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24倒数第六周星期四AWhereisitpossibletodrivefromRometoMoscow,Madrid,Paris,Vienna,andStockholmwithoutgoingtoEurope?TheanswerisinthestateofMaine!ThroughouttheUnitedStatestherearemanytownsandcitiesthathavebeennotonlyEuropeancitiesbutothercountriesaswell,suchasChina,Poland,Norway,Sweden,andDenmark.JusthowmanyNewWorldplacenamesarerecycledfromtheOldWorldnameshasneverbeentallied,butoneresearcherfoundforty-oneLondons,fifty-sixBerlins,twenty-fourDublins,thirty-twoAthenses,andtwenty-sevenMoscows,amongothers!ReasonsforEuropeanplacenamesdiffer.Somewereinmemoryofsettlers’formerhomes,othersinhonorofhistoricevents.Foundedin1818byJohnCoffee,RobertBeaty,JohnD.Carroll,andJohnRead,AthensisoneoftheoldestincorporatedcitiesintheStateofAlabama.ThetownfirstcalledAthenson,andthenamewasthenshortenedtoAthens,aftertheancientcityinGreece.Moreinterestingly,somenamesweregivenbymistake.Forinstance,thepeopleofMoscow,Kansas,wantedtotheircitytofollowthenameoftheexplorerMoscoso.TheyshortenedhisnametoMosco,andanofficialinWashington,thinkingtheKansanscouldn'tspell,addeda‘W’.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?InthestateofMainetherearemanydifferentEuropeancities.YoucandrivetomanyEuropeancitiesfromthestateofMaine.AllthesettlersinthestateofMainecamefromEurope.ThestateofMainehasmanycitiesnamedafterEuropeancities.Theword“tallied”(Line4,Paragraph2)isclosestinmeaningto .A.built B.believed C.added D.visitedWhatmighthavemadetheofficialinWashingtonchangeMoscointoMoscow?Moscowwasaworld-famouscityname.HethoughtMoscosowouldpreferMoscow.HebelievedMoscowwasafarbettername.Hecouldn'tspellverywellandmadeamistake.Thebesttitleforthepassageis .TheStoryofMoscow,KansasAmericanCitiesandTheirNamesInterestingNamesOldWorldPlaceNamesinAmericaBIliveinthelandofDisney,Hollywoodandyear-roundsun.Youmaythinkpeopleinsuchasplendid,fun-filledplacearehappierthanothers.Ifso,youhavesomemistakenideasabouttheofhappiness.Manyintelligentpeoplestillequatehappinesswithfun.Thetruthisthatfunandhappinesshavelittleornothingincommon.Funiswhatweexperienceduringanact.Happinessiswhatexperienceafteranact.Itisadeeper,morelastingemotion.Goingtoanamusementparkorballgame,watchingamovieortelevision,arefunactivitiesthathelpusrelax,temporarilyforgetourproblemsandmaybeevenlaugh.Buttheydonotbringhappiness,becausetheirpositiveeffectsendwhenthefunends.IhaveoftenthoughtthatifHollywoodstarshavearoletoplay,itistoteachusthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfun.Theserich,beautifulindividualshaveconstantaccessglamorousparties,fancycars,expensivehomes,everythingthatspellsButinmemoir（回忆录）aftermemoir,theyrevealtheunhappinesshiddenbeneathalltheirfun:depression,alcoholism,drugaddiction,brokenmarriages,troubledchildrenandprofoundloneliness.Askabachelorwhyheresistsmarriage,ifhe’shonest,andhewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment,forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledfun,adventureandexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.Similarly,couplesthatchoosenottohavechildrenaredecidinginfavorofpainlessoverpainfulhappiness.Theycandineoutwhenevertheywantandsleepaslateastheycan.Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenighssleeporathreedayvacation.Idon’tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberating（解放性的）realizations.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthoserichandglamorouspeopleweweresosurearebecausetheyarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat .funcreateslong-lastingsatisfactionfunprovidesenjoymentwhilepainleadstohappinesshappinessislastingwhereasfunisshort-livedfunthatislong-standingmayleadtohappinessTotheauthor,theroleHollywoodstarswillplayisto .writememoiraftermemoirabouttheirhappinesstellthepublicthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfunteachpeoplehowtoenjoytheirlivesbringhappinesstothepublicinsteadofgoingtopartiesIntheauthor’sopinion,marriage .A.affordsgreaterfun B.leadstoraisingchildrenC.indicatesdutyanddevotion D.usuallyendsupinpainWhichofthefollowingisthebestexampleof“painfulhappiness”?A.Winninglotterybyaccident.C.Raisingchildren.

B.Abachelorresistingmarriage.D.Buyingsomefancyclothes.Ifonegetsthemeaningofthetruesenseofhappiness,hewill .stopplayinggamesandjokingwithotherskeephimselfwithhisfamilygiveafreehandtomoneyusehistimetoincreasehappinessCEveryonegatheredaroundandPaddyreadoutloud,slowly,histonegrowingsadderandsadder.Thelittleheadlinesaid:BOXERRECEIVESLIFFSENTENCE.FrankCleary,aged26,professionalboxer,wastodayfoundguiltyofthemurderofAlbertCumming,aged32,laborer,lastJuly.Thejuryreacheditsdecisionafteronlytenminutes,recommendingthemostseverepunishmenttothecourt.Itwas,saidthejudge,asimplecase.CummingandClearyhadquarreledviolentlyattheHarbourHotelonJuly23rdandpolicesawClearykickingattheheadoftheunconsciousCumming.Whenarrested,Clearywasdrunkbutclear-thinking.Clearywassentencedtolifeimprisonmentwithhardlabour.Askedifhehadanythingtosay,Clearyanswered,“Justdon'ttellmymother.”“Ithappenedoverthreeyearsago,”Paddysaidhelplessly. Nooneansweredhimormoved,nooneknewwhattodo.“Justdon'ttellmymother,”saidFeenumbly.“Andnoonedid!Oh,God!Mypoor,poorFrank!”Paddywipedthetearsfromhisfaceandsaid.“Feepackyourthings.We'llgotoseehim.”Shehalf-rosebeforesinkingback,hereyesinhersmallwifacestaredasifdead.“Igo,”shesaidwithoutahintofpain,yetmakingeveryonefeelthatthepainwasthere.“Itwouldkillhimtoseeme.Iknowhimsopride,hisambition.Lethimbeartheshamealone,it'swhathewants.We'vegottohelphimkeephissecret.Whatgoodwillitdohimtoseeus?”Paddywasstillweeping,notforFrank,butforthelifewhichhadgonefromFee'sface,forthedyinginhereyes.Frankhadalwaysbroughtbitternessandmisfortune,alwaysstoodbetweenFeeandhimself.Hewasthecauseofherwithdrawalfromhisheartandtheheartsofhischildren.EverytimeitlookedasiftheremightbehappinessforFee,Franktookitaway.ButPaddy'sloveforherwasasdeepandimpossibletowipeoutasherswasforFrank.Sohesaid.“Well,Fee,wewon'tgo.Butwemustmakesureheistakencareof.HowaboutifIwritetoFatherJonesandaskhimtolookoutforFrank?”ks**5uTheeyesdidn'tliven,butafaintpinkstoleintohercheeks.“Yes,Paddy,dothatO.nlymakesureheknowsnottotellFrankwefoundout.PerhapsitwouldeaseFranktothinkforcertainthatwedon'tknow.”Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?Frankwasfoundguiltyofmurderbecausehewasaprofessionalboxer.Thefamilydidn'tfindoutwhathappenedtoFrankuntilthreeyearslater.ThejuryandthejudgedisagreedonwhetherFrankhadcommittedmurder.Frankdidn'twanthisfamilytofindoutwhathappenedbecausePaddydislikedhim.Paddycriedbecausehethought .FrankdidkillsomeoneanddeservedthepunishmentFrankshouldhavetoldFeewhathadhappenedwhathadhappenedtoFrankwaskillingFeeFrankhadalwaysbeenamanofbadmoralcharacter“Shehalf-rosebeforesinkingback…”(inParagraph6)showsthat .Feewassoheart-brokenthatshecouldhardlystandupFeedidn'twanttoupsetPaddybyvisitingFrankFeecouldn'tleaveherfamilytogotoseeFrankFeestruggledbetweenwantingtoseeFrankandrespectinghiswishWhichofthefollowingsuggeststhatFeewasdeeplyshockedbywhathappenedtoFrank?“Hereyesinhersmallwhitefacestaredasifdead.”“Lethimbeartheshamealone,it’swhathewants.”“EverytimeitlookedasiftheremightbehappinessforFee,Franktookitaway.”“Theeyesdidn’tliven,butafaintpinkstoleintohercheeks.”WhatisFee'sprobablerelationshipwithFrankandPaddy?Sonandbrother.Sonandhusband.Brotherandlover.Loverandhusband.DPsychologyhasanewapplicationinthefieldofmedicine.Manydoctors,togetherwiththeirpatients,arelookingforalternativemethodsoftreatmentofphysicalproblems.Inlargehospitals,moderntherapy（疗法）seemstofocusonthephysicaldisease.Patientsmayfeeltheyaretreatedlikebrokenmachines.Somedoctorshaverecognizedthisasaproblem.Theyarenowusingpsychologicaltherapy,inwhichthepatientisworkingwiththedoctorsagainstthediseasewiththehelpofmedicine.Thepatientdoesnotwaitforthemedicineandtreatmenttocureorher,butinsteadthepatientjoinsinthefight.Thedoctorknowsthatadiseaseaffectsapatient'sbodyphysically.Thebodyofthepatientchangesbecauseofthedisease.Heisnotonlyphysicallyaffected,butalsohasanemotionalresponsetothedisease.Becausehismindisaffected,hisattitudeandbehaviorchange.Themedicaltreatmentmightcurethepatient'sphysicalproblems,butthepatient'smindmusttheemotionalones.Forexample,thestudiesofonedoctor,CarlSimonton,M.D.,haveshownthatatypicalcancerpatienthaspredictableattitudes.Shetypicallyfeelsdepressed,upset,andangry.Herconstantdepressionmakesheractsunfriendlytowardherfamily,friends,doctors,andnurses.Suchattitudesandbehaviorspreventrecovery.Therefore,adoctor'streatmentmusthelpthepatientchangethat.Simonton'smethodemphasizestreatmentofthe“whole”patient.Theattitudeofacancerpatientreceivingradiationtherapy,anX-raytreatment,canbecomemorepositive.ThephysicianwhoisfollowingSimonton'spsychologicaltreatmentplanthatthepatientimaginethatheorshecanseethetumor（肿瘤）inthebody.Inthementalpicture,thepatient"sees"apowerfulbeamofradiationlikeamillionbulletsofenergy.Thepatientimaginesthebeamhittingthetumorcellsandcausingthemtoshrink.Foranothercancerpatient,Dr.Simontonaskshimtoimaginethemedicinegoingfromthestomachintothebloodstreamandtothecancercells.Thepatientimaginesthatthemedicineislikeanarmyfightingthediseasedcellsandseesthecancercellsgraduallydyingandhisbloodcarryawaythedeadcells.Boththemedicaltherapyandthepatient'spositiveattitudefightthedisease.Doctorsarenotcertainwhythismentaltherapyworks.However,thisuseofpsychologydoeshelpsomepatientsbecausetheirattitudesaboutthemselveschange.Theybecomemoreconfidentbecausetheyusethepowerwithintheirownmindstohelpstopthedisease.Anotherapplicationofusingthemindtohelpcurediseaseistheuseofsuggestiontherapy.Atfirst,thedoctorhelpsthepatienttoconcentratedeeply.Thepatientthinksonlyaboutonething.Hebecomessounawareofotherthingsaroundhimthatheisasleep,orratherinatrance（催眠状态）Thenthephysicianmakes“asuggestiontothepatientaboutthemedicalproblem.Thepatient'smindrespondstothesuggestionevenafterthenolongerintheInthisway,thepatientuseshismindtohelphisbodyrespondtotreatment.ks**5uDoctorshavelearnedthatthisuseofpsychologyishelpfulforbothadultsandchildren.Forexample,physicianshaveusedsuggestiontohelpadultsdealwiththestrongpainofsomedisease.Furthermore,sometimestheadultpatientworriesaboutherillnesssomuchthattheanxietykeepsherfromgettingwell.Therightsuggestionsmayhelpthepatienttostopbeinganxious.Suchtreatmentmayhelpthepatientwitha慢性的）diseases.Asthma（哮喘）isanexampleofachronicdisorder.Asthmaisadiseasethatcausesthepatienttohavedifficultyinbreathing.Thepatientstartstocoughandsometimeshastofighttogettheairthatheorsheneeds.Psychologycanhelprelievethesymptomsofthisdisorder.Aftersuggestiontheasthmapatientbreathesmoreeasily.Physicianshavelearnedthatthepsychologicalmethodisveryusefulintreatingchildren.Childrenrespondquicklytothetreatmentbecausetheyarefascinatedbyit.Forexample,Dr.BasilR.Collisonhasworkedwith121asthmaticchildreninSydney,Australia,andhadgoodresults.Twenty-fiveofthechildrenhadExcellentresults.Theywereabletobreathemoreeasily,andtheydidnotneedmedication.Anotherforty-threewerealsohelped.Thesymptomsoftheasthmaoccurredlessfrequently,andwhentheydid,theywerenotasstrong.Mostofthechildrenfeltbetteraboutthemselves.Doctorshavealsousedsuggestiontochangehabitslikenail-biting,thumb-sucking,andsleep-relatedproblems.Manyprofessionalmedicalgroupshaveacceptedthemedicaluseofpsychologyandthatpsychologyhasimportantapplicationsinmedicine.Whatdoesthepassagemainly