatementabove?体验制药：20%dollar

sales,

40%profits化学：80% ,

60%A)

Total

dollar

sales

for

each

of

thecompany's

department

have

remainedroughly

constant.错误无关新概念total

dollar

salesB)

The

pharmaceuticals

department

hasfaced

stiffer

competition

in

its

markets

thanhas

the

chemicals

division.错误无关新概念competitionC)

The

chemicals

department

has

realizedlower

profits

per

dollar

of

sales

than

has

thepharmaceuticals

department.正确Profits

per

dollar

of

salesPharmaceuticals:

40/20Chemicals:

60/80D)

The

product

mix

offered

by

each

of

thefirm's

departments

has

remainedunchanged.错误无关新概念product

mix

offeredE)

Highly

profitable

products

accounted

for

ahigher

percentage

of

the

chemicalsdepartment's

sales

than

of

those

of

thepharmaceuticals

department.错误无关新概念highly

profitable

products类似于阅读题imply题最高难度归纳题解法和阅读理解题相同对原文信息进行一步到位的合理推理读选项，用排除法绝大多数干扰选项，发散选项标准归纳题之三语义归纳题允许出现相关的新概念

若无一步到位选项，最接近原文主旨大意选项若仍与干扰选项，选与末句最相关选项标准归纳题之三语义归纳题有经验的 剧本作者在创造120页会交上135页的初稿。正如一位剧本时，通常剧本作者说的‘这样使那些负责

的人在接到剧本后有一个机会进行创造，他们至少可以删掉15页’。以上

的这位

剧本作者的论述表达了下面哪个观点？除了提供剧本外，通常

剧本作者并不涉及

制作的任何方面熟练的作者

和允许由审核

修改剧本草稿。真正富有创意的

剧本作者极易冲动因而不能固守规定的页数要想认识到剧本哪部分最适合保留下来，需要特殊的创造力即使最有经验的作者也不能写出自始至终质量都是上层的剧本逻辑分册Page60

Q95When

a

polygraph judgedinconclusive,this

is

no

reflection

on

theexaminee.Rather,

such

a

judgment

means

that

the

testhas

failed

to

show

whether

the

examinee

wastruthful

or

untruthful.

Nevertheless,employers

will

sometimes

refuse

to

hire

a

jobapplicant

since

a inconclusive

polygraph

testresult.which

of

the

following

conclusions

canmostproperly

be

drawn

from

the

information

above?再体验P：结果不确定→→不能真实反应测试者雇主不聘用结果不确定测试者A.

Most

examinees

with

inconclusive

polygraphtest

results

are

in

fact

untruthful错误无关MostB.

Polygraphtests

shouldnot

be

usedbyemployers

in

the

considerationof

a

job

applicant错误陷阱选项和原文前提相违背C.

An

inconclusive

polygraph

test

result

issometimes

unfairly

held

against

the

examinee正确结果不确定→→不能真实反应测试者雇主不聘用结果不确定测试者雇主不聘用结果不确定测试者unfairlyD.

A

polygraph

test

indicating

that

an

examinee

isuntruthful

can

sometimes

be

mistaken错误原文未提及E.

Some

employershave

refused

to

considertheresults

of

polygraph

tests

when

evaluating

jobapplicants错误原文相Refused

to

considerOG

Page520

Q66To

protect

certain

fledgling

industries,the ernment

ofCountry

Z

banned

imports

of

the

types

of

productsthoseindustries

were

starting

to

make.

As

a

direct

result,

thecost

of

those

products

to

the

buyers,

severalexport-dependent

industries

in

Z,

went

up,

sharply

limitingtheability

of

those

industries

to

compete

effectively

in

theirexport

markets.Which

of

the

following

conclusions

about

Country

Z’sadversely

affected

export-dependent

industries

is

bestsupported

by

the

passage?体验P：进口

→→保护新行业→→买家成本↑→→↓出口(A)

Profit

margins

in

those

industries

werenot

high

enough

to

absorb

the

rise

in

costsmentioned

above.正确Profit

margins

和cost

to

buyer

紧密相关买加成本↑→→↓出口(B)

Those

industries

had

to

contend

with

thefact

that

other

countries

banned

importsfrom

Country

Z.错误无关比较(C)

Those

industries

succeeded

inexpanding

the

domestic

market

for

theirproducts.错误无关新概念domestic

market(D)

Steps

to

offset

rising

materials

costs

bydecreasing

labor

costs

were

taken

in

thoseindustries.错误与原文相(E)

Those

industries

started

to

move

intoexport

markets

that

they

h

reviouslyjudged

unprofitable.错误与原文相move

into

export逻辑分册Page64

Q102A

violinconstructed

to

have

improved

sound

wouldsound

different

from

the

best-sounding

existingviolins.

To

professional

violinists,

a

violin

thatsounds

different

from

the

best-sounding

existingviolins

sounds

less

like

a

violin

andthereforeworse

than

the

best-soundingexisting

violins.Professional

violinists

are

the

only

accepted

judgesof

the

sound

quality

of

violins.Would

be

the

best

supported

by

those

statements?体验P1:

改良不同于现有最

。P2:P3:认为，不同就是低于最好就是音质可以接受的唯一评判标准。(A)

Only

amateur

violinists

should

be

askedto

judge

the

sound

quality

of

newlyconstructed

violins.错误无关新概念only

amateur

violinists(B)

Professional

violinists

supervise

theconstruction

of

violins.错误无关新概念supervise(C)

The

best-sounding

existing

violinshavebeen

in

existence

fro

several

centuries.错误无关新概念several

centuries(D)

It

is

currently

impossible

to

construct

aviolin

that

the

only

accepted

judges

willevaluate

as

having

improved

sound正确P1:

改良不同于现有最

。P2:P3:认为，不同就是低于最好就是音质可以接受的唯一评判标准(E)

It

is

possible

to

construct

a

violin

thatsounds

better

than

the

best-soundingexisting

violins

to

everyone

but

professionalviolinists.错误对于所有其他人都能接受（原文未提及）High

levels

of

fertilizer

and

pesticides,

neededwhen

farmers

try

to

produce

high

yield

of

the

samecrop

year

after

year,

pollute

water

s.Experts

therefore

urge

farmers

to

diversify

theircrops

and

to

rotate

their

plantings

yearly.

Toreceive ernmental

price-support

benefits

for

acrop,

farmersmust

have

produced

that

same

crop

forthe

past

several

years.The

statements

above,

if

true,

best

supportwhich

ofthe

following

conclusions?P:化肥&杀虫剂↑→→农作物产量↑→→污染↑分散轮流种农作物→→↓污染种相同作物→→获得

补贴The

rules

f overnmental

support

of

farm

prices

workagainst

efforts

to

reduce

water

pollution.The

only

solution

to

the

problem

of

water

pollution

fromfertilizers

and

pesticides

is

to

take

farmland

outofproduction.Farmers

can

continue

to

make

a

profit

by

rotatingdiverse

crops,

thus

reducing

costs

for

chemicals,

butnot

by

planting

the

same

crop

each

year.New

farming

techniques

will

be

developed

to

make

itpossible

for

farmers

to

reduce

the

applicationoffertilizers

and

pesticides.(E)ernmental

price

supports

for

farm

products

are

setat

levels

that

are

not

high

enough

to

allow

farmers

toget

out

of

debt.若原文多个前提中出现互相

的前提条件结论往往推出计划失败，或不可行前提相互OG

Page531

Q103For

a

trade

embargo

against

a

particular

country

tosucceed,

a

high

degree

of

both

international

accordandability

to

prevent

goods

from

entering

or

leaving

thatcountry

must

be

sustained.

A

total

blockade

of

Patria’sports

is

necessary

to

an

embargo,

but

such

an

actionwould

be

likely

to

cause

international

discord

over

theembargo.The

claims

above,

if

true,

most

strongly

support

which

ofthe

following

conclusions?体验P:

1)禁运成功=国际公约+能够实施禁运→→全面禁运→→国际(A)

The

balance

of

opinion

is

likely

to

favorPatria

in

the

event

of

a

blockade.错误无关新概念balance

of

opinion(B)

As

long

as

international

opinion

isunanimously

against

Patria,

a

tradeembargo

is

likely

to

succeed.错误禁运成功

=国际公约+能够实施禁运(C)

A

naval

blockade

of

Patria’s

ports

would