英语专业八级考试汉译英常见问题解析

精选优质文档倾情为你奉上精选优质文档倾情为你奉上专心专注专业专心专注专业精选优质文档倾情为你奉上专心专注专业英语专业八级考试汉译英常见问题解析

考题标准“衡量汉译英考题优劣的标准，应该是看语篇是否能在翻译实践中较集中地反映汉英语言包括语义、句法、语用、修辞等在内的各个层面的差异”。（邵志洪）理解方面的问题习语（包括俗语）的理解错误断句的错误词组间关系的判定错误逻辑隐含关系的理解错误临时意义的理解错误词的隐含意义的理解错误缺乏语体差别的敏感性背景知识的欠缺政治意识的缺乏习语的理解错误寒暄：coldlytalkforawhile（误）叶公好龙：“toomuchaddictedissomething”;“Onedoesnotmeanwhathesays”（误）本世纪上半叶：thehalfpageofthiscentury（误）断句的错误汉语是意合的语言，形态机制不发达，汉语句子在断句问题上并不严格，因此，对句子停顿的意识很多情况下完全取决于读者的语感。学生对此认识不足，不敢果断断句。汉语功底欠缺、语感薄弱“世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史”Theworld’sfirstgenerationmuseumsaremuseumsofnaturalhistory.Theyintroducetothepeoplewithfossilsandspecimenstheevolutionoftheearthandvariouslivingorganismsonit.词组间关系的判定错误“科学知识”和“科学技术”误:scienceandknowledgescientifictechnology正:scientificknowledgescienceandtechnology背景知识的欠缺“奥斯丁”：“我的导师是亚裔人”误：“MytutorisanAsian.”正：“MytutorisanAsianAmerican.”“除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生”正：“…exceptoneofGermanorigin,therestfivewereofAsianorigin.”“现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚裔人。25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用”。“Ofthe1.8millionresidentsinVancouver,halfarenotnative,andoneineveryfourisofAsianorigin.The250,000ChineseCanadians,halfofwhichimmigratedhereonlywithintherecentfiveyears,havebeenplayingadecisiveroleintheeconomictransformationofVancouver.”周总理：正：PremierZhouEnlai误：MinisterChou;MinisterZhu;PrimaryZhou;PresidentZhou;PrimeMinisterZhou丝绸之路：正：theSilkRoad误：silk-road;silk-way;RoadofSilk;SiChouroad政治意识的缺乏正确的译法：振兴：“revitalization”or“rejuvenation”统一:“reunification”个体户：self-employed国营企业:state-runenterprises逻辑隐含关系的理解“改变人们对‘重要’和‘不重要’的看法：误:changepeople’sopinionon“importance”and“unimportance”正:changepeople’sopinionsonwhatisimportantandwhatisnot.“(谈论的一个重要话题就是）中华民族在21世纪的强盛”误:Chinesepeople’spowerfulandstrongfutureinthe21stcentury正:howtobuildamorepowerfulandprosperousChinainthecoming21stcentury“多民族的贡献”误:multi-nationalcontributions正:contributionsmadebyavarietyofotherethnicgroups临时意义的理解“二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强”误:reluctant正:Itwouldbeembarrassing(unnatural)forthemtogivetheirvisitingcardsbeforetheyspeaktoeachother.表达方面的错误拼写时态、性、数、词性逻辑错误虚拟语气重要句型代词与冠词词与词的搭配同义词辨析不规则变位词的拼写动词的连续关系风格不对应拼写和用词上美式英语与英式英语的混用用词不精简、有不必要的重复拼写错误英语的拼写规则有一定规律，但例外很多，必须勤查字典。ExpectespectEthnicethicsUnprecedentedunpresidentallyShanghaiShangHaiTokyotokey;Tokoy:TokoyoRidiculousrediculousIntelligenceintelegence马可波罗：正：MarcoPolo误：Mocarole;Macobora;MakoPolo;Macpolo;MakeBoluo;Machpolo;Mocbole;MarcPolo;MarkPolo;MarkPoe;MarkPorlor;Macborel时态、性、数、词性

汉语的时间概念是隐含的或是主要通过词汇手段来表达的，译者必须结合上下文正确判断时态，尤其是对于那些现在与过去交融，叙述、描写与抒情混杂的片段，译者更应该谨慎判断其时态。汉语的词性概念很微弱，同一个词在不同的上下文中可以具有不同的词性。Hardworkhardworking汉语的性、数概念在词法和句法上也缺乏形态特征，因而在翻译成英语时，译者要特别根据汉语的上下文在英语的形式上补充性与数的概念。e.g.主语和谓语动词在人称和数上的一致英语名词数的概念人：正：ahumanbeing;humanbeings误：(humanbeing;verypeople;allperson)牛（总称）：cattle(cattles误)奶:milk(milks误)传说:folklore(folklores误)可数名词与不可数名词Cake可数bread不可数可数：“家具”、“信息”、“消息”、“知识”、“建议”、“纸张”、“设施”不可数：furniture,information,news,knowledge,advice,paper;equipment逻辑错误、逻辑不清

“温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中也包括多民族的贡献”ThegloryofVancouveristheresultofthewisdomanddiligenceofthepeopleofVancouver,includingthecontributionsofmanyethnicgroups.(illogical)误Theprosperity(splendor)ofVancouveristhefruitofthewisdomanddiligenceofitspeople,includingmanyofitsethnicgroupswhohavecontributedtheirsharestotheprosperity.“不同的只是时间长短而已”误:theonlydifferenceisthelengthoftime.（逻辑不清，应增加必要的逻辑补衬）正:differentfromeachotheronlyinthelengthoftimetheyhavesettledthere.“他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识”误:HeappreciatedthediligenceandsolidfundamentalknowledgeoftheAsianstudents.正:HehighlyappreciatedAsianstudentsfortheirdiligenceandfirmgroundinginscience.语言是约定俗成的，就象汉语中的“救火”、“吃食堂”、“恢复疲劳”等词汇不能按照英语的逻辑来解释一样，以上这些最容易犯错误的不可数名词也不能用汉语的逻辑来思考。虚拟语气

在表示要求、建议、命令等的动词如decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote引起的宾语从句和主语从句后,以及decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词引起的表语从句和同位语从句后在表示必要、重要、可行性的形容词如advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper等引起的主语从句后连词lest等后构成的(should+)动词原形式虚拟式由wish,wouldrather引导的宾语从句后、连词ifonly,asif(感官动词后除外）、Itis/was(high)timethat…句型等形成的过去式或过去完成式虚拟式等。重要句型

Notonly…butalso句型误TheChinesenationisnotonlyknownforbeinghardworkinganddiligentintheworld,butalsoisanationlovingfreedom….Therebe句型误1.ThereisabigcaveinLudiGrottohavethecapacityof1000people2.Therehasbeenanumberofnationalheroes…倒装句误Onlywhentheyfindeachotheragreeableandwishtokeepcontactslater,theywilloffertheircallingcards.Although,Because引导的让步、原因状语从句中，在主句前加上but,thus,therefore,so等词分词作状语时（独立主格结构除外），其逻辑主语应该跟主句的主语一致（否则会形成danglingmodifier).误Ifnothandlingwell,the“car”willjustmakecircularmovementsinanareaofaboutadozenmeters.冠词的使用大自然：nature(误thenature)不变的方式:inthesameway(误inasameway)去教堂做礼拜:gotochurch误gotothechurch拉琴:playtheviolin(误playviolin)词与词的搭配

优秀传统：finetradition(误advancedtradition)走向繁荣富强：误：Becomestrongerandricher过分口语化，语体失误正：becomemoreandmorepowerfulandprosperous同义词、近义词、近形词辨析不同程度、搭配、感情色彩、语体色彩Past;passedPeople;nation;nationality;ethnicgroup;country;stateDespite;inspiteofTake;bring;fetchExcept;exceptfor;besidesSoil;earth;field;land;territoryPerson;people;populationBoat;shipCarriage;carBrevityisthesoulofwit.

简洁是语言的生命现在分词VersionOne:Whenhelookedoutofthewindow,hesawthestudentsplayinggamesonthesportsground.VersionTwo:Lookingoutofthewindow,hesawthestudentsplayinggamesonthesportsground.过去分词VersionOne:Ihatetoseelettersthatarewritteninpencil.VersionTwo:Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.不定式VersionOne:Thebottleissosmallthatitcan’tholdsomuchwater.VersionTwo:Thebottleistoosmalltoholdsomuchwater.独立主格结构VersionOne:Asthegentlebreezepasses,thewheatproducesrollsafterrollsofwaves.VersionTwo:Thegentlebreezepassing,thewheatproducesrollsafterrollsofwaves.用介词代替从句VersionOne:IftheyhadfreetimeandnoTV,theymightrediscoverreading.VersionTwo:WithfreetimeandnoTV,theymightrediscoverreading.用单词代替更大的语言单位VersionOne:Idoubtwhetherthesefisharereallyfittobeeaten.VersionTwo:Idoubtwhetherthesefishareeatable.省略VersionOne:Whatwillbetheresultiftheydonotcome?VersionTwo:Whatiftheydonotcome?不必要的重复Toacceleratethepaceofeconomicreform;It’sredincolor;Therehavebeengoodharvestinagriculture;PromotingthecauseofpeacefulreunificationUntilChinarealizesindustrialmodernization少使用have,make,give等动词和动作化名词的搭配Tohaveadislikefor(todislike)Togiveguidanceto(toguide)Tolaystresson(tostress)Ourtroopsusedthemethodofslowadvance(Ourtroopsadvancedslowly)克服汉语结构的束缚实际情况:truefactfact首先开始:firstbeginbegin完全灭绝:totalextinctionextinction现代化建设:constructionofmodernizationmodernization比较级和最高级英语中某些形容词和副词本身已经包含了比较的意义，因此不能附加词缀构成比较级和最高级，如favorite,superior,excellent,perfect,inferior,complete,thorough,absolute另外有些形容词或副词不能分级，通常情况下不可能有比较级和最高级变化，如dead,available,alive,round,square,etc.在Comparatively和relatively这样的词后面，不能用形容词或副词的比较级。逐字死译，生硬拗口“但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小”误:Whetheranovelisdugdeepornot