2020高考英语二轮复习阅读理解专题指导

第四讲猜测词义题在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。常见的题干有：1）Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword？2）Theword...couldbestbereplacedby.3）Inthe...paragraph,theword...means（refersto）.4）Accordingtothepassage,...probablymeans.5）Theauthorusestheword...tomean.猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：—是针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1•根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语〈同位语前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.g.等〉或是同位语从句）或段落来定义，或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify等。例1.Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claims—（声称）asitsown.（2020年湖北模拟卷）［分析］由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。例2.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcat,existintheU.S.today.（2020年浙江模拟卷）［分析］由同位语anendangeredwildcat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。例3.HereisThePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboar,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.（2004年福建模拟卷）Accordingtothepassage,ThePinesisa.placeinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesmountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyC・townwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParkD・restaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffood［分析］通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：ThePines是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：Do根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例4.Thecoursegivesyouchancestoknowgreatpowerpolitiesbetweennationstates.ItwillprovidemorespacetostudyparticularissuessuchasrelationshipamongcountriesintheEuropean__ion,thirdworlddebt,localandinternationaldisagreement,andtheworkofsuchinternationalbodiesastheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheWorldBank.(2004年辽宁模拟卷)［分析］根据suchas后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue是指“议题”二是内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。根据对比、比较关系猜测词义一在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。例5.Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesrfthavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”(paragraph1)probablymean?(2002年NMET)apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtasituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests［分析］根据对比关系，这里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为Co例6.Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious._一J词similarly表明短语lovestotalk和loquacious之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”2•根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例7.feelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.”海模拟卷）Theword“presumptuous”inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto“”.fullofrespectoconfidentandrudeC・lackinginexperienceD・tooshyandquiet［分析］根据since引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：Bo例8.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.（2020年江西模拟卷）根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。3•根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。例9.WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（纱线），goodandilltogether.”（2020年江苏模拟卷）Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.simpleB・mixedC・sadD・happy［分析］句中goodandilltogether更具体地说明了amingledyarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”例10.Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris“yes”，accordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.（2004年湖北模拟卷）、、、、［分析］根据andthreeothermedicalcenters这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：JohnsHopkins是一家医疗中心。例ll.Thereisnoreasontoinsultanddefamethemansimplybecauseyoudonotagreewithhim.［分析］根据与insult“侮辱”的同等关系猜测defame为“诋毁”，“中伤”或“诽谤”例12.ThegameAmericanscallsoccerisknownaroundtheworldasfootball.［分析］运用与football的同义关系推断为“足球”。例13.Thehousestoodattheendofaquietneatstreet.Thelittledwelling,however,lookedneglectedandcheerless.［分析］运用与Thehouse近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关例14.MostwomeninChinaeducatedandilliterated,urbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.［分析］后面的urbanandrural,theyoungandold之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲”三是通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1•根据前缀猜测词义例15.Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?根据词根educational（教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。（2020年江西模拟卷）根据后缀，猜测词义例16.It'saquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking俯瞰）thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEngland'smostsoutherlypoint.（2020年广东模拟卷）后缀-ise/匹e意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出uncommercialized的意思是：“未被商业化的”。根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例17.Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（别扭的）handpositions・（2020年北京模拟卷）Well-designed或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well（好，优秀）和design（设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。例18.Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethatcraft（手艺）nolongerexists.（2004年浙江模拟卷）根据合成词中的mass（大量的）和produce（生产），我们可以推测mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。猜测词性变换新词含义例19.Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.（2004年山东模拟卷）head本为名词，表头。由thebus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为“开往、驶向”。例20.Ihadfirstknownshewaswrong,thatheranxietyhadcloudedherjudgment.（2004全国模拟卷II）cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的

判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以……。四是根据生活常识运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？例21.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”claws是“爪子”wither表示“枯萎”结合以上指导解下列两道阅读理解题Afoodrecallscausedbyahasbeenconfusion（混淆）overofthesamename,butSudanEversincenewsofwidespreadcarcinogenicdyebroke,ductsacrosstheofficialshavebeenfromtheshelves.SofarSudanlisaredindustrialdyethathasbeenfoundinsomechillipowder,butwasbannedinfoodEuropeanUnion(EU)inJductsacrosstheofficialshavebeenfromtheshelves.SofarSincethebanwasputinplace,EUstrivingtoremovesomefoodproducts580productshavebeenrecalled.LastweekSudan'sEmbassyintheUnitedKingdomaskedtheFoodStandardsAgency(FSA)forclarificationoftheoriginofthedye'sname.OmaimaMahmoudAlSharief,apressofficialatSudan'sEmbassyinChina,explainedthepurposeoftheinquirywastoclearupanymisunderstandingoverlinksbetweenthecountryandthepoisonousdye.""Wewanttokeepaneyeoneverydetailandavoidanymisunderstandingthere,"shesaid.""OurembassytoBritainaskedthemhowthedyegotthatnameandwhetherthedyehadsomethingtodowithourcountry.Buttheytoldustherewasnorelationship.""TheFSA,anindependentfoodsecuritywatchdoginBritain,receivedaletterfromtheSudaneseembassylastweek.""TheyaskeduswhythedyeisnamedSudan,however,wealsodonotknowhowitgotthename,"shesaid."Peoplefoundthedyein1883andgaveitthename.Nobodyknowsthereason,andwecannotgiveanyexplanationbeforewefindout.""Sudandyes,whichincludeSudan1to4,arereddyes(颜料)usedforcolouringsolvents(溶剂)，oils,waxes,petrol,andshoeandfloorpolishes.TheyareclassifiedascarcinogensbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeaninparagraphone?A.Causingcancer.B.Havingsideeffect.C.Containingpoison.D.Poisonous.HowdidtheSudan1getitsname?ThedyeisoftenproducedinSudan.ThedyehassomethingtodowiththecountrynamedSudan.Nobodyissureoftheoriginofthename.ManyfoodsproducedinSudancontainthedye.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.theSudangovernmentispayingmuchattentiontothefoodsafetySudan1isoftenusedtobeaddedtothefoodpeopledidn，trealizethedangerofSudan1until2003manyfoodshopswillbecloseddownWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?KeepawayfromSudan1NoSudan1dyelinkstothecountryHowSudan1dyegotitsname?PayattentiontothefoodsafetyBTheManofManySecrets—HarryHoudini一wasoneofthegreatestAmericanentertainersinthetheaterthiscentury.Hewasamanfamousforhisescapes一fromprisoncells,fromwoodenboxesfloatinginrivers,fromlockedtanksfullofwater.HeappearedintheatersalloverEuropeandAmerica.CrowdscametoseethegreatHoudiniandhis“magic”tricks.Ofcourse,hissecretwasnotmagic,orsupernaturalpowers.Itwassimplystrength.Hehadtheabilitytomovehistoesaswellashemovedhisfingers.Hecouldmovehisbodyintoalmostanypositionhewanted.Houdinistartedworkingintheentertainmentworldwhenhewas17,in1891.HeandhisbrotherTheoperformedcardtricksinclubinNewYork.TheycalledthemselvestheHoudiniBrothers.WhenHarrymarriedin1894,heandhiswifeBessworkedtogetherasmagicianandassistant.Butforalongtimetheywerenotverysuccessful.ThenHarryperformedhisfirstprisonescape,inChicagoin1898.Harrypersuadedadetectivetolethimtrytoescapefromtheprison,andheinvitedthelocalnewspapermentowatch.Itwasthepublicity（宣传）thatcamefromthisthatstartedHarryHoudini'ssuccess.Harryhadfingerstrainedtoescapefromhandcuffsandtoestrainedtoescapeanklechins.Buthisbiggestsecretwashowheunlockedtheprisondoors.Everytimehewentintotheprisoncell,Bessgavehimakissforgoodluck一andasmallskeletonkey,whichisakeythatfitsmanylocks,passquicklyfromhermouthtohis.Harryusedtheseprisonescapestobuildhisfame.Hearrangedtoescapefromthelocalprisonofeverytownhevisited.Intheafternoon,thepeopleofthetownwouldreadaboutitintheirlocalnewspapers,andintheeveningeveryseatinthelocaltheaterwouldbefull.Whatwastheresult?World-wildfame,andanamerememberedtoday.Accordingtothepassage,Houdini'ssuccessinprisonescapesTOC\o"1-5"\h\zdependson.A.hisspecialtricksandsupernaturalpowersB.hisunusualabilityandaskeletonkeyC.hismagictricksandunhumanpowersD.hiswisdomandmagictricksInthefourthparagraph,theunderlinedword“this”refersto.A.hisfirstprisonescapeB.theyear1898C.thepublicityD.HarryHoudini'ssuccessItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatHoudinibecamefamousA.in1894B.beforehemarriedC.attheageof17whenhewasabout24Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.ASkeletonKeyB.AManofManySecretsC.World-wildFameD.GreatEsc